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==== Overfishing ==== |
==== Overfishing ==== |
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Human demands and consumption have resulted in overfishing, which leads to a loss in biodiversity with reduction to fish species richness and abundances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=biodiversity loss causes effects and facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/biodiversity-loss}}</ref> |
Human demands and consumption have resulted in overfishing, which leads to a loss in biodiversity with reduction to fish species richness and abundances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=biodiversity loss causes effects and facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/biodiversity-loss}}</ref> Reduction in global fish populations were first noticed during the 1990s. Currently, many commercial fishes have been overharvested; approximately 27% of exploited fish stocks in the United States are classified overfished.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last1=Sala|first1=Enric|last2=Knowlton|first2=Nancy|date=2006|title=Global Marine Biodiversity Trends|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|language=en|volume=31|issue=1|pages=93–122|doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235|issn=1543-5938|doi-access=free}}</ref> Furthermore, in [[Tasmania]], it have been observed that over 50% of major fisheries species, such as the eastern gemfish, southern rock lobster, southern bulkefin tuna, jack mackerel, and trumpeter, have declined over the past 75 years due to overfishing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Edgar|first1=Graham J.|last2=Samson|first2=Cath R.|last3=Barrett|first3=Neville S.|date=2005|title=Species Extinction in the Marine Environment: Tasmania as a Regional Example of Overlooked Losses in Biodiversity|url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00159.x|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=1294–1300|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00159.x|issn=1523-1739}}</ref> Globally, fish abundances have reduced by 38% since 1970.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Luypaert|first=Thomas|title=Status of Marine Biodiversity in the Anthropocene|date=2020|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20389-4_4|work=YOUMARES 9 - The Oceans: Our Research, Our Future: Proceedings of the 2018 conference for YOUng MArine RESearcher in Oldenburg, Germany|pages=57–82|editor-last=Jungblut|editor-first=Simon|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-20389-4_4|isbn=978-3-030-20389-4|last2=Hagan|first2=James G.|last3=McCarthy|first3=Morgan L.|last4=Poti|first4=Meenakshi|editor2-last=Liebich|editor2-first=Viola|editor3-last=Bode-Dalby|editor3-first=Maya}}</ref> Fishery methods, such as bottom trawling, have resulted in habitat destruction. As a result, spatial diversity and regional species richness have declined.<ref name=":1" /> Some studies, including the 2019 [[Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]] [[Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services|report]], found that overfishing is the main driver of mass species extinction in the oceans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pacoureau|first1=Nathan|last2=Rigby|first2=Cassandra L.|last3=Kyne|first3=Peter M.|last4=Sherley|first4=Richard B.|last5=Winker|first5=Henning|last6=Carlson|first6=John K.|last7=Fordham|first7=Sonja V.|last8=Barreto|first8=Rodrigo|last9=Fernando|first9=Daniel|last10=Francis|first10=Malcolm P.|last11=Jabado|first11=Rima W.|date=January 2021|title=Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03173-9|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=589|issue=7843|pages=567–571|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9|issn=1476-4687|pmid=33505035|s2cid=231723355}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Borenstein|first=Seth|date=6 May 2019|title=UN report: Humans accelerating extinction of other species|url=https://apnews.com/aaf1091c5aae40b0a110daaf04950672|access-date=17 March 2021|website=AP News}}</ref> |
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=== Marine species richness loss === |
=== Marine species richness loss === |
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Revision as of 20:42, 8 April 2021
Overfishing
Human demands and consumption have resulted in overfishing, which leads to a loss in biodiversity with reduction to fish species richness and abundances.[1] Reduction in global fish populations were first noticed during the 1990s. Currently, many commercial fishes have been overharvested; approximately 27% of exploited fish stocks in the United States are classified overfished.[2] Furthermore, in Tasmania, it have been observed that over 50% of major fisheries species, such as the eastern gemfish, southern rock lobster, southern bulkefin tuna, jack mackerel, and trumpeter, have declined over the past 75 years due to overfishing.[3] Globally, fish abundances have reduced by 38% since 1970.[4] Fishery methods, such as bottom trawling, have resulted in habitat destruction. As a result, spatial diversity and regional species richness have declined.[4] Some studies, including the 2019 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services report, found that overfishing is the main driver of mass species extinction in the oceans.[5][6]
Marine species richness loss
Marine biodiversity encompasses any living organism which resides in the ocean, and describes various complex relationships within marine ecosystems.[7] On a local and regional scale, marine communities are better understood compared to marine ecosystems on a global scale. In 2006, it was estimated that approximately 300,000 marine species have been documented.[needs update] However, the number of described marine species remains low compared to terrestrial species due to various factors, which includes the assignment of different names for the same species, and insufficient taxa classification.[7] It is likely that many undocumented species has already disappeared. Because not all marine species have been described, it is difficult to provide an accurate estimate of global extinction in marine ecosystems. As a result, abundances of marine species remain uncertain, with estimates ranging between 178,000 to 10 million oceanic species.[7]
With anthropogenic pressure, this results in human activities having the strongest influences on marine biodiversity, with main drivers of global extinction being habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and overexploitation.[8][9] Other indirect factors that have resulted in marine species to decline include climate change and change to oceanic biochemistry.[8]
Overexploitation has resulted in the extinction of over 20 described marine species, which includes seabirds, marine mammals, algae, and fishes.[7] Examples of extinct marine species include the Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) and the Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis). However, not all extinctions are because of humans. For example, in 1930, the eelgrass limpet (Lottia alveus) became extinct once the Zostera marina seagrass population declined upon exposure to a disease. The Lottia alveus were greatly impacted as the Zostera marina were their sole habitats.[7]
References
- ^ "biodiversity loss causes effects and facts".
- ^ Sala, Enric; Knowlton, Nancy (2006). "Global Marine Biodiversity Trends". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 31 (1): 93–122. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235. ISSN 1543-5938.
- ^ Edgar, Graham J.; Samson, Cath R.; Barrett, Neville S. (2005). "Species Extinction in the Marine Environment: Tasmania as a Regional Example of Overlooked Losses in Biodiversity". Conservation Biology. 19 (4): 1294–1300. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00159.x. ISSN 1523-1739.
- ^ a b Luypaert, Thomas; Hagan, James G.; McCarthy, Morgan L.; Poti, Meenakshi (2020), Jungblut, Simon; Liebich, Viola; Bode-Dalby, Maya (eds.), "Status of Marine Biodiversity in the Anthropocene", YOUMARES 9 - The Oceans: Our Research, Our Future: Proceedings of the 2018 conference for YOUng MArine RESearcher in Oldenburg, Germany, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 57–82, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20389-4_4, ISBN 978-3-030-20389-4
- ^ Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W. (January 2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33505035. S2CID 231723355.
- ^ Borenstein, Seth (6 May 2019). "UN report: Humans accelerating extinction of other species". AP News. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Sala, Enric; Knowlton, Nancy (2006). "Global Marine Biodiversity Trends". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 31 (1): 93–122. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235. ISSN 1543-5938.
- ^ a b Worm, Boris; Barbier, Edward B.; Beaumont, Nicola; Duffy, J. Emmett; Folke, Carl; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Jackson, Jeremy B. C.; Lotze, Heike K.; Micheli, Fiorenza; Palumbi, Stephen R.; Sala, Enric (2006). "Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services". Science. 314 (5800): 787–790. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..787W. doi:10.1126/science.1132294. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 20031683. PMID 17082450. S2CID 37235806.
- ^ Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549. ISSN 1600-0706.