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Upon taking the [[oath]] of the Mau Mau, Kimathi in 1951 joined the [[Forty Group]], the militant wing of the defunct [[Kikuyu Central Association]]. As branch secretary, Kimathi presided over oath-taking. He believed in compelling fellow Kikuyu by way of oath to bring solidarity to the independence movement. To achieve this he administered beatings and carried a double-barrelled shotgun.<ref name="David Anderson 2005 p.288">David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (2005) p.288
Upon taking the [[oath]] of the Mau Mau, Kimathi in 1951 joined the [[Forty Group]], the militant wing of the defunct [[Kikuyu Central Association]]. As branch secretary, Kimathi presided over oath-taking. He believed in compelling fellow Kikuyu by way of oath to bring solidarity to the independence movement. To achieve this he administered beatings and carried a double-barrelled shotgun.<ref name="David Anderson 2005 p.288">David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (2005) p.288
</ref> His activities with the group made him a target of the colonial government, and he was briefly arrested that same year but escaped with the help of local police. This marked the beginning of his involvement in the uprising, and he formed the Kenya Defence Council to co-ordinate all forest fighters in 1953.
</ref> His activities with the group made him a target of the colonial government, and he was briefly arrested that same year but escaped with the help of local police. This marked the beginning of his involvement in the uprising, and he formed the Kenya Defence Council to co-ordinate all forest fighters in 1953.

Thirty-two settlers and about 100 British soldiers were killed by the Mau Mau,{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} but many of Kimathi's most brutal attacks were aimed at members of the [[Kikuyu_people|Kikuyu tribe]], the largest ethnic group in Kenya, who remained loyal to the colonial administration. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/1421970/Honour-for-Mau-Mau-leader-who-ate-victims.html |title=Honour for Mau Mau leader who ate victims |publisher=Daily Telegraph |date=2003-02-13 |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> The young son of a chief who refused to join was cut in two by Kimathi's men, who drank his blood before flinging the two halves of the body at the boy's mother who was then killed. Hundreds of others who defied Kimathi were hacked to death. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/1421970/Honour-for-Mau-Mau-leader-who-ate-victims.html |title=Honour for Mau Mau leader who ate victims |publisher=Daily Telegraph |date=2003-02-13 |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> Many who did join underwent horrific initiation ceremonies: After being forced to drink human blood, semen and urine, recruits would in some cases be ordered to eat human brains, sometimes of their relatives, as well as the flesh of recently exhumed or murdered babies. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/1421970/Honour-for-Mau-Mau-leader-who-ate-victims.html |title=Honour for Mau Mau leader who ate victims |publisher=Daily Telegraph |date=2003-02-13 |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1958 |title='Man-hunt in Kenya' |url=https://archive.org/details/manhuntinkenya00hend|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/manhuntinkenya00hend/page/13 13] |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref> Kimathi's brutality to his own side caused a constant stream of deserters to inform on him to [[Ian_Henderson_(police_officer)|Ian Henderson]], the officer in charge of the man-hunt, which only accelerated Kimathi's capture. <ref>{{cite book |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1958 |title='Man-hunt in Kenya |url=https://archive.org/details/manhuntinkenya00hend|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |page= |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = What some others thought of him is summed up in the words of a surrendered terrorist from Fort Hall who said, "Nobody has helped the government as much as Kimathi, and for that reason he should be given a salary. He has killed more Mau Mau than any member of the security forces." Of that there was no doubt. <ref>{{cite book |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1958 |title='Man-hunt in Kenya |url=https://archive.org/details/manhuntinkenya00hend|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/manhuntinkenya00hend/page/27 27] |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref>
|author = [[Ian_Henderson_(police_officer)|Ian Henderson]]
|source = Man-hunt in Kenya
}}

Because of his leadership in the rebellion, Kimathi was the most important rebel and the subject of many man hunts. [[Ian_Henderson_(police_officer)|Ian Henderson]], dedicated his work during the Emergency to capturing or killing Kimathi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/How-Dedan-Kimathi-spent-his-last-days/1220-3836548-56t1ff/index.html|title=Shadows of October: How Dedan Kimathi spent his last days|website=Daily Nation|language=en|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>.

Henderson's hunt for Kimathi was aided by deserters from within Kimathi's force caused by his brutal enforcement of discipline, Kimathi executing dissenters from his own ranks then burying them in [[Aardvark|antbear]] burrows. <ref>{{cite book |last=Henderson |first=Ian |date=1958 |title='Man-hunt in Kenya |url=https://archive.org/details/manhuntinkenya00hend|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/manhuntinkenya00hend/page/197 197] |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref>


== Capture and execution ==
== Capture and execution ==

Revision as of 21:38, 28 April 2021

Dedan Kimathi
Born
Kimathi wa Waciuri

(1920-10-31)31 October 1920
Nyeri District, Central Province, Kenya
Died18 February 1957(1957-02-18) (aged 36)
Nairobi, Kenya
OrganizationTribe: Kikuyu
Known forLeader of the Kenya Land and Freedom Army and the Mau Mau Uprising

Dedan Kimathi Waciuri (31 October 1920 – 18 February 1957), born Kimathi wa Waciuri in what was then British Kenya, was the senior military and spiritual leader of the Mau Mau Uprising. Widely regarded as a revolutionary leader, he led the armed military struggle against the British colonial regime in Kenya in the 1950s until his execution in 1957.

Kimathi is credited with leading efforts to create formal military structures within the Mau Mau, and convening a war council in 1953. He, along with Musa Mwariama and Muthoni Kirima, was one of three Field Marshals. His capture in 1956 and execution the next year diminished the uprising against the British colonial government.[1]

Kenyan nationalists view him as the heroic figurehead of the Kenyan freedom struggle against British colonial rule, while the British government saw him as a terrorist.[2] Despite being viewed with disdain by the first two presidents of independent Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel arap Moi, Kimathi and his fellow Mau Mau rebels were officially recognised as heroes in the struggle for Kenyan independence under the Mwai Kibaki administration, culminating in the unveiling of a Kimathi statue in 2007.[3] This was reinforced by the passage of a new Constitution in 2010 calling for recognition of national heroes.

Early life

Kimathi was born in Thege Village, Tetu division, Nyeri District. His father died in September 1920, a month before Kimathi was born. Kimathi was raised by his mother, Waibuthi, one of his father's three wives. He had two brothers, Wambararia and Wagura, and two sisters. At the age of fifteen, he enrolled at the local primary school, Karuna-ini, where he perfected his English. He continued his education in the secondary school Tumutumu CMS School. He was a passionate writer, and wrote extensively before and during the Mau Mau uprising. He was a Debate Club member in his school and also showed ability in poetry. Kimathi balked at any efforts to discipline or control him, and was constantly in trouble with his teachers;[4] as a result, he drifted in and out of the educational system.

In 1940, Kimathi enlisted in the British Army, but was discharged after a month, allegedly for drunkenness and persistent violence against his fellow recruits.[4] He moved from job to job, from swineherd to primary school teacher, from which he was dismissed after accusations of violence against his pupils.[4]

Mau Mau movement

Around 1947 or 1948, whilst working in Ol Kalou, Kimathi came into contact with members of the Kenya African Union (KAU). By 1950 he had become secretary to the KAU branch at Ol Kalou, which was controlled by militant supporters of the Mau Mau cause. The Mau Mau began as the Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), a militant Kikuyu, Embu and Meru army which sought to reclaim land, which the British settlers had gradually stripped away from them. As the group's influence and membership widened it became a major threat to the colonial government.

Upon taking the oath of the Mau Mau, Kimathi in 1951 joined the Forty Group, the militant wing of the defunct Kikuyu Central Association. As branch secretary, Kimathi presided over oath-taking. He believed in compelling fellow Kikuyu by way of oath to bring solidarity to the independence movement. To achieve this he administered beatings and carried a double-barrelled shotgun.[5] His activities with the group made him a target of the colonial government, and he was briefly arrested that same year but escaped with the help of local police. This marked the beginning of his involvement in the uprising, and he formed the Kenya Defence Council to co-ordinate all forest fighters in 1953.

Thirty-two settlers and about 100 British soldiers were killed by the Mau Mau,[citation needed] but many of Kimathi's most brutal attacks were aimed at members of the Kikuyu tribe, the largest ethnic group in Kenya, who remained loyal to the colonial administration. [6] The young son of a chief who refused to join was cut in two by Kimathi's men, who drank his blood before flinging the two halves of the body at the boy's mother who was then killed. Hundreds of others who defied Kimathi were hacked to death. [7] Many who did join underwent horrific initiation ceremonies: After being forced to drink human blood, semen and urine, recruits would in some cases be ordered to eat human brains, sometimes of their relatives, as well as the flesh of recently exhumed or murdered babies. [8][9] Kimathi's brutality to his own side caused a constant stream of deserters to inform on him to Ian Henderson, the officer in charge of the man-hunt, which only accelerated Kimathi's capture. [10]

What some others thought of him is summed up in the words of a surrendered terrorist from Fort Hall who said, "Nobody has helped the government as much as Kimathi, and for that reason he should be given a salary. He has killed more Mau Mau than any member of the security forces." Of that there was no doubt. [11]

Ian Henderson, Man-hunt in Kenya

Because of his leadership in the rebellion, Kimathi was the most important rebel and the subject of many man hunts. Ian Henderson, dedicated his work during the Emergency to capturing or killing Kimathi[12].

Henderson's hunt for Kimathi was aided by deserters from within Kimathi's force caused by his brutal enforcement of discipline, Kimathi executing dissenters from his own ranks then burying them in antbear burrows. [13]

Capture and execution

Kimathi's fight for an independent Kenya came to an end in 1956. On 21 October of that year Ian Henderson, a British colonial police officer who had been on an "obsessive hunt" for Kimathi, managed to trap him in his hide-out in the forest.[5] Kimathi was shot in the leg and captured by an askari (a native-born soldier fighting for the colonial power) called Ndirangu Mau.[14] His capture marked the beginning of the end of the forest war; the image of Kimathi being carried away on a stretcher was printed in leaflets by the British (over 120,000 were distributed), to demoralise the Mau Mau and their supporters. Kimathi was charged with possession of a .38 Webley Scott revolver (according to the police report[15]), though Ndirangu Mau claimed no gun was found on him.[14]

A court presided over by Chief Justice O'Connor and with an all-black jury of Kenyans [16] sentenced him to death while he lay in a hospital bed at the General Hospital Nyeri. His appeal was dismissed, and the death sentence upheld.

The day before his execution, he wrote a letter to a Father Marino asking him to get his son an education: "He is far from many of your schools, but I trust that something must be done to see that he starts earlier under your care." He also wrote about his wife, Mukami, saying "She is detained at Kamiti Prison and I suggest that she will be released some time. I would like her to be comforted by sisters e.g. Sister Modester, etc. for she too feels lonely. And if by any possibility she can be near the mission as near Mathari so that she may be so close to the sisters and to the church."[17]

Before his execution, his wife was secretly driven to Kamiti prison. He told her that "I have no doubt in my mind that the British are determined to execute me. I have committed no crime. My only crime is that I am a Kenyan revolutionary who led a liberation army... Now If I must leave you and my family I have nothing to regret about. My blood will water the tree of Independence."[18]

In the early morning of 18 February 1957 he was executed by hanging at the Kamiti Maximum Security Prison.[19] He was buried in an unmarked grave, and his burial site remained unknown for 62 years until 25 October 2019 when the Dedan Kimathi Foundation[20] reported that the grave-site had been identified at the Kamiti prison grounds.

Personal life

Kimathi was married to Mukami Kimathi. Among their children are sons Wachiuri and Maina and daughters Nyawira and Wanjugu.[21] The government constructed a three-bedroomed house for Mukami at her farm in Kinangop, Nyandarua County in 2009 and provided her with a double cabin pickup for private use in 2012.[22][23] In 2010, Kimathi's widow requested that the search for her husband's body be renewed so she could give him a proper burial.[24]

Legacy

Statue

Official registration of the Mau Mau

On 11 November 2003, the Kibaki government formally registered the Mau Mau movement, disregarding the colonial-era legislation that had outlawed the organisation and branded its members "terrorists". In his remarks during the handing over of the certificate, Vice President Moody Awori regretted that it had taken 40 years for the group to be officially registered despite the sacrifices the Mau Mau had made for Kenya's independence.[25]

The Dedan Kimathi statue

The Kibaki government erected a 2.1 metre bronze statue titled Freedom Fighter Dedan Kimathi on a graphite plinth, in central Nairobi. The statue is at the junction of Kimathi Street and Mama Ngina Street. Kimathi, clad in military regalia, holds a rifle in the right hand and a dagger in the left, the last weapons he held in his struggle. The foundation stone for the statue was laid by Vice President Awori on 11 December 2006[26] and the completed statue unveiled by President Kibaki on 18 February 2007 coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the day he was executed. In his remarks, Kibaki paid homage to Kimathi as a man who not only paid the ultimate price for Kenya's liberation but also inspired others to fight against oppression.[27]

The statue attracted praise from Kenyans as a long overdue recognition of the Mau Mau for their part in the struggle for independence. This was in marked contrast to the post-colonial norm of the Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel Arap Moi governments' regard of the Mau Mau as terrorists.[28]

On 12 September 2015, the British government unveiled a Mau Mau memorial statue in Nairobi's Uhuru Park that it funded "as a symbol of reconciliation between the British government, the Mau Mau, and all those who suffered". This followed a June 2013 decision by Britain to compensate more than 5,000 Kenyans tortured and abused during the Mau Mau insurgency.[29]

Nelson Mandela

Kimathi was held in high regard by anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela. In July 1990, five months after his release from 27 years of imprisonment by South Africa's apartheid regime, Mandela visited Nairobi and requested to see Kimathi's grave and meet his widow Mukami. Mandela's request was an embarrassing moment for the Moi administration, which had largely ignored Kimathi, like Jomo Kenyatta's government before it. It was an awkward moment searching for her in the village where she and her family lived forgotten in poverty. Mandela's request was not met. During a public address at the Kasarani Stadium in Nairobi before he left the country, Mandela stated his admiration for Kimathi, Musa Mwariama, Waruhiu Itote and other Mau Mau leaders who inspired his own struggle against injustice. It was only 15 years later in 2005, during his second visit to Kenya, that Mandela finally managed to meet Mukami as well as two of Kimathi's children.[30][31]

Mandela's respect for Kimathi by the early 1960s is also alluded to in My Moment with a Legend by Ronnie Kasrils, the former intelligence chief of the ANC’s armed wing Umkhonto We Sizwe (MK) and defence minister in Mandela’s government.[30]

Places named after Kimathi

  • [[Dedan Kimathi University of Technology
  • Dedan Kimathi Stadium, Nyeri, Kenya (formerly known as Kamukunji Grounds)[32]
  • Kimathi Street, Nairobi, Kenya – One of the main roads in Nairobi's Central Business District and where there is a statue in his honor
  • Dedan Kimathi Road, Lusaka, Zambia - Situated on this road is the Intercity Bus Terminus and ZCAS University.
  • Kimathi Avenue, Kampala, Uganda
  • Dedan Kimathi Road, Mombasa, Kenya
  • Kimathi Road, Nyeri Town, Kenya
  • Kimathi Road, Nanyuki Town, Kenya
  • Dedan Kimathi Street, Embalenhle, Mpumalanga, South Africa
  • Dedan Kimathi Memorial High School, Nyeri, Kenya
  • The Trial of Dedan Kimathi (play) – Micere Mugo and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
  • Karimi, Joseph (2013). Dedan Kimathi: The Whole Story. Jomo Kenyatta Foundation.
  • Mukami Kimathi (2017). Mau Mau Freedom Fighter. Mdahalo Bridging Divides Limited.[33]
  • Henderson, Ian; Philip Goodhart (1958). The Hunt for Kimathi. London: Hamish Hamilton. OCLC: 272575.
  • Kahiga, Samuel (1990). Dedan Kimathi: The Real Story.
  • Maina wa Kinyatti. Kenya's Freedom Struggle: The Dedan Kimathi Papers.
  • Jabali Afrika (2011). Dedan Kimathi (song) [34]

References

  1. ^ Koinange, Machua (20 October 2013). "My encounter with the man who shot Dedan Kimathi". The Standard. Standard Media Kenya. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  2. ^ Branch, Daniel: Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization. Cambridge University Press, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-13090-5.
  3. ^ Kinyatti, Maina (2005). "Kimathi: The man, the myth and the legacy". Archived from the original on 5 February 2015.
  4. ^ a b c David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (2005) p.287
  5. ^ a b David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (2005) p.288
  6. ^ "Honour for Mau Mau leader who ate victims". Daily Telegraph. Daily Telegraph. 13 February 2003. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  7. ^ "Honour for Mau Mau leader who ate victims". Daily Telegraph. Daily Telegraph. 13 February 2003. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  8. ^ "Honour for Mau Mau leader who ate victims". Daily Telegraph. Daily Telegraph. 13 February 2003. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  9. ^ Henderson, Ian (1958). 'Man-hunt in Kenya'. New York: Doubleday. p. 13.
  10. ^ Henderson, Ian (1958). 'Man-hunt in Kenya. New York: Doubleday.
  11. ^ Henderson, Ian (1958). 'Man-hunt in Kenya. New York: Doubleday. p. 27.
  12. ^ "Shadows of October: How Dedan Kimathi spent his last days". Daily Nation. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  13. ^ Henderson, Ian (1958). 'Man-hunt in Kenya. New York: Doubleday. p. 197.
  14. ^ a b Koinange, Machua. "My encounter with the man who shot Dedan Kimathi". The Standard. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  15. ^ MacArthur, Julie, ed. (2017). Dedan Kimathi on Trial: Colonial Justice and Popular Memory in Kenya's Mau Mau Rebellion. Research in International Studies, Global and Comparative Studies. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780896805019.
  16. ^ "Obituary:Ian Henderson". Daily Telegraph. Daily Telegraph. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  17. ^ Siele, Martin. "The Letter Dedan Kimathi Wrote Before His Execution". www.kenyans.co.ke.
  18. ^ Kareithi, Amos. "During his last days, Dedan Kimathi wrote to a Catholic priest to educate his son and take care of his wife". The Standard. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  19. ^ The EastAfrican: 'Dedan Kimathi was buried at Lang'ata' 10 December 2001
  20. ^ "Dedan Kimathi grave found". Standard Digital. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  21. ^ The Standard: Mandela heaps praise on freedom fighters 3 October 2005
  22. ^ "Car dream comes true for Kimathi widow". Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  23. ^ "Kimathi family accepts new car, apologises to government". Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  24. ^ Kenya urged to find Mau Mau leader Dedan Kimathi's body BBC News, 11 October 2010<
  25. ^ "CNN.com – Kenya registers Mau Mau freedom fighters group – Nov. 11, 2003". Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  26. ^ "Awori Lays Stone for Dedan Kimathi Statue. – HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared". Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  27. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Kenya unveils monument to Mau Mau leader". Retrieved 25 September 2016. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  28. ^ Branch (2009). Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya. p. xi.
  29. ^ "British-backed Mau Mau memorial set to open in rare colonial apology – The Economic Times". Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  30. ^ a b "Nelson Mandela was inspired by the gallant struggle put up by the Mau Mau in Kenya to defeat colonial rule". 19 December 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  31. ^ "Kimathi widow cherishes encounter with ex-leader". Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  32. ^ The Standard, 4 November 2009: RESTORING LOST GLORY: Nyeri half Marathon organisers keen to make the event a success
  33. ^ "Kimathi book is a tale of pure determination". Daily Nation. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  34. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orZxYZ3nMq8
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