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=== International organisations ===
== International Representation ==
The party is a member of the [[Liberal International]] and the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party]] and subscribes to the liberal manifestos of these organisations. Its members in the [[European Parliament]] are members of the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group]]. The Centre Party has been a full member of the Liberal International since 1988, having first joined as an observer member in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe |first1=Michael |last1=Steed |first2=Peter |last2=Humphreys |editor-last=Kirchner |editor-first=Emil Joseph |year=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-32394-9 |page=411 |chapter=Identifying liberal parties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IrE08SV1wEC }}</ref>
The party is a member of the [[Liberal International]] and the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party]] and subscribes to the liberal manifestos of these organisations. The Centre Party has been a full member of the Liberal International since 1988, having first joined as an observer member in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe |first1=Michael |last1=Steed |first2=Peter |last2=Humphreys |editor-last=Kirchner |editor-first=Emil Joseph |year=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-32394-9 |page=411 |chapter=Identifying liberal parties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IrE08SV1wEC }}</ref>

In the [[European Parliament]], the Center Party sits in the [[Renew Europe|Renew Europe group]] with 2 MEPs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Elsi KATAINEN {{!}} MEPs {{!}} European Parliament|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/191693/ELSI_KATAINEN/home|access-date=2021-04-16|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Mauri PEKKARINEN {{!}} MEPs {{!}} European Parliament|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197563/MAURI_PEKKARINEN/home|access-date=2021-04-16|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref>

In the [[European Committee of the Regions]], the Center Party sits in the [[Renew Europe in the European Committee of the Regions|Renew Europe CoR]] group with one full and two alternate members for the 2020-2025 mandate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members page CoR - Full|url=https://memberspage.cor.europa.eu/#/?mandate=mem&language=en&country=FI&politicalgroup=2020112&v=1618556442414|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Members page - Alternate|url=https://memberspage.cor.europa.eu/#/?mandate=alt&language=en&country=FI&politicalgroup=2020112&v=1618556502611|url-status=live}}</ref> Mirja Vehkapera is Deputy Coordinator in the COTER Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coordinators|url=https://reneweurope-cor.eu/coordinators/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Renew Europe CoR|language=en-GB}}</ref>


== Prominent party leaders ==
== Prominent party leaders ==

Revision as of 07:07, 16 April 2021

Centre Party
Suomen Keskusta
Centern i Finland
LeaderAnnika Saarikko
Founded1906; 118 years ago (1906)
HeadquartersApollonkatu 11 A 00100, Helsinki, Finland
Student wingFinnish Centre Students
Youth wingFinnish Centre Youth
Women's wingFinnish Centre Women [fi]
Membership (2017)94,500[1]
IdeologyAgrarianism[2]
Liberal conservatism[3]
Social liberalism[4]
Political positionCentre[2][3][5][6]
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupRenew Europe
International affiliationLiberal International
Nordic affiliationCentre Group
Colours  Green
Parliament
31 / 200
European Parliament
2 / 14
Municipalities
2,823 / 8,999
Website
keskusta.fi

The Centre Party (Template:Lang-fi, Kesk; Template:Lang-sv), officially the Centre Party of Finland, is a liberal-conservative[7][8][9] and agrarian[6][7][8] political party in Finland. Its leader is Annika Saarikko, who was elected in September 2020 to follow Katri Kulmuni, the former finance minister of Finland.[10] As of December 2019, the party has been a coalition partner in the Marin Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Sanna Marin of the Social Democratic Party (SDP).

Founded in 1906 as the Agrarian League (Template:Lang-fi; Template:Lang-sv), the party represented rural communities and supported decentralisation of political power from Helsinki. In the 1920s, the party emerged as the main rival to the SDP and Kyösti Kallio, the party's first prime minister, held the office four times between 1922 and 1937. After World War II, the party settled as one of the four major political parties in Finland, alongside the SPD, the National Coalition Party and the Finnish People's Democratic League until the 1980s. Urho Kekkonen served as President of Finland from 1956 to 1982, by far the longest period of any president. The name Centre Party was adopted in 1965 and Centre of Finland in 1988. The Centre Party was the largest party in Parliament from 2003 to 2011, during which time Matti Vanhanen was Prime Minister for seven years. By 2011, the party was reduced in parliamentary representation from the largest party to the fourth largest, but it reclaimed its status as the largest party in 2015. In 2019, it suffered a considerable defeat, losing 18 of 49 seats.

As a Nordic agrarian party, the Centre Party's political influence is greatest in small and rural municipalities, where it often holds a majority of the seats in the municipal councils. Decentralisation is the policy that is most characteristic of the Centre Party which has been the ruling party in Finland a number of times since Finnish independence. Twelve of the Prime Ministers of Finland, three of the Presidents and a former European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs have been from the party. The Centre Party is the mother organisation of the Finnish Centre Students, the Finnish Centre Youth and the Finnish Centre Women [fi].

History

Founding

Santeri Alkio, the ideological father of the Centre Party

The party was founded in 1906 as a movement of citizens in the Finnish countryside. Before Finnish independence, political power in Finland was centralised in the capital and to the estates of the realm. The centralisation gave space for a new political movement. In 1906, two agrarian movements were founded. They merged in 1908 to become one political party known as the Agrarian League or Maalaisliitto. An older, related movement was the temperance movement which had overlapping membership and gave future to Agrarian League activists experience in working in an organisation.[11]

Santeri Alkio's ideology

Soon the ideas of humanity, education, the spirit of the land, peasant-like freedom, decentralisation, "the issue of poor people", progressivism[12] and later the "green wave" became the main political phrases used to describe the ideology of the party. Santeri Alkio was the most important ideological father of the party.

Defending the republic

At the dawn of Finnish independence, conservative social forces made an attempt to establish the Kingdom of Finland. The Agrarian League opposed monarchism fiercely,[12] even though monarchists claimed that a new king from the German Empire and Hohenzollern would have safeguarded Finnish foreign relations. At this time, anti-anarchist peasants threatened the existence of the party.[13][14]

Because around forty Social Democratic members of the Parliament had escaped to Russia after the Finnish Civil War and about fifty others had been arrested, the Agrarian League members of the Parliament became the only republicans in Parliament in 1918. Nevertheless, the news about the problems of the German Empire from German liberals encouraged the fight of Agrarian League in the Parliament.[15]

The Agrarian League managed to maintain the republican voices in the Parliament until the fall of the German Empire which ruined the dreams of the monarchists.[16] The relentless opposition to the monarchy was rewarded in the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election and the party became the biggest non-socialist party in Finland with 19.7% of the votes.

Post-war period

After the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election, the centrist and progressive forces, including the Agrarian League, were constant members in Finnish governments. Their moderate attitude in restless post-war Finland secured a steady growth in following elections. The party formed many centrist minority governments with National Progressive Party and got its first Prime Ministers (Kyösti Kallio in 1922 and Juho Sunila in 1927).

Conciliation between the left and the right

For the Agrarian League, the centrist governments were just a transitional period towards an era which would integrate the red and white sides of the Civil War into one nation. Nevertheless, not everyone was happy with the conciliatory politics of centrist governments. The extreme right Lapua Movement grew bigger and bigger in the Agrarian League strongholds in the countryside. Many party members joined the new radical movement. The Lapua Movement organised assaults and kidnappings in Finland between 1929 and 1932. In 1930, after the kidnapping of progressive president Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, the Agrarian League broke off all its ties to the movement and got a new political enemy in the countryside, the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL) which was founded after the Lapua Movement was outlawed.[17]

In the 1933 Finnish parliamentary election, the main campaign issues were the differing attitudes towards democracy and the rule of law between the Patriotic Electoral Alliance (the National Coalition Party and the Patriotic People's Movement) and the Legality Front (the Social Democrats, the Agrarian League, the Swedish People's Party and the Progressives). The Patriotic Electoral Alliance favoured continuing the search for suspected communists, the Communist Party and its affiliated organisations in the spirit of the Lapua Movement. The Legality Front did not want to spend any significant time on searching suspected communists but rather wanted to concentrate on keeping the far-right in check. The Legality Front won the elections, but the Agrarian League lost a part of its support.[18][19]

Cooperation with the Social Democrats

Finland's centrist president Kyösti Kallio on a Christmas 1939 visit to a military hospital

Because of fierce opposition of the president Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, the Social Democrats remained outside the government and the Agrarian League was part of the centre-right governments until 1937. In the 1937 Finnish presidential election, the Agrarian League candidate Kyösti Kallio was elected president with the votes of centrist (Agrarian and Progressive) and social-democratic coalition which wanted to ensure that President Svinhufvud would not be re-elected. The new president allowed the first centre-left government to be formed in Finland and a new era had begun.

World War II

With the outbreak of the Winter War, a government of national unity was formed. President Kallio died shortly after the war.

Kekkonen, the centrist statesman

Urho Kekkonen, the President of Finland from 1956 to 1982 who became a symbolic figure of a statesman in Finland as testified by this graffiti representing Kekkonen in Pieksämäki

In 1956, Urho Kekkonen, the candidate of the Agrarian League, was elected President of Finland after serving as Prime Minister several times and remained President until 1982. Kekkonen continued the active neutrality policy of his predecessor Juho Kusti Paasikivi, a doctrine which came to be known as the Paasikivi–Kekkonen line. Under it, Finland retained its independence while being able to trade with NATO members and those of the Warsaw Pact.

Pressure of populism

Veikko Vennamo, a vocal Agrarian politician, ran into serious disagreement particularly with the then-Party Secretary of the Agrarian Party Arvo Korsimo, who was excluded from the parliamentary group. As a result, Vennamo immediately started building his own organisation in 1959 and founded a new party, the Finnish Rural Party (Suomen maaseudun puolue, SMP). Vennamo was a populist and became a critic of Kekkonen and political corruption within the old parties, particularly the Agrarian League. Although this party had some success, it was essentially tied to Veikko Vennamo's person. His son Pekka Vennamo was able to raise the party to new success and into government in 1983, but after this the Rural Party's support declined steadily and eventually the party went bankrupt in 1995. Immediately after this, the right-wing populist Finns Party (Perussuomalaiset) was founded by former members of SMP.

Transformation to the Centre Party

In 1965, the party changed its name to the Centre Party (Keskustapuolue) and in 1988 took its current Centre Party of Finland name (Suomen Keskusta). Despite urbanisation of Finland and a temporary nadir in support, the party managed to continue to attract voters.

The Liberal People's Party (LKP) became a member party of the Centre Party in 1982. The two separated again after the success of the Liberal People's Party in the 1985 Swedish general election.[20]

Division over EU membership

Olli Rehn, European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs (2010–2014)

The Centre Party was a key player in making the decision to apply for Finnish EU membership in 1992. As the leading governing party, its support for the application was crucial. The party itself, both leadership and supporters, was far from united on the issue. In the Parliament, 22 out of 55 Centre MPs voted against the application. In June 1994, the party congress decided to support EU membership (by 1607 votes to 834), but only after the Prime Minister and Party Chairman Esko Aho threatened to resign if the party were to oppose the membership.

The centrist tradition of defending equal political and economic rights for peripheral areas was reflected in the internal resistance that opposed chairman Aho's ambitions to lead Finland to the EU.[21] The Centre Party was in opposition from 1995 to 2003 and opposed adopting the euro as Finland's currency. However, the party accepted the euro after regaining power in 2003.

2012 and beyond

The party congress in June 2012 elected the newcomer Juha Sipilä to replace Mari Kiviniemi as the party's chair. Sipilä defeated young deputy chairman Tuomo Puumala and a well known veteran politician Paavo Väyrynen in the voting.

The previous chairman Mari Kiviniemi succeeded Matti Vanhanen as Prime Minister in 2010, serving in the office for one year. At the time, she was the third Centre Party Prime Minister of Finland in succession. Anneli Jäätteenmäki preceded Vanhanen and she was the first woman as a Prime Minister of Finland. She did not seek another term as party chair.

Olli Rehn, a member of the party, served in the European Commission for ten years between 2004 and 2014 and was the European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs from 2010 to 2014.

The Centre Party was the biggest loser of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, losing 16 seats and going from largest party to fourth place. The party's support was lower than in any parliamentary election since 1917. However, the party won the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election and formed a coalition with the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party.

In March 2016, the Centre Party announced that its candidate for the 2018 Finnish presidential election would be the former Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen, the first declared presidential candidate in the race.[22][23][24]

The Centre Party was again the biggest loser in the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, losing 18 seats and going from largest party to fourth place. The party's support was even lower than in 2011.[25] Due to the devastating defeat, Sipilä consequently announced that he would continue as the chairman only until the Centre Party's next convention in September 2019.[26] The party congress in September 2019 elected the Minister of Economic Affairs Katri Kulmuni to replace Sipilä as the party's chair.[27]

On 5 September 2020, during a party congress, Annika Saarikko was elected as the leader of the Centre Party to replace Katri Kulmuni.[28]

Ideology

A Centre Party campaign in Jyväskylä

The ideology of the party is unusual in the European context. Unlike many other large parties in Europe, its ideology is not primarily based on economic systems. Rather, the ideas of humanity, education, the spirit of the land, peasant-like freedom, decentralisation, "the issue of poor people", environmentalism and progressivism play a key role in Centre Party politician speeches and writings.[12] From the very beginning of its presence, the party has supported the idea of decentralisation.[12]

Despite belonging to the Liberal International, the Centre Party does not play quite the same role in Finnish politics as do liberal parties in other countries because the party evolved from agrarian roots.

The party has a more conservative wing, and prominent conservatives within the party such as Paavo Väyrynen have criticised overt economic and cultural liberalism.[29] In addition, the 2010 party congress voted to oppose same-sex marriage.[30] When the Finnish Parliament voted on same-sex marriage in 2014, 30 of the 36 Centre MPs voted against it.[31]

The party is also divided on the issue of deepening European integration[32] and contains a notable Eurosceptic faction based on its more rural interests. The party expressly rejects a federal Europe. The Centre Party was originally opposed to Finland's membership in the euro currency, but the party later stated that it would not seek to withdraw from the Economic and Monetary Union once Finland had entered.

In Finland, there is no large party that supports liberalism per se. Instead, liberalism is found in most major parties including the Centre Party which supports decentralisation, free will, free and fair trade and small enterprise. The Centre Party characteristically supports decentralisation, particularly decreasing the central power, increasing the power of municipalities and populating the country evenly.[clarification needed] During the party's premierships between 2003 and 2011, these policies were also manifested as transferrals of certain government agencies from the capital to smaller cities in the regions.

Throughout the period of Finland's independence, the Centre Party has been the party most often represented in the government. The country's longest-serving President, Urho Kekkonen, was a member of the party as were two other Presidents.

Today, only a small portion of the votes given to the party come from farmers and the Centre Party draws support from a wide range of professions. However, even today rural Finland and small towns form the strongest base of support for the party, although it has strived for a breakthrough in the major southern cities as well. In the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election, the party received only 4.5 per cent of votes cast in the capital Helsinki, compared to the 33.4 per cent in the largely rural electoral district of Oulu.[33]

Organisation

Party structure

In the organisation of the Centre Party, local associations dominate the election of party leaders, the selection of local candidates and drafting of policy. The headquarters in Apollonkatu, Helsinki leads financing and organisation of elections.

The party has 2.500 local associations[34] which have 160.000 individual members.[35] The local associations elect their representatives to the party congress which elects the party leadership and decide on policy. The local associations form also 21 regional organisations which have also their representatives in the party congress.

The party congress is the highest decision-making body of the party. It elects the chairman, three deputy chairmen, the secretary-general and the party council.

The party council with 135 members is the main decision-making body between the party congresses. The party council elects the party government (excluding the leaders elected by the party congress) and the working committee. The party council, the party government and the Working Committee must have at least 40% representation of both sexes.

The Finnish Centre Students, the Finnish Centre Women [fi] and the Finnish Centre Yout have their own local and regional organisations which also name their representatives to the party congress.

People

Chairman

Deputy chairmen

Party secretary

Chairman of the parliamentary group

Deputy chairmen of the parliamentary group

Other famous Centre Party politicians today

International Representation

The party is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party and subscribes to the liberal manifestos of these organisations. The Centre Party has been a full member of the Liberal International since 1988, having first joined as an observer member in 1983.[38]

In the European Parliament, the Center Party sits in the Renew Europe group with 2 MEPs.[39][40]

In the European Committee of the Regions, the Center Party sits in the Renew Europe CoR group with one full and two alternate members for the 2020-2025 mandate.[41][42] Mirja Vehkapera is Deputy Coordinator in the COTER Commission.[43]

Prominent party leaders

List of party presidents

President Term begin Term end
Otto Karhi 1906 1909
Kyösti Kallio 1909 1917
Filip Saalasti 1917 1918
Santeri Alkio 1918 1919
Pekka Heikkinen 1919 1940
Viljami Kalliokoski 1940 1945
Vieno Johannes Sukselainen 1945 1964
Johannes Virolainen 1964 1980
Paavo Väyrynen 1980 1990
Esko Aho (first time) 1990 2000
Anneli Jäätteenmäki (first time) 2000 2001
Esko Aho (second time) 2001 2002
Anneli Jäätteenmäki (second time) 2002 2003
Matti Vanhanen 2003 2010
Mari Kiviniemi 2010 2012
Juha Sipilä 2012 2019
Katri Kulmuni 2019 2020
Annika Saarikko 2020 Present

Election results

Parliament of Finland

Support for the Centre Party by municipality in the 2011 parliamentary election in which the party has traditionally fared strongest in the northern part of the country
Election Votes % Seats +/- Government
1907 51,242 5.75
9 / 200
 New Opposition
1908 51,756 6.39
10 / 200
 Increase 1 Opposition
1909 56,943 6.73
13 / 200
 Increase 3 Opposition
1910 60,157 7.60
17 / 200
 Increase 4 Opposition
1911 62,885 7.84
16 / 200
 Decrease 1 Opposition
1913 56,977 7.87
18 / 200
 Increase 2 Opposition
1916 71,608 9.00
19 / 200
 Increase 1 Opposition
1917 122,900 12.38
26 / 200
 Increase 7 Coalition
1919 189,297 19.70
42 / 200
 Increase 16 Coalition
1922 175,401 20.27
45 / 200
 Increase 3 Coalition
1924 177,982 20.25
44 / 200
 Decrease 1 Coalition (1924–1925)
Opposition (1926–1927)
1927 205,313 22.56
52 / 200
 Increase 8 Coalition
1929 248,762 26.15
60 / 200
 Increase 8 Coalition
1930 308,280 27.28
59 / 200
 Decrease 1 Coalition
1933 249,758 22.54
53 / 200
 Decrease 6 Coalition
1936 262,917 22.41
53 / 200
 Steady Coalition
1939 296,529 22.86
56 / 200
 Increase 3 Coalition
1945 362,662 21.35
49 / 200
 Decrease 7 Coalition
1948 455,635 24.24
56 / 200
 Increase 7 Opposition (1948–1950)
Coalition (1950–1951)
1951 421,613 23.26
51 / 200
 Decrease 5 Coalition
1954 483,958 24.10
53 / 200
 Increase 2 Coalition
1958 448,364 23.06
48 / 200
 Decrease 5 Coalition
1962 528,409 22.95
53 / 200
 Increase 5 Coalition
1966 503,047 21.23
49 / 200
 Decrease 4 Coalition
1970 434,150 17.12
36 / 200
 Decrease 13 Coalition
1972 423,039 16.41
35 / 200
 Decrease 1 Opposition (1972)
Coalition (1972–1975)
1975 484,772 17.63
39 / 200
 Increase 4 Coalition
1979 500,478 17.29
36 / 200
 Decrease 3 Coalition
1983 525,207 17.63
38 / 200
 Increase 2 Coalition
1987 507,460 17.62
40 / 200
 Increase 2 Opposition
1991 676,717 24.83
55 / 200
 Increase 15 Coalition
1995 552,003 19.85
44 / 200
 Decrease 11 Opposition
1999 600,592 22.40
48 / 200
 Increase 4 Opposition
2003 689,391 24.69
55 / 200
 Increase 7 Coalition
2007 640,428 23.11
51 / 200
 Decrease 4 Coalition
2011 463,160 15.82
35 / 200
 Decrease 16 Opposition
2015 626,218 21.10
49 / 200
 Increase 14 Coalition
2019 423,920 13.76
31 / 200
 Decrease 18 Coalition

Municipal

Year Councillors Votes
1950 121,804 8.09%
1953 282,331 16.04%
1956 366,380 21.91%
1960 401,346 20.44%
1964 413,561 19.28%
1968 3 533 428,841 18.93%
1972 3 297 449,908 17.99%
1976 3 936 494,423 18.43%
1980 3 889 513,362 18.72%
1984 4 052 545,034 20.21%
1988 4 227 554,924 21.10%
1992 3 998 511,954 19.22%
1996 4 459 518,305 21.81%
2000 4 625 528,319 23.75%
2004 4 425 543,885 22.77%
2008 3 518 512,220 20.09%
2012 3 077 465,167 18.66%
2017 2 824 450,529 17.53%

European Parliament

Election Votes % Seats +/-
1996 548,041 24.36 (#1)
4 / 16
1999 264,640 21.30 (#2)
4 / 16
 Steady
2004 387,217 23.37 (#2)
4 / 14
 Steady
2009 316,798 19.03 (#2)
3 / 13
 Decrease 1
2014 339,398 19.67 (#2)
3 / 13
 Steady
2019 247,416 13.52 (#4)
2 / 13
 Decrease 1

Presidential elections

Indirect elections

Electoral college
Election Candidate Popular vote First ballot Second ballot Third ballot Results
Votes % Seats Votes % Votes % Votes %
1919
1925 Lauri Kristian Relander 123,923 19.9
69 / 300
69 / 300
 23.0 (#2)
97 / 300
 32.3 (#2)
172 / 300
 57.3 (#1) Won
1931 Kyösti Kallio 167,574 20.0
69 / 300
64 / 300
 21.3 (#3)
53 / 300
 17.7 (#3) Lost
1937 Kyösti Kallio 184,668 16.6
56 / 300
56 / 300
 18.7 (#3)
177 / 300
 59.0 (#1) Won
1940
1943 Arvo Manner
1 / 300
 0.3 (#5)
1946
1950 Urho Kekkonen 338,035 21.4
67 / 300
62 / 300
 20.7 (#3) Lost
1956 Urho Kekkonen 510,783 26.9
88 / 300
88 / 300
 29.3 (#1)
102 / 300
 34.0 (#2)
151 / 300
 50.3 (#1) Won
1962 Urho Kekkonen 698,199 31.7
111 / 300
199 / 300
 66.3 (#1) Won
1968 Urho Kekkonen 421,197 20.7
65 / 300
201 / 300
 67.0 (#1) Won
1978 Urho Kekkonen 475,372 19.4
64 / 300
259 / 300
 86.3 (#1) Won
1982 Johannes Virolainen 534,515 16.8
53 / 300
53 / 300
 17.7 (#3)
53 / 300
 17.7 (#3) Lost
1988[nb 1] Paavo Väyrynen 636,375 20.6
68 / 300
68 / 300
 22.7 (#2)
68 / 300
 22.7 (#2) Lost

Direct elections

Election Candidate 1st round 2nd round Result
Votes % Votes %
1994 Paavo Väyrynen 623,415 19.5 Lost
2000 Esko Aho 1,051,159 34.4 1,540,803 48.4 Lost
2006 Matti Vanhanen 561,990 18.6 Lost
2012 Paavo Väyrynen 536,731 7.5 Lost
2018 Matti Vanhanen 122,383 4.1 Lost

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The 1988 presidential election was partially indirect. With no candidate achieving a majority of the popular vote, the president was elected by the electoral college which the voters voted for alongside the direct vote.

Sources

  • Vares, Vesa; Mikko Uola; Mikko Majander (2006). Demokratian haasteet 1907–1919, article in the book Kansanvalta koetuksella. Helsinki: Edita. ISBN 9513745430.
  • Vares, Vesa (1998). Kuninkaan tekijät: Suomalainen monarkia 1917–1919. Myytti ja todellisuus. Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva: WSOY. ISBN 9510232289.

References

  1. ^ "Väyrysen puolueen" kaksoisjäsenet ärsyttävät, mutta kukaan ei tiedä paljonko heitä on". Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  2. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2015). "Finland". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  3. ^ a b "Finland—Political parties". Norwegian Centre for Research Data. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  4. ^ "Finland's largest political parties". Europarlamentti.info.
  5. ^ Josep M. Colomer (2008). Political Institutions in Europe. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2.
  6. ^ a b Andrews Nordlund (2007). "Nordic social politics in the late twentieth century: An analysis of the political reform agenda". In Nanna Kildal; Stein Kuhnle (eds.). Normative Foundations of the Welfare State: The Nordic Experience. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-134-27283-9.
  7. ^ a b Svante Ersson; Jan-Erik Lane (1998). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7619-5862-8. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  8. ^ a b Gary Marks; Carole Wilson (1999). "National Parties and the Contestation of Europe". In T. Banchoff; Mitchell P. Smith (eds.). Legitimacy and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-415-18188-4. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  9. ^ Lawrence Ezrow (2011). "Electoral systems and party responsiveness". In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (eds.). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 319. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
  10. ^ "Keskustan puheenjohtajaksi on valittu Annika Saarikko – "Sanon tämän niin painokkaasti kuin osaan: me tarvitsemme sinua Katri jatkossakin"". mtvuutiset.fi (in Finnish). 5 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  11. ^ Mickelsson, Rauli. Suomen puolueet – historia, muutos ja nykypäivä. Vastapaino, 2007.
  12. ^ a b c d Mylly, Juhani. Maalaisliitto-Keskustan historia II. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ Vares 2006, p. 113.
  14. ^ Vares 2006, p. 108
  15. ^ Vares 2006, p. 122-126
  16. ^ Vares 1998, p. 288-289
  17. ^ Siltala, Juha: Lapuan liike ja kyyditykset 1930, 1985, Otava
  18. ^ Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen, Helsinki: WSOY, 2003
  19. ^ Sakari Virkkunen, Finland's Presidents I / Suomen presidentit I, Helsinki: WSOY, 1994
  20. ^ David Arter (1988). "Liberal parties in Finland". In Emil Joseph Kirchner (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–327. ISBN 978-0-521-32394-9.
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