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{{Infobox Hurricane
{{Infobox tropical cyclone
| Name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivy
| Name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivy
| Type=Tropical cyclone
| Type=Tropical cyclone
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| Inflated=1
| Inflated=1
| Fatalities=4 reported
| Fatalities=4 reported
| Areas=[[Vanuatu]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[New Caledonia]], and [[New Zealand]]
| Areas=[[Vanuatu]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[New Caledonia]], and New Zealand
| Hurricane season=[[2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season]]
| Hurricane season=[[2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season]]
}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivy''' ([[Fiji Meteorological Service]] designation: '''''05F''''', [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] designation: '''''13P''''') was a [[tropical cyclone]] that affected about 25% of the population of [[Vanuatu]] in February 2004. It was first classified as a tropical disturbance on February 21 between Vanuatu and [[Fiji]]. The system tracked northwestward, gradually organizing and intensifying. After attaining tropical storm status on February 23, Ivy strengthened more quickly as it turned southwestward toward Vanuatu. It attained peak winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) while moving over Vanuatu, making it an intense Category 4 cyclone on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale|Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale]]. By the time it passed through Vanuatu, Ivy had turned southeastward, and it gradually weakened while accelerating. After becoming [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] on February 28, it passed just east of [[New Zealand]] and eventually dissipated on March 2.
'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivy''' ([[Fiji Meteorological Service]] designation: '''''05F''''', [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] designation: '''''13P''''') was a [[tropical cyclone]] that affected about 25% of the population of [[Vanuatu]] in February 2004. It was first classified as a tropical disturbance on February 21 between Vanuatu and [[Fiji]]. The system tracked northwestward, gradually organizing and intensifying. After attaining tropical storm status on February 23, Ivy strengthened more quickly as it turned southwestward toward Vanuatu. It attained peak winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) while moving over Vanuatu, making it an intense Category 4 cyclone on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale|Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale]]. By the time it passed through Vanuatu, Ivy had turned southeastward, and it gradually weakened while accelerating. After becoming [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] on February 28, it passed just east of New Zealand and eventually dissipated on March 2.


The third significant cyclone in 14 months to affect the region, Ivy produced heavy rainfall and high winds in Vanuatu. Due to advance warning, only two people were killed, and several people were injured. The high winds damaged about 11,000 houses, leaving many people homeless. The cyclone passed very close to the Vanuatu capital city of [[Port Vila]], forcing the evacuation of about 2,000 people and shutting down the main port. Cyclone Ivy also affected the [[Solomon Islands]] and [[New Caledonia]] with rainfall, and later it produced high waves in New Zealand that killed two people. Because of its severe damage on Vanuatu, the name Ivy was [[List of retired South Pacific tropical cyclone names|retired]] following its usage.
The third significant cyclone in 14 months to affect the region, Ivy produced heavy rainfall and high winds in Vanuatu. Due to advance warning, only two people were killed, and several people were injured. The high winds damaged about 11,000 houses, leaving many people homeless. The cyclone passed very close to the Vanuatu capital city of [[Port Vila]], forcing the evacuation of about 2,000 people and shutting down the main port. Cyclone Ivy also affected the [[Solomon Islands]] and [[New Caledonia]] with rainfall, and later it produced high waves in New Zealand that killed two people. Because of its severe damage on Vanuatu, the name Ivy was [[List of retired South Pacific tropical cyclone names|retired]] following its usage.
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==Meteorological history==
==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Ivy 2004 track.png}}
{{storm path|Ivy 2004 track.png}}
In the middle of February 2004, a [[monsoon trough]] formed in the southwest [[Pacific Ocean]] during the middle of a [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] pulse. A [[low pressure area]] developed along the trough,<ref name="atcr">{{cite journal|author=R. McInerney|year=2006|title=The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 2001-02|journal=Australian Meteorology Magazine|volume=55|issue=4|pages=313–323|publisher=Queensland Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2006/mcinerney.pdf|access-date=2011-03-21|format=[[PDF]]|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) designated it Tropical Disturbance 5F on February 21 about halfway between [[Vanuatu]] and [[Fiji]].<ref name="gp">{{cite web|author=Gary Padgett|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: February 2004|year=2004|access-date=2011-03-21|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0402.htm}}</ref> Initially, the system was moving little and had a [[atmospheric circulation|circulation]] that was detached from the primary area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]].<ref name="atcr"/> On February 22 after the thunderstorms increased, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on the disturbance with the designation Tropical Cyclone 13P.<ref name="gp"/><ref name="jtwc"/> Shortly thereafter, the FMS reported that the disturbance developed into a tropical depression, although the convection was transient and displaced from the circulation.<ref name="fms">{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_03-041188357124.pdf |title=Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2003–04 |date=August 29, 2007 |access-date=2012-12-06 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5rXci8DQd?url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_03-041188357124.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-27 |author=RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Centre |url-status=dead }}</ref> The system tracked west-northwestward, due to a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] located to its south.<ref name="jtwc">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2004|title=Tropical Cyclone Ivy: JTWC Advisories|access-date=2011-03-21|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/tropical_cyclones/2003_2004/warnings/tropical_cyclone_ivy_jtwc_advisories.htm}}</ref> With low [[wind shear]] and good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], the system gradually organized,<ref name="atcr"/> with the circulation becoming situated underneath the convection.<ref name="fms"/> At 0300&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on February 23, the FMS upgraded it to a tropical cyclone and gave it the name Ivy while the storm was about 510&nbsp;km (315&nbsp;mi) northeast of [[Port Vila]], Vanuatu.<ref name="atcr"/>{{TCWC Wellington BT}}
In the middle of February 2004, a [[monsoon trough]] formed in the southwest Pacific Ocean during the middle of a [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] pulse. A [[low-pressure area]] developed along the trough,<ref name="atcr">{{cite journal|author=R. McInerney|year=2006|title=The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 2001-02|journal=Australian Meteorology Magazine|volume=55|issue=4|pages=313–323|publisher=Queensland Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/2006/mcinerney.pdf|access-date=2011-03-21|format=[[PDF]]|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) designated it Tropical Disturbance 5F on February 21 about halfway between [[Vanuatu]] and [[Fiji]].<ref name="gp">{{cite web|author=Gary Padgett|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: February 2004|year=2004|access-date=2011-03-21|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0402.htm}}</ref> Initially, the system was moving little and had a [[atmospheric circulation|circulation]] that was detached from the primary area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]].<ref name="atcr"/> On February 22 after the thunderstorms increased, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on the disturbance with the designation Tropical Cyclone 13P.<ref name="gp"/><ref name="jtwc"/> Shortly thereafter, the FMS reported that the disturbance developed into a tropical depression, although the convection was transient and displaced from the circulation.<ref name="fms">{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_03-041188357124.pdf |title=Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2003–04 |date=August 29, 2007 |access-date=2012-12-06 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5rXci8DQd?url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_03-041188357124.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-27 |author=RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Centre |url-status=dead }}</ref> The system tracked west-northwestward, due to a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] located to its south.<ref name="jtwc">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|year=2004|title=Tropical Cyclone Ivy: JTWC Advisories|access-date=2011-03-21|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/tropical_cyclones/2003_2004/warnings/tropical_cyclone_ivy_jtwc_advisories.htm}}</ref> With low [[wind shear]] and good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], the system gradually organized,<ref name="atcr"/> with the circulation becoming situated underneath the convection.<ref name="fms"/> At 0300&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on February 23, the FMS upgraded it to a tropical cyclone and gave it the name Ivy while the storm was about 510&nbsp;km (315&nbsp;mi) northeast of [[Port Vila]], Vanuatu.<ref name="atcr"/>{{TCWC Wellington BT}}


After being named, Ivy quickly intensified after its convection was drawn into the circulation.<ref name="atcr"/> Late on February 23, the JTWC upgraded Ivy to the equivalent of a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Saffir-Simpson scale]],<ref name="jtwc"/> and the FMS followed suit the following day by upgrading Ivy to a severe tropical cyclone as continued favorable conditions allowed for [[rapid deepening]].<ref name="atcr"/> On February 24 the cyclone began a turn to the southwest as it moved around the ridge,<ref name="gp"/> and the next day it turned to the south toward Vanuatu as an approaching [[trough (meteorology)|shortwave trough]] passed to the south and created a weakness in the ridge. A nearby [[upper-level low]] temporarily cut off outflow, although once it moved further away the low enhanced ventilation.<ref name="jtwc"/> Strengthening continued and, late on February 25, the FMS reported that Ivy attained peak 10–minute sustained winds of 165&nbsp;km/h (105&nbsp;mph) over the Vanuatu archipelago; this made it a Category&nbsp;4 on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale|Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale]].<ref name="atcr"/> Around the same time, the JTWC estimated peak 1–minute sustained winds of 195&nbsp;km/h (120&nbsp;mph),<ref name="JTWCBT">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|date=2005-10-06|access-date=2011-03-22|title=Tropical Cyclone 13P (Ivy) Best Track|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2004/2004s-bsh/bsh132004.txt|format=[[Text file|TXT]]}}</ref> after a 19&nbsp;km (12&nbsp;mi) [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed.<ref name="jtwc"/>
After being named, Ivy quickly intensified after its convection was drawn into the circulation.<ref name="atcr"/> Late on February 23, the JTWC upgraded Ivy to the equivalent of a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]],<ref name="jtwc"/> and the FMS followed suit the following day by upgrading Ivy to a severe tropical cyclone as continued favorable conditions allowed for [[rapid deepening]].<ref name="atcr"/> On February 24 the cyclone began a turn to the southwest as it moved around the ridge,<ref name="gp"/> and the next day it turned to the south toward Vanuatu as an approaching [[trough (meteorology)|shortwave trough]] passed to the south and created a weakness in the ridge. A nearby [[upper-level low]] temporarily cut off outflow, although once it moved further away the low enhanced ventilation.<ref name="jtwc"/> Strengthening continued and, late on February 25, the FMS reported that Ivy attained peak 10–minute sustained winds of 165&nbsp;km/h (105&nbsp;mph) over the Vanuatu archipelago; this made it a Category&nbsp;4 on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale|Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale]].<ref name="atcr"/> Around the same time, the JTWC estimated peak 1–minute sustained winds of 195&nbsp;km/h (120&nbsp;mph),<ref name="JTWCBT">{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy|date=2005-10-06|access-date=2011-03-22|title=Tropical Cyclone 13P (Ivy) Best Track|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2004/2004s-bsh/bsh132004.txt|format=[[Text file|TXT]]}}</ref> after a 19&nbsp;km (12&nbsp;mi) [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed.<ref name="jtwc"/>


After passing slowly through Vanuatu, Ivy began accelerating to the southeast and its eye passed very close to the capital city of Port Vila,<ref name="atcr"/> after moving over the island of [[Epi (island)|Epi]].<ref name="rw1">{{cite web|author1=Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency |author2=Development Information |publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|date=2004-02-26|title=APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 14|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D2FM?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> As the cyclone moved away from the island group, it underwent an [[eye (cyclone)#Eyewall replacement cycles|eyewall replacement cycle]]. In addition, the combination of cooler water temperatures, greater wind shear, less outflow, and land interaction with Vanuatu caused gradual weakening.<ref name="jtwc"/><ref name="fms"/> Late on February 27, Ivy entered the area of warning responsibility of the [[Wellington]] [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]].<ref name="atcr"/> The convection rapidly diminished and left the circulation exposed,<ref name="jtwc"/> and Ivy transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on February 28.<ref name="atcr"/> It remained strong and maintained a well-defined circulation as it passed just east of [[East Cape]], [[New Zealand]].<ref name="atcr"/><ref name="gp"/> Continuing southeastward, the extratropical remnants crossed the [[International Dateline]] on February 29, and Ivy dissipated about 1800&nbsp;km (1100&nbsp;mi) southeast of New Zealand on March 2.<ref name="Wellington BT"/>
After passing slowly through Vanuatu, Ivy began accelerating to the southeast and its eye passed very close to the capital city of Port Vila,<ref name="atcr"/> after moving over the island of [[Epi (island)|Epi]].<ref name="rw1">{{cite web|author1=Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency |author2=Development Information |publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|date=2004-02-26|title=APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 14|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D2FM?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> As the cyclone moved away from the island group, it underwent an [[eye (cyclone)#Eyewall replacement cycles|eyewall replacement cycle]]. In addition, the combination of cooler water temperatures, greater wind shear, less outflow, and land interaction with Vanuatu caused gradual weakening.<ref name="jtwc"/><ref name="fms"/> Late on February 27, Ivy entered the area of warning responsibility of the [[Wellington]] [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]].<ref name="atcr"/> The convection rapidly diminished and left the circulation exposed,<ref name="jtwc"/> and Ivy transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on February 28.<ref name="atcr"/> It remained strong and maintained a well-defined circulation as it passed just east of [[East Cape]], New Zealand.<ref name="atcr"/><ref name="gp"/> Continuing southeastward, the extratropical remnants crossed the [[International Date Line]] on February 29, and Ivy dissipated about 1800&nbsp;km (1100&nbsp;mi) southeast of New Zealand on March 2.<ref name="Wellington BT"/>


==Preparations and impact==
==Preparations and impact==
[[Image:Tropical Cyclone Ivy 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite image of Ivy near Vanuatu on February 25]]
[[Image:Tropical Cyclone Ivy 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite image of Ivy near Vanuatu on February 25]]
While Ivy was reaching peak intensity, it passed through Vanuatu, becoming the third major cyclone in 14&nbsp;months to affect the region, after [[Cyclone Zoe]] and [[2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season#Severe Tropical Cyclone Gina|Cyclone Gina]].<ref name="rw1"/> Its threat prompted over 2,000&nbsp;people in Port Vila to evacuate.<ref name="atcr"/> While Ivy moved through the country, a station on [[Anatom]] island recorded winds of 130&nbsp;km/h (80&nbsp;mph), which were the highest sustained winds observed in the nation. In addition, the cyclone dropped heavy rainfall, reaching {{convert|254.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} at [[Bauerfield International Airport]] in Port Vila.<ref name="gp"/> The central area of deep convection moved across every island in the archipelago.<ref name="rw1"/>
While Ivy was reaching peak intensity, it passed through Vanuatu, becoming the third major cyclone in 14&nbsp;months to affect the region, after [[Cyclone Zoe]] and [[Cyclone Gina (2003)|Cyclone Gina]].<ref name="rw1"/> Its threat prompted over 2,000&nbsp;people in Port Vila to evacuate.<ref name="atcr"/> While Ivy moved through the country, a station on [[Anatom]] island recorded winds of 130&nbsp;km/h (80&nbsp;mph), which were the highest sustained winds observed in the nation. In addition, the cyclone dropped heavy rainfall, reaching {{convert|254.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} at [[Bauerfield International Airport]] in Port Vila.<ref name="gp"/> The central area of deep convection moved across every island in the archipelago.<ref name="rw1"/>


As the cyclone moved through Vanuatu, it cut off communications between the various islands,<ref name="rw1"/> and also knocked Radio Vanuatu offline. Overall there was widespread moderate damage, with small areas of heavier damage.<ref name="rw3">{{cite web|author1=Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency |author2=Development Information |publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-27|title=APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 18|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D98U?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> The cyclone affected more than 54,000&nbsp;people &ndash; about 25% of the population &ndash; on various islands,<ref name="no4">{{cite web|author=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-11|title=Vanuatu - Tropical Cyclone Ivy OCHA Situation Report No. 4|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64DG22?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> including [[Paama]], [[Epi (island)|Epi]], [[Ambrym]], eastern [[Malekula]], northern [[Aoba Island|Aoba]], and northern [[Maewo]]. On Ambrym island, the winds wrecked the roofs of houses and downed trees and vegetables.<ref name="gp"/> Overall, about 11,000&nbsp;houses were damaged,<ref name="no4"/> and a large proportion of the 24,000&nbsp;people in Ivy's path became homeless due to the destruction of their houses,<ref name="gp"/> with many buildings made of iron and bamboo wrecked. In addition, the winds downed trees and power lines.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2004-02-26|title=Cyclone Ivy batters Vanuatu, thousands evacuated from capital|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64BM4A?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref>
As the cyclone moved through Vanuatu, it cut off communications between the various islands,<ref name="rw1"/> and also knocked Radio Vanuatu offline. Overall there was widespread moderate damage, with small areas of heavier damage.<ref name="rw3">{{cite web|author1=Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency |author2=Development Information |publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-27|title=APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 18|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D98U?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> The cyclone affected more than 54,000&nbsp;people &ndash; about 25% of the population &ndash; on various islands,<ref name="no4">{{cite web|author=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-11|title=Vanuatu – Tropical Cyclone Ivy OCHA Situation Report No. 4|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64DG22?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> including [[Paama]], [[Epi (island)|Epi]], [[Ambrym]], eastern [[Malekula]], northern [[Aoba Island|Aoba]], and northern [[Maewo]]. On Ambrym island, the winds wrecked the roofs of houses and downed trees and vegetables.<ref name="gp"/> Overall, about 11,000&nbsp;houses were damaged,<ref name="no4"/> and a large proportion of the 24,000&nbsp;people in Ivy's path became homeless due to the destruction of their houses,<ref name="gp"/> with many buildings made of iron and bamboo wrecked. In addition, the winds downed trees and power lines.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=2004-02-26|title=Cyclone Ivy batters Vanuatu, thousands evacuated from capital|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64BM4A?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref>


Heavy damage occurred in the capital city of Port Vila, where flooding washed out small bridges.<ref name="rw2">{{cite web|author1=Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency |author2=Development Information |publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-26|title=APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 15|access-date=2011-03-23 |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64C237?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> Strong waves wrecked the main port there and also capsized two boats.<ref>{{cite web|author=Government of New Zealand|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-27|title=Cyclone Ivy: Status report as at 4.30pm Fri 27 Feb 2004|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64CM89?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> High winds downed trees and blocked roads across the capital,<ref name="no2">{{cite web|author=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-27|title=Vanuatu: Cyclone Ivy Information Bulletin No. 2|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64D39U?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> with 70% of the nation's roads affected.<ref name="eco"/> Several people were injured due to flying debris,<ref name="no2"/> and one person was severely injured due to the storm.<ref name="no4"/> The high winds affected 80% of the nation's food crops,<ref name="eco"/> including the loss of much of the mango and banana crops as well as the ruination of about 75% of the coconut and cocoa crops.<ref name="gp"/> The latter loss was significant due to its status as a cash crop.<ref name="atcr"/> The cyclone damaged 90% of the water facilities across the archipelago. It also damaged about 60% of the health centers, as well as 112&nbsp;schools,<ref name="eco"/> some of which were completely destroyed.<ref name="no4"/> Monetary damage was estimated at VT427.6&nbsp;million (2004&nbsp;[[Vanuatu vatu|VUV]], $3.8&nbsp;million 2004&nbsp;USD).<ref name="eco">{{cite web|author1=Emily McKenzie |author2=Biman Prasad |author3=Atu Kaloumaira |date=May 2005 |title=Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on Development in the Pacific |publisher=University of the South Pacific |access-date=2011-03-24 |url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/economic%20impact%20of%20natural%20disasters%20on%20development%20in%20the%20pacific.pdf |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5noEcWKP4?url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/economic%20impact%20of%20natural%20disasters%20on%20development%20in%20the%20pacific.pdf |archive-date=2010-02-25 }}</ref> Due to advance warning, there were only two deaths in Vanuatu,<ref name="no4"/> including one when a landslide killed a woman on [[Malakula]] island.<ref name="rw3"/>
Heavy damage occurred in the capital city of Port Vila, where flooding washed out small bridges.<ref name="rw2">{{cite web|author1=Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency |author2=Development Information |publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-26|title=APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 15|access-date=2011-03-23 |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64C237?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> Strong waves wrecked the main port there and also capsized two boats.<ref>{{cite web|author=Government of New Zealand|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-27|title=Cyclone Ivy: Status report as at 4.30pm Fri 27 Feb 2004|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64CM89?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> High winds downed trees and blocked roads across the capital,<ref name="no2">{{cite web|author=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-27|title=Vanuatu: Cyclone Ivy Information Bulletin No. 2|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64D39U?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> with 70% of the nation's roads affected.<ref name="eco"/> Several people were injured due to flying debris,<ref name="no2"/> and one person was severely injured due to the storm.<ref name="no4"/> The high winds affected 80% of the nation's food crops,<ref name="eco"/> including the loss of much of the mango and banana crops as well as the ruination of about 75% of the coconut and cocoa crops.<ref name="gp"/> The latter loss was significant due to its status as a cash crop.<ref name="atcr"/> The cyclone damaged 90% of the water facilities across the archipelago. It also damaged about 60% of the health centers, as well as 112&nbsp;schools,<ref name="eco"/> some of which were completely destroyed.<ref name="no4"/> Monetary damage was estimated at VT427.6&nbsp;million (2004&nbsp;[[Vanuatu vatu|VUV]], $3.8&nbsp;million 2004&nbsp;USD).<ref name="eco">{{cite web|author1=Emily McKenzie |author2=Biman Prasad |author3=Atu Kaloumaira |date=May 2005 |title=Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on Development in the Pacific |publisher=University of the South Pacific |access-date=2011-03-24 |url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/economic%20impact%20of%20natural%20disasters%20on%20development%20in%20the%20pacific.pdf |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5noEcWKP4?url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/economic%20impact%20of%20natural%20disasters%20on%20development%20in%20the%20pacific.pdf |archive-date=2010-02-25 }}</ref> Due to advance warning, there were only two deaths in Vanuatu,<ref name="no4"/> including one when a landslide killed a woman on [[Malakula]] island.<ref name="rw3"/>
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==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
The local [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] offices in Port Vila and [[Luganville]] prepared general relief supplies before the storm's arrival, including tents, tool kits, and first aid units.<ref name="no2"/> By four days after the cyclone's passage, the main wharf in Port Vila was re-opened and the two sunken boats were removed.<ref name="nz229">{{cite web|author=Government of New Zealand|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-29|title=Status report as at 8.30pm Sat 28 Feb 2004|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BLK8?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> Additionally, the evacuees were allowed to return to their homes, and communications between the various islands were restored. The Red Cross distributed various relief supplies to the affected citizens, including candles, matches, water, and blankets.<ref>{{cite web|author=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-01|title=Vanuatu: Cyclone Ivy Information Bulletin No. 3|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BVHP?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> By about two weeks after the storm, about 30,000&nbsp;household relief packages were distributed.<ref name="no4"/> The Vanuatu government allocated VT25&nbsp;million (2004&nbsp;VUV, $236,000 2004&nbsp;USD) for the affected citizens.<ref name="no3">{{cite web|author=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-04|title=Vanuatu - Tropical Cyclone Ivy OCHA Situation Report No. 3|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64CB6S?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> Overall, the cyclone severely affected the daily lives of the Vanuatu citizens. On [[Tanna (island)|Tanna]] island, the cyclone's passage produced a [[malaria]] outbreak.<ref name="no4"/>
The local [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] offices in Port Vila and [[Luganville]] prepared general relief supplies before the storm's arrival, including tents, tool kits, and first aid units.<ref name="no2"/> By four days after the cyclone's passage, the main wharf in Port Vila was re-opened and the two sunken boats were removed.<ref name="nz229">{{cite web|author=Government of New Zealand|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-02-29|title=Status report as at 8.30pm Sat 28 Feb 2004|access-date=2011-03-23|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BLK8?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> Additionally, the evacuees were allowed to return to their homes, and communications between the various islands were restored. The Red Cross distributed various relief supplies to the affected citizens, including candles, matches, water, and blankets.<ref>{{cite web|author=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-01|title=Vanuatu: Cyclone Ivy Information Bulletin No. 3|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BVHP?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> By about two weeks after the storm, about 30,000&nbsp;household relief packages were distributed.<ref name="no4"/> The Vanuatu government allocated VT25&nbsp;million (2004&nbsp;VUV, $236,000 2004&nbsp;USD) for the affected citizens.<ref name="no3">{{cite web|author=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-04|title=Vanuatu – Tropical Cyclone Ivy OCHA Situation Report No. 3|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64CB6S?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> Overall, the cyclone severely affected the daily lives of the Vanuatu citizens. On [[Tanna (island)|Tanna]] island, the cyclone's passage produced a [[malaria]] outbreak.<ref name="no4"/>


In the immediate aftermath, the New Zealand Red Cross provided $10,000 (2004&nbsp;[[New Zealand dollar|NZD]]) for essential relief supplies.<ref name="no2"/> In addition, the New Zealand government provided $70,000 for assistance in the most affected areas, after the country's [[Royal New Zealand Air Force|Air Force]] dispatched a plane over Vanuatu to determine the extent of damage.<ref name="nz229"/> The [[Government of Australia]] similarly sent a helicopter reconnaissance mission to determine damage, as well as two planes with $200,000 (2004&nbsp;[[Australian dollar|AUD]]) in relief supplies, including 2,400&nbsp;[[tarpaulin|tarps]], 2,600&nbsp;water containers, and 5,200&nbsp;packets of water purification tablets.<ref>{{cite web|author=Australian Agency for International Development|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-01|title=Cyclone Ivy|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64DDE7?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> The French government also sent a helicopter and assistance as per the 1992 [[France – New Zealand relations#The "FRANZ" agreement|FRANZ Agreement]] between New Zealand, Australia, and France.<ref>{{cite web|author=Government of New Zealand|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-01|title=FRANZ assists with cyclone relief|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64BH23?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref>
In the immediate aftermath, the New Zealand Red Cross provided $10,000 (2004&nbsp;[[New Zealand dollar|NZD]]) for essential relief supplies.<ref name="no2"/> In addition, the New Zealand government provided $70,000 for assistance in the most affected areas, after the country's [[Royal New Zealand Air Force|Air Force]] dispatched a plane over Vanuatu to determine the extent of damage.<ref name="nz229"/> The [[Government of Australia]] similarly sent a helicopter reconnaissance mission to determine damage, as well as two planes with $200,000 (2004&nbsp;[[Australian dollar|AUD]]) in relief supplies, including 2,400&nbsp;[[tarpaulin|tarps]], 2,600&nbsp;water containers, and 5,200&nbsp;packets of water purification tablets.<ref>{{cite web|author=Australian Agency for International Development|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-01|title=Cyclone Ivy|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64DDE7?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref> The French government also sent a helicopter and assistance as per the 1992 [[France – New Zealand relations#The "FRANZ" agreement|FRANZ Agreement]] between New Zealand, Australia, and France.<ref>{{cite web|author=Government of New Zealand|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2004-03-01|title=FRANZ assists with cyclone relief|access-date=2011-03-24|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64BH23?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=2004-0080}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:27, 11 April 2021

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivy
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Cyclone Ivy near peak intensity
FormedFebruary 21, 2004
DissipatedFebruary 28, 2004
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
1-minute sustained: 195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure935 hPa (mbar); 27.61 inHg
Fatalities4 reported
Damage$3.8 million (2004 USD)
Areas affectedVanuatu, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand
Part of the 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivy (Fiji Meteorological Service designation: 05F, Joint Typhoon Warning Center designation: 13P) was a tropical cyclone that affected about 25% of the population of Vanuatu in February 2004. It was first classified as a tropical disturbance on February 21 between Vanuatu and Fiji. The system tracked northwestward, gradually organizing and intensifying. After attaining tropical storm status on February 23, Ivy strengthened more quickly as it turned southwestward toward Vanuatu. It attained peak winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) while moving over Vanuatu, making it an intense Category 4 cyclone on the Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale. By the time it passed through Vanuatu, Ivy had turned southeastward, and it gradually weakened while accelerating. After becoming extratropical on February 28, it passed just east of New Zealand and eventually dissipated on March 2.

The third significant cyclone in 14 months to affect the region, Ivy produced heavy rainfall and high winds in Vanuatu. Due to advance warning, only two people were killed, and several people were injured. The high winds damaged about 11,000 houses, leaving many people homeless. The cyclone passed very close to the Vanuatu capital city of Port Vila, forcing the evacuation of about 2,000 people and shutting down the main port. Cyclone Ivy also affected the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia with rainfall, and later it produced high waves in New Zealand that killed two people. Because of its severe damage on Vanuatu, the name Ivy was retired following its usage.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

In the middle of February 2004, a monsoon trough formed in the southwest Pacific Ocean during the middle of a Madden–Julian oscillation pulse. A low-pressure area developed along the trough,[1] and the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) designated it Tropical Disturbance 5F on February 21 about halfway between Vanuatu and Fiji.[2] Initially, the system was moving little and had a circulation that was detached from the primary area of convection.[1] On February 22 after the thunderstorms increased, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on the disturbance with the designation Tropical Cyclone 13P.[2][3] Shortly thereafter, the FMS reported that the disturbance developed into a tropical depression, although the convection was transient and displaced from the circulation.[4] The system tracked west-northwestward, due to a ridge located to its south.[3] With low wind shear and good outflow, the system gradually organized,[1] with the circulation becoming situated underneath the convection.[4] At 0300 UTC on February 23, the FMS upgraded it to a tropical cyclone and gave it the name Ivy while the storm was about 510 km (315 mi) northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[1][5]

After being named, Ivy quickly intensified after its convection was drawn into the circulation.[1] Late on February 23, the JTWC upgraded Ivy to the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale,[3] and the FMS followed suit the following day by upgrading Ivy to a severe tropical cyclone as continued favorable conditions allowed for rapid deepening.[1] On February 24 the cyclone began a turn to the southwest as it moved around the ridge,[2] and the next day it turned to the south toward Vanuatu as an approaching shortwave trough passed to the south and created a weakness in the ridge. A nearby upper-level low temporarily cut off outflow, although once it moved further away the low enhanced ventilation.[3] Strengthening continued and, late on February 25, the FMS reported that Ivy attained peak 10–minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) over the Vanuatu archipelago; this made it a Category 4 on the Australian Region Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale.[1] Around the same time, the JTWC estimated peak 1–minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph),[6] after a 19 km (12 mi) eye developed.[3]

After passing slowly through Vanuatu, Ivy began accelerating to the southeast and its eye passed very close to the capital city of Port Vila,[1] after moving over the island of Epi.[7] As the cyclone moved away from the island group, it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle. In addition, the combination of cooler water temperatures, greater wind shear, less outflow, and land interaction with Vanuatu caused gradual weakening.[3][4] Late on February 27, Ivy entered the area of warning responsibility of the Wellington Regional Specialized Meteorological Center.[1] The convection rapidly diminished and left the circulation exposed,[3] and Ivy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on February 28.[1] It remained strong and maintained a well-defined circulation as it passed just east of East Cape, New Zealand.[1][2] Continuing southeastward, the extratropical remnants crossed the International Date Line on February 29, and Ivy dissipated about 1800 km (1100 mi) southeast of New Zealand on March 2.[5]

Preparations and impact

Satellite image of Ivy near Vanuatu on February 25

While Ivy was reaching peak intensity, it passed through Vanuatu, becoming the third major cyclone in 14 months to affect the region, after Cyclone Zoe and Cyclone Gina.[7] Its threat prompted over 2,000 people in Port Vila to evacuate.[1] While Ivy moved through the country, a station on Anatom island recorded winds of 130 km/h (80 mph), which were the highest sustained winds observed in the nation. In addition, the cyclone dropped heavy rainfall, reaching 254.4 mm (10.02 in) at Bauerfield International Airport in Port Vila.[2] The central area of deep convection moved across every island in the archipelago.[7]

As the cyclone moved through Vanuatu, it cut off communications between the various islands,[7] and also knocked Radio Vanuatu offline. Overall there was widespread moderate damage, with small areas of heavier damage.[8] The cyclone affected more than 54,000 people – about 25% of the population – on various islands,[9] including Paama, Epi, Ambrym, eastern Malekula, northern Aoba, and northern Maewo. On Ambrym island, the winds wrecked the roofs of houses and downed trees and vegetables.[2] Overall, about 11,000 houses were damaged,[9] and a large proportion of the 24,000 people in Ivy's path became homeless due to the destruction of their houses,[2] with many buildings made of iron and bamboo wrecked. In addition, the winds downed trees and power lines.[10]

Heavy damage occurred in the capital city of Port Vila, where flooding washed out small bridges.[11] Strong waves wrecked the main port there and also capsized two boats.[12] High winds downed trees and blocked roads across the capital,[13] with 70% of the nation's roads affected.[14] Several people were injured due to flying debris,[13] and one person was severely injured due to the storm.[9] The high winds affected 80% of the nation's food crops,[14] including the loss of much of the mango and banana crops as well as the ruination of about 75% of the coconut and cocoa crops.[2] The latter loss was significant due to its status as a cash crop.[1] The cyclone damaged 90% of the water facilities across the archipelago. It also damaged about 60% of the health centers, as well as 112 schools,[14] some of which were completely destroyed.[9] Monetary damage was estimated at VT427.6 million (2004 VUV, $3.8 million 2004 USD).[14] Due to advance warning, there were only two deaths in Vanuatu,[9] including one when a landslide killed a woman on Malakula island.[8]

In addition to affecting Vanuatu, Ivy produced heavy rainfall in Tikopia and Anuta, two small islands in the southeastern Solomon Islands.[7] Later, intense rainbands spread across the Loyalty Islands in New Caledonia.[11] Along the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand, the extratropical remnants of Ivy produced high waves that killed two people in Whakatane.[15] The storm produced a 1 in 10 year storm surge as it passed the country that peaked at 1.04 m (3.4 ft) at Omaio. The surge, in combination with waves, reached about 5 m (16 ft) at Papamoa, based on the position of debris on the beach. Wind gusts reached 79.7 km/h (49.5 mph) at the Whakatane Airport, and the combination of winds and waves produced beach erosion along the coast.[16]

Aftermath

The local Red Cross offices in Port Vila and Luganville prepared general relief supplies before the storm's arrival, including tents, tool kits, and first aid units.[13] By four days after the cyclone's passage, the main wharf in Port Vila was re-opened and the two sunken boats were removed.[17] Additionally, the evacuees were allowed to return to their homes, and communications between the various islands were restored. The Red Cross distributed various relief supplies to the affected citizens, including candles, matches, water, and blankets.[18] By about two weeks after the storm, about 30,000 household relief packages were distributed.[9] The Vanuatu government allocated VT25 million (2004 VUV, $236,000 2004 USD) for the affected citizens.[19] Overall, the cyclone severely affected the daily lives of the Vanuatu citizens. On Tanna island, the cyclone's passage produced a malaria outbreak.[9]

In the immediate aftermath, the New Zealand Red Cross provided $10,000 (2004 NZD) for essential relief supplies.[13] In addition, the New Zealand government provided $70,000 for assistance in the most affected areas, after the country's Air Force dispatched a plane over Vanuatu to determine the extent of damage.[17] The Government of Australia similarly sent a helicopter reconnaissance mission to determine damage, as well as two planes with $200,000 (2004 AUD) in relief supplies, including 2,400 tarps, 2,600 water containers, and 5,200 packets of water purification tablets.[20] The French government also sent a helicopter and assistance as per the 1992 FRANZ Agreement between New Zealand, Australia, and France.[21]

Due to the severity of damage wrought by the cyclone, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Ivy following its usage and replaced it with Irene. Ivy was retired along with earlier Cyclone Heta; the two were the only named storms to form within the basin that season.[5][22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m R. McInerney; et al. (2006). "The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 2001-02" (PDF). Australian Meteorology Magazine. 55 (4). Queensland Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia: 313–323. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Gary Padgett (2004). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: February 2004". Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2004). "Tropical Cyclone Ivy: JTWC Advisories". Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  4. ^ a b c RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 29, 2007). "Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2003–04" (PDF). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  5. ^ a b c MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2005-10-06). "Tropical Cyclone 13P (Ivy) Best Track" (TXT). United States Navy. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  7. ^ a b c d e Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency; Development Information (2004-02-26). "APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 14". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
  8. ^ a b Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency; Development Information (2004-02-27). "APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 18". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2004-03-11). "Vanuatu – Tropical Cyclone Ivy OCHA Situation Report No. 4". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  10. ^ Staff Writer (2004-02-26). "Cyclone Ivy batters Vanuatu, thousands evacuated from capital". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
  11. ^ a b Asia-Pacific Centre for Emergency; Development Information (2004-02-26). "APCEDI Cyclone Ivy Alert No. 15". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
  12. ^ Government of New Zealand (2004-02-27). "Cyclone Ivy: Status report as at 4.30pm Fri 27 Feb 2004". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
  13. ^ a b c d International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2004-02-27). "Vanuatu: Cyclone Ivy Information Bulletin No. 2". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
  14. ^ a b c d Emily McKenzie; Biman Prasad; Atu Kaloumaira (May 2005). "Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on Development in the Pacific" (PDF). University of the South Pacific. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  15. ^ Joel Ford (2008-01-21). "Wet and wild as cyclone heads on over". Bay of Plenty Times. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  16. ^ Rachael Medwin (May 2008). "Cyclone Ivy – magnitude of storm surge recorded" (PDF). Environment Bay of Plenty. Retrieved 2011-03-24.[permanent dead link‍]
  17. ^ a b Government of New Zealand (2004-02-29). "Status report as at 8.30pm Sat 28 Feb 2004". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
  18. ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (2004-03-01). "Vanuatu: Cyclone Ivy Information Bulletin No. 3". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  19. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2004-03-04). "Vanuatu – Tropical Cyclone Ivy OCHA Situation Report No. 3". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  20. ^ Australian Agency for International Development (2004-03-01). "Cyclone Ivy". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  21. ^ Government of New Zealand (2004-03-01). "FRANZ assists with cyclone relief". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  22. ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2024). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
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