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Mineral oil is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum,^[1] as distinct from usually edible vegetable oils.

The name 'mineral oil' by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include 'white oil', 'paraffin oil', 'liquid paraffin' (a highly refined medical grade), paraffinum liquidum (Latin), and 'liquid petroleum'. Baby oil is a perfumed mineral oil.

Most often, mineral oil is a liquid by-product of refining crude oil to make gasoline and other petroleum products. This type of mineral oil is a transparent, colorless oil, composed mainly of alkanes^[2] and cycloalkanes, related to petroleum jelly. It has a density of around 0.8–0.87 g/cm³ (0.029–0.031 lb/cu in).^[3]

Nomenclature

Some of the imprecision in the definition of the names used for mineral oil (such as 'white oil') reflects usage by consumers and merchants who did not know, and usually had no need of knowing, the oil's precise chemical makeup. Merriam-Webster states the first use of the term "mineral oil" as being 1771.^[4] Prior to the late 19th century, the chemical science to determine the makeup of an oil was unavailable in any case. A similar lexical situation occurred with the term "white metal".

"Mineral oil", sold widely and cheaply in the US, is not sold as such in Britain. Instead, British pharmacologists use the terms "paraffinum perliquidum" for light mineral oil and "paraffinum liquidum" or "paraffinum subliquidum" for somewhat more viscous varieties. The term "paraffinum liquidum" is often seen on the ingredient lists of baby oil and cosmetics. British aromatherapists commonly use the term "white mineral oil". In lubricating oils, mineral oil is termed from groups 1 to 2 worldwide and group 3 in certain regions. This is because the high end of group 3 mineral lubricating oils are so pure that they exhibit properties similar to polyalphaolefin – PAO oils (group 4 synthetics).^[5]

Toxicology

The World Health Organization classifies untreated or mildly treated mineral oils as group 1 carcinogens to humans; highly refined oils are classified as group 3, meaning that they are not suspected to be carcinogenic, but available information is not sufficient to classify them as harmless.^[6]

The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) carried out a risk assessment on the migration of components from printing inks used on carton-board packaging - including mineral oils - into food in 2011, based on the findings of a survey conducted in the same year. The FSA did not identify any specific food safety concerns due to inks.^[7]

People can be exposed to mineral oil mist in the workplace through inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set the legal limit for mineral oil mist exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m³ (0.0022 gr/cu ft) over an 8-hour workday, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit of 5 mg/m³ (0.0022 gr/cu ft) over an 8-hour workday, with a previous limit of 10 mg/m³ (0.0044 gr/cu ft) for short-term exposure rescinded according to the 2019 Guide to Occupational Exposure Values compiled by the ACGIH. Levels of 2,500 mg/m³ (1.1 gr/cu ft) and higher are indicated as immediately dangerous to life and health. However, current toxicological data does not contain any evidence of irreversible health effects due to short-term exposure at any level; the current value of 2,500 milligrams per cubic metre (1.1 gr/cu ft) is indicated as being arbitrary.^[8]

Applications

Biomedicine

Laxative

Mineral oil is used as a laxative to alleviate constipation by retaining water in stool and the intestines.^[9] Although generally considered safe, as noted above, there is a concern of mist inhalation leading to serious health conditions such as pneumonia.^[10]

Mineral oil can be administered either orally^[11] or as an enema.^[12] It is sometimes used as a lubricant in enema preparations as most of the ingested material is excreted in the stool rather than being absorbed by the body.^[13]

Personal lubricant

It is recommended by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine for use as a fertility-preserving vaginal lubrication.^[14] However, it is known that oils degrade latex condoms.^[15]

Cell culture

Mineral oil of special purity is often used as an overlay covering microdrops of culture medium in petri dishes, during the culture of oocytes and embryos in IVF and related procedures. The use of oil presents several advantages over the open culture system: it allows for several oocytes and embryos to be cultured simultaneously, but observed separately, in the same dish; it minimizes concentration and pH changes by preventing evaporation of the medium; it allows for a significant reduction of the medium volume used (as few as 20 microlitres (0.0012 cu in) per oocyte instead of several millilitres for the batch culture); and it serves as a temperature buffer minimizing thermal shock to the cells while the dish is taken out of the incubator for observation.

Veterinary

Over-the-counter veterinarian-use mineral oil is intended as a mild laxative for pets and livestock.^[16] Certain mineral oils are used in livestock vaccines, as an adjuvant to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response to the vaccinating agent.^{[citation needed]} In the poultry industry, plain mineral oil can also be swabbed onto the feet of chickens infected with scaly mites on the shank, toes, and webs. Mineral oil suffocates these tiny parasites.^[17] In beekeeping, food grade mineral oil-saturated paper napkins placed in hives are used as a treatment for tracheal and other mites.^{[citation needed]} It is also used along with a cotton swab to remove un-shed skin (ashes) on reptiles such as lizards and snakes.^{[citation needed]}

Cosmetics

Mineral oil is a common ingredient in baby lotions, cold creams, ointments, and cosmetics. It is a lightweight inexpensive oil that is odorless and tasteless. It can be used on eyelashes to prevent brittleness and breaking and, in cold cream, is also used to remove creme make-up and temporary tattoos. One of the common concerns regarding the use of mineral oil is its presence on several lists of comedogenic substances^{[citation needed]}. These lists of comedogenic substances were developed many years ago and are frequently quoted in the dermatological literature.

The type of highly refined and purified mineral oil found in cosmetic and skincare products is noncomedogenic (does not clog pores).^[18]

Mechanical, electrical, and industrial

Mineral oil is used in a variety of industrial/mechanical capacities as a non-conductive coolant or thermal fluid in electric components as it does not conduct electricity and functions to displace air and water. Some examples are in transformers, where it is known as transformer oil,^[19] and in high-voltage switchgear, where mineral oil is used as an insulator and as a coolant to disperse switching arcs.^[20] The dielectric constant of mineral oil ranges from 2.3 at 50 °C (122 °F) to 2.1 at 200 °C (392 °F).^[21]

Mineral oil is used as a lubricant, a cutting fluid, and as a conditioning oil for jute fibres selected for textile production, a process known as 'jute batching'.^[22] Spindle oils are light mineral oils used as lubricants in textile industries. Electric space heaters sometimes use mineral oil as a heat transfer oil. Because it is noncompressible, mineral oil is used as a hydraulic fluid in hydraulic machinery and vehicles.

An often-cited limitation of mineral oil is that it is poorly biodegradable; in some applications, vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil or rapeseed oil may be used instead.^[23]

Food preparation

Food grade mineral oil has an E number of E905a, although it has not been approved in food products in the European Union, and incidental amounts in foods are carefully regulated.^{[citation needed]}^{[dubious – discuss]}^[24] Because of its properties that prevent water absorption, combined with its lack of flavor and odor, food grade mineral oil is a popular preservative for wooden cutting boards, salad bowls, and utensils. Rubbing a small amount of mineral oil into a wooden kitchen item periodically impedes absorption of food liquids, and thereby food odors, easing the process of hygenically cleaning wooden utensils and equipment. The use of mineral oil to impede water absorption can also prevent cracks and splits from forming in wooden utensils due to wetting and drying cycles. However, some of the mineral oil used on these items, if in contact with food, will be picked up by it and therefore ingested.

Outside of the European Union, mineral oil is occasionally used in the food industry, particularly for confectionery. In this application, it is typically used for the glossy effect it produces, and to prevent the candy pieces from adhering to each other. It has been discouraged for use in children's foods,^[25] though it is still found in many confectioneries, including Swedish Fish.^[26] The use of food grade mineral oil is self-limiting because of its laxative effect. The maximum daily intake is calculated to be about 100 mg (1.5 gr), of which some 80 mg (1.2 gr) are contributed from its use on machines in the baking industry.^[13]

Other uses

Mineral oil's ubiquity has led to its use in some niche applications as well:

Mineral oil is used for treating and preserving wooden butcher block counter tops.^[27]
It is commonly used to create a "wear" effect on new clay poker chips, which can otherwise be accomplished only through prolonged use.^[28] Either the chips are placed in mineral oil for a short time, or the oil is applied to each chip then rubbed off. This removes any chalky residue left over from manufacture, and also improve the look and "feel"^{[clarification needed]} of the chips.
Mineral oil is used as the principal fuel in some types of gel-type scented candles.^[29]
It is used for cooling, such as in the liquid submersion cooling of components in some custom-built computers.^[30]^[31]
Veterinarian-grade mineral oil is inexpensive, and is frequently used by amateur radio operators as coolant in RF dummy loads, as mineral oil is typically used as the insulating and cooling fluid in large electrical equipment such as transformers.
Mineral oil is used as a brake fluid in some cars, such as Citroën models with hydrodynamic suspension, and bicycle disc brakes.
Mineral oil is burned in specialized "machines" (both manufactured and home-made) to produce a thick white smoke that is then blown into automotive evaporative emissions (EVAP) systems to find leaks.
It is used for polishing alabaster in stonework and lubricating and cleaning pocket knives or food handling tools that use an open bearing, thus needing periodic lubrication. Light mineral oil (paraffinum perliquidum) is used as a honing oil when sharpening edge tools (such as chisels) on abrasive oil stones. Mineral oil USP or light mineral oil can be used as an anti-rust agent for blades.
It is an inexpensive alternative for storing reactive metals, such as lithium and sodium.
Horticultural oil is often made of a combination of mineral oil and detergent. It is sprayed on plants to control scale, aphid, and other pest populations by suffocation.
Before the widespread adoption of thermocyclers with heated lids, it was common practice to use mineral oil to overlay polymerase chain reactions in biotechnology to prevent loss of water during heating cycles. It is often used to suspend crystals for use in X-ray crystallography.
It is used as a transparent collision material for reactions in particle physics, as in the MiniBooNE neutrino oscillation experiment.^[32]
As a relatively low heat combustible with no flavor or odor, mineral oil can be used in fire breathing and firedancing for entertainment,^[33] but there is a risk of injury.^[34]^[35]
Paraffin oil is commonly used to fill Galileo thermometers. Due to paraffin oil's freezing temp being lower than water (approx. 24 °F (−4 °C)), this makes them less susceptible to freezing during shipment or when stored in a cold environment.^[36]

References

^ Mineral oil (Dictionary.com) Archived 30 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related the use of mineral oils in jute and sisal bags" (PDF). The EFSA Journal. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
^ "Mechanical properties of materials". Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants. National Physical Laboratory. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
^ "Definition of MINERAL OIL". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ Cutler, Adam (8 August 2017). "Is my oil mineral or synthetic?". Learn Oil Analysis. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ International Agency for Research on Cancer (17 June 2011). "Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–102" (PDF). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 3, 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ "Survey of printing inks and mineral oils". Food Standards Agency. London. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012.
^ "Oil mist (mineral). Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)". cdc.gov. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
^ "Drugs & Medications".
^ Weinstein, M. (2001). "First do no harm: The dangers of mineral oil". Paediatrics & Child Health. 6 (3): 129–131. doi:10.1093/pch/6.3.129. PMC 2804525. PMID 20084222.
^ "Mineral Oil". Drugs & Medications. WebMD. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ "Mineral Oil rectal enema". Health Library / Drugs, Devices & Supplements. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b WHO Food Additive Monograph 70.39 Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 20 Sep 2009
^ "Optimizing Natural Fertility" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
^ Voeller, B; Coulson, A. H.; Bernstein, G. S.; Nakamura, R. M. (1989). "Mineral oil lubricants cause rapid deterioration of latex condoms". Contraception. 39 (1): 95–102. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(89)90018-8. PMID 2535978.
^ Pasquini, Chris (1998). Guide to Equine Clinics (Volume 1). Sudz Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-9623114-6-8.
^ "Chronic Ear Infections in Canines". whole-dog-journal.com.
^ DiNardo, J. C. (2005). "Is mineral oil comedogenic?". Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 4 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.00150.x. PMID 17134413.
^ "Transformer oil deterioration - Why is transformer oil purification essential?".
^ Suwarno Darma, I.S.; Darma, I. S. (2008). "Dielectric Properties of Mixtures between Mineral Oil and Natural Ester". Proceedings of 2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials: 514–517. doi:10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664471. ISBN 978-4-88686-005-7.
^ Shkol'nikov, V. M.; L. A. Bronshtein; Yu. N. Shekhter; O. L. Drozdova (1977). "Electrical and viscosity properties of mineral oil components". Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils. 13 (7). Springer New York: 479. doi:10.1007/BF00730107.
^ Sayed, Abu (30 September 2013). "Batch And Batching Of Jute". textileapex.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^ Oommen, T.V. (2002). "Vegetable Oils for Liquid-Filled Transformers". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 18 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1109/57.981322.
^ Science Daily - Mineral Oil Contamination In Humans: A Health Problem? Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Mineral Oil Liquid Facts and Comparisons". Wolters Kluwer Health – A to Z Drugs Facts. Drugs.com. 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
^ Cadbury Adams USA, LLC (2010). "Swedish Fish Nutrition Facts". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012.
^ "Best Method for Treating a Butcher Block Counter Top". oldtownhome.com. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ John Tucker. "Oiling Chips FAQ". Poker Chip Reviews. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
^ "Economic Data on Candle and Incense Production and Sales" (PDF). Candles and Incense As Potential Sources of Indoor Air Pollution: Market Analysis And Literature Review. United States Environmental Protection Agency. January 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010. Gel candles use liquids such as mineral oil, terpene-type chemicals, or modified hydrocarbons as their primary fuel.
^ John Bach (5 May 2007). "Mineral Oil Submerged Computer". Puget Custom Computers. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
^ Patrick Norton; Roger Chang (9 March 2009). "How to Build an Oil-Cooled Aquarium PC". Revision3. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
^ "Detector". MiniBooNE Experiment Details. Fermilab. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
^ "Study Material for the Examination for Certificate of Fitness for Fire Producer E-28 Fire Performer E-29" (PDF). New York City Fire Department. December 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2016.
^ Weinberg, I.; Fridlender, Z. G. (2010). "Exogenous lipoid pneumonia caused by paraffin in an amateur fire breather". Occupational Medicine. 60 (3): 234–5. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq020. PMID 20308260.
^ Saraf, Sanjay (2012). "Fire-breathing burn". Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 3 (1): 73–4. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.93491. PMC 3481926. PMID 23130274.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ "Galileo Thermometer Material Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). 13 November 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2017.

External links

"Safety and Health Guideline for Oil Mist, Mineral Oil", Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Safe handling of Alkali Metals
FAO – Report on food safety of mineral oil, 1970

[1] Mineral oil (Dictionary.com) Archived 30 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine

[2] "Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related the use of mineral oils in jute and sisal bags" (PDF). The EFSA Journal. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2007.

[kayelabymech-3] "Mechanical properties of materials". Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants. National Physical Laboratory. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.

[4] "Definition of MINERAL OIL". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 10 September 2018.

[5] Cutler, Adam (8 August 2017). "Is my oil mineral or synthetic?". Learn Oil Analysis. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.

[6] International Agency for Research on Cancer (17 June 2011). "Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–102" (PDF). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 3, 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.

[7] "Survey of printing inks and mineral oils". Food Standards Agency. London. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012.

[8] "Oil mist (mineral). Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)". cdc.gov. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2018.

[9] "Drugs & Medications".

[10] Weinstein, M. (2001). "First do no harm: The dangers of mineral oil". Paediatrics & Child Health. 6 (3): 129–131. doi:10.1093/pch/6.3.129. PMC 2804525. PMID 20084222.

[11] "Mineral Oil". Drugs & Medications. WebMD. Retrieved 20 April 2019.

[12] "Mineral Oil rectal enema". Health Library / Drugs, Devices & Supplements. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 20 April 2019.

[food-13] WHO Food Additive Monograph 70.39 Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 20 Sep 2009

[14] "Optimizing Natural Fertility" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.

[15] Voeller, B; Coulson, A. H.; Bernstein, G. S.; Nakamura, R. M. (1989). "Mineral oil lubricants cause rapid deterioration of latex condoms". Contraception. 39 (1): 95–102. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(89)90018-8. PMID 2535978.

[16] Pasquini, Chris (1998). Guide to Equine Clinics (Volume 1). Sudz Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-9623114-6-8.

[17] "Chronic Ear Infections in Canines". whole-dog-journal.com.

[18] DiNardo, J. C. (2005). "Is mineral oil comedogenic?". Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 4 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.00150.x. PMID 17134413.

[19] "Transformer oil deterioration - Why is transformer oil purification essential?".

[20] Suwarno Darma, I.S.; Darma, I. S. (2008). "Dielectric Properties of Mixtures between Mineral Oil and Natural Ester". Proceedings of 2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials: 514–517. doi:10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664471. ISBN 978-4-88686-005-7.

[21] Shkol'nikov, V. M.; L. A. Bronshtein; Yu. N. Shekhter; O. L. Drozdova (1977). "Electrical and viscosity properties of mineral oil components". Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils. 13 (7). Springer New York: 479. doi:10.1007/BF00730107.

[22] Sayed, Abu (30 September 2013). "Batch And Batching Of Jute". textileapex.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.

[23] Oommen, T.V. (2002). "Vegetable Oils for Liquid-Filled Transformers". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. 18 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1109/57.981322.

[24] Science Daily - Mineral Oil Contamination In Humans: A Health Problem? Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine

[25] "Mineral Oil Liquid Facts and Comparisons". Wolters Kluwer Health – A to Z Drugs Facts. Drugs.com. 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

[26] Cadbury Adams USA, LLC (2010). "Swedish Fish Nutrition Facts". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012.

[27] "Best Method for Treating a Butcher Block Counter Top". oldtownhome.com. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.

[28] John Tucker. "Oiling Chips FAQ". Poker Chip Reviews. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

[29] "Economic Data on Candle and Incense Production and Sales" (PDF). Candles and Incense As Potential Sources of Indoor Air Pollution: Market Analysis And Literature Review. United States Environmental Protection Agency. January 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2010. Gel candles use liquids such as mineral oil, terpene-type chemicals, or modified hydrocarbons as their primary fuel.

[30] John Bach (5 May 2007). "Mineral Oil Submerged Computer". Puget Custom Computers. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

[31] Patrick Norton; Roger Chang (9 March 2009). "How to Build an Oil-Cooled Aquarium PC". Revision3. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.

[32] "Detector". MiniBooNE Experiment Details. Fermilab. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.

[33] "Study Material for the Examination for Certificate of Fitness for Fire Producer E-28 Fire Performer E-29" (PDF). New York City Fire Department. December 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2016.

[34] Weinberg, I.; Fridlender, Z. G. (2010). "Exogenous lipoid pneumonia caused by paraffin in an amateur fire breather". Occupational Medicine. 60 (3): 234–5. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq020. PMID 20308260.

[35] Saraf, Sanjay (2012). "Fire-breathing burn". Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 3 (1): 73–4. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.93491. PMC 3481926. PMID 23130274.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[36] "Galileo Thermometer Material Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). 13 November 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2017.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 [[File:Mineral oil bottle, front.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Bottle of mineral oil as sold in the U.S.]]
-'''Mineral oil''' is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of [[higher alkanes]] from a [[mineral]] source, particularly a distillate of [[petroleum]],<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mineral+oil Mineral oil (Dictionary.com)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930073926/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mineral+oil |date=30 September 2015 }}</ref> as distinct from usually edible [[vegetable oil]]s.
+'''Mineral oil''' is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of [[higher alkanes]] from a [[mineral]] source, particularly a distillate of [[petroleum]],<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Mineral+oil Mineral oil (Dictionary.com)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930073926/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mineral+oil |date=30 September 2015}}</ref> as distinct from usually edible [[vegetable oil]]s.
-The name ''mineral oil'' by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include ''white oil'', ''paraffin oil'', ''[[Liquid paraffin (medicinal)|liquid paraffin]]'' (a highly refined medical grade), {{lang|la|paraffinum liquidum}} (Latin), and ''liquid petroleum''. [[Baby oil]] is a perfumed mineral oil.
+The name 'mineral oil' by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include 'white oil', 'paraffin oil', '[[Liquid paraffin (medicinal)|liquid paraffin]]' (a highly refined medical grade), {{lang|la|paraffinum liquidum}} ([[Latin]]), and 'liquid petroleum'. [[Baby oil]] is a perfumed mineral oil.
-Most often, mineral oil is a liquid [[by-product]] of [[Oil refinery|refining]] crude oil to make [[gasoline]] and other [[petroleum product]]s. This type of mineral oil is a [[Transparency and translucency|transparent]], colorless oil, composed mainly of [[alkane]]s<ref>{{cite journal |title=Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related the use of mineral oils in jute and sisal bags |journal=The EFSA Journal |year=2004 |url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/162.pdf |access-date=2007-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603121430/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/162.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[cycloalkane]]s, related to [[petroleum jelly]]. It has a [[density]] of around 0.8–0.87 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.<ref name=kayelabymech>{{cite web | title=Mechanical properties of materials | work=Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants | publisher=National Physical Laboratory | url=http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_2/2_2_1.html | access-date=2008-03-06 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311173419/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_2/2_2_1.html | archive-date=11 March 2008}}</ref>
+Most often, mineral oil is a liquid [[by-product]] of [[Oil refinery|refining]] [[crude oil]] to make [[gasoline]] and other [[petroleum product]]s. This type of mineral oil is a [[Transparency and translucency|transparent]], colorless oil, composed mainly of [[alkane]]s<ref>{{cite journal |title=Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related the use of mineral oils in jute and sisal bags |journal=The EFSA Journal |year=2004 |url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/162.pdf |access-date=2007-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603121430/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/162.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[cycloalkane]]s, related to [[petroleum jelly]]. It has a [[density]] of around {{convert|0.8|–|0.87|g/cm3|abbr=on}}.<ref name=kayelabymech>{{cite web | title=Mechanical properties of materials | work=Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants | publisher=National Physical Laboratory | url=http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_2/2_2_1.html | access-date=2008-03-06 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311173419/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_2/2_2_1.html | archive-date=11 March 2008}}</ref>
-== Nomenclature ==
+==Nomenclature==
-Some of the imprecision in the definition of the names (e.g., "mineral oil", "white oil") reflects usage by buyers and sellers who did not know, and usually did not need to care about, the precise chemical makeup. Merriam-Webster states the first use of the term "mineral oil" was 1771.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mineral%20oil|title=Definition of MINERAL OIL|website=merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-10}}</ref> Prior to the late 19th century, the chemical science to determine such makeup was unavailable in any case. A similar lexical situation occurred with the term "[[white metal]]".
+Some of the imprecision in the definition of the names used for mineral oil (such as 'white oil') reflects usage by consumers and merchants who did not know, and usually had no need of knowing, the oil's precise chemical makeup. Merriam-Webster states the first use of the term "mineral oil" as being 1771.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mineral%20oil|title=Definition of MINERAL OIL|website=merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-10}}</ref> Prior to the late 19th century, the chemical science to determine the makeup of an oil was unavailable in any case. A similar lexical situation occurred with the term "[[white metal]]".
-"Mineral oil", sold widely and cheaply in the US, is not sold as such in Britain. Instead British pharmacologists use the terms "paraffinum perliquidum" for light mineral oil and "paraffinum liquidum" or "paraffinum subliquidum" for somewhat thicker (more viscous) varieties. The term "paraffinum liquidum" is often seen on the ingredient lists of baby oil and [[cosmetics]]. British [[aromatherapist]]s commonly use the term "white mineral oil". In lubricating oils, mineral oil is termed from groups 1 to 2 worldwide and group 3 in certain regions. This is because the high end of group 3 mineral lubricating oils are so pure that they exhibit properties similar to [[polyalphaolefin]] – PAO oils (group 4 synthetics).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://learnoilanalysis.com/is-my-oil-mineral-or-synthetic/ |title=Is my oil mineral or synthetic? |first=Adam |last=Cutler |date=8 August 2017 |work=Learn Oil Analysis |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815041043/https://learnoilanalysis.com/is-my-oil-mineral-or-synthetic/ |archive-date=15 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+"Mineral oil", sold widely and cheaply in the US, is not sold as such in Britain. Instead, British pharmacologists use the terms "paraffinum perliquidum" for light mineral oil and "paraffinum liquidum" or "paraffinum subliquidum" for somewhat more viscous varieties. The term "paraffinum liquidum" is often seen on the ingredient lists of baby oil and [[cosmetics]]. British [[aromatherapist]]s commonly use the term "white mineral oil". In lubricating oils, mineral oil is termed from groups 1 to 2 worldwide and group 3 in certain regions. This is because the high end of group 3 mineral lubricating oils are so pure that they exhibit properties similar to [[polyalphaolefin]] – PAO oils (group 4 synthetics).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://learnoilanalysis.com/is-my-oil-mineral-or-synthetic/ |title=Is my oil mineral or synthetic? |first=Adam |last=Cutler |date=8 August 2017 |work=Learn Oil Analysis |access-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815041043/https://learnoilanalysis.com/is-my-oil-mineral-or-synthetic/ |archive-date=15 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-== Toxicology ==
+==Toxicology==
 The [[World Health Organization]] classifies untreated or mildly treated mineral oils as [[Carcinogen#Classification|group 1 carcinogens]] to humans; highly refined oils are classified as group 3, meaning that they are not suspected to be carcinogenic, but available information is not sufficient to classify them as harmless.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf |title=Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–102 |author=International Agency for Research on Cancer |author-link=International Agency for Research on Cancer |date=17 June 2011 |publisher=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] |location=Lyon, France |pages=3, 19 |access-date=11 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025122327/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2011}}</ref>
-The UK [[Food Standards Agency]] (FSA) carried out a risk assessment on the findings of a survey made in 2011 on risks due to migration of components from printing inks used on carton-board packaging, including mineral oils, into food. The FSA did not identify any specific food safety concerns due to inks.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsisbranch2011/minoils | location=London | work=Food Standards Agency | title=Survey of printing inks and mineral oils | date=2011-12-15 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154728/http://food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsisbranch2011/minoils | archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>
+The UK [[Food Standards Agency]] (FSA) carried out a risk assessment on the migration of components from printing inks used on carton-board packaging - including mineral oils - into food in 2011, based on the findings of a survey conducted in the same year. The FSA did not identify any specific food safety concerns due to inks.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsisbranch2011/minoils | location=London | work=Food Standards Agency | title=Survey of printing inks and mineral oils | date=2011-12-15 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154728/http://food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsisbranch2011/minoils | archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>
-People can be exposed to mineral oil mist in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, or eye contact. In the United States, the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] has set the [[Permissible exposure limit|legal limit]] for mineral oil mist exposure in the workplace as 5&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> over an 8-hour workday, the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] has set a [[recommended exposure limit]] of 5&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> over an 8-hour workday, and 10&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> short-term exposure has been rescinded according to the 2019 Guide to Occupational Exposure Values compiled by the [[ACGIH]]. Levels of 2500&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> and higher are indicated as [[IDLH|immediately dangerous to life and health]]. However, current toxicological data does not contain any evidence of irreversible health effects due to short-term exposure at any level; the current value of 2500&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> is indicated as being arbitrary.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/8012951.html |title=Oil mist (mineral). Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH) |date=2014-12-04 |website=cdc.gov |language=en-us |access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref>
+People can be exposed to mineral oil mist in the workplace through inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. In the United States, the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] has set the [[Permissible exposure limit|legal limit]] for mineral oil mist exposure in the workplace as {{convert|5|mg/m3|abbr=on}} over an 8-hour workday, the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] has set a [[recommended exposure limit]] of {{convert|5|mg/m3|abbr=on}} over an 8-hour workday, with a previous limit of {{convert|10|mg/m3|abbr=on}} for short-term exposure rescinded according to the 2019 Guide to Occupational Exposure Values compiled by the [[ACGIH]]. Levels of {{convert|2500|mg/m3|abbr=on}} and higher are indicated as [[IDLH|immediately dangerous to life and health]]. However, current toxicological data does not contain any evidence of irreversible health effects due to short-term exposure at any level; the current value of {{convert|2500|mg/m3}} is indicated as being arbitrary.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/8012951.html |title=Oil mist (mineral). Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH) |date=2014-12-04 |website=cdc.gov |language=en-us |access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref>
-== Applications ==
+==Applications==
+===Biomedicine===
-=== Biomedicine ===
+====Laxative====
-==== Laxative ====
 {{Main|Liquid paraffin (drug)}}
 Mineral oil is used as a [[laxative]] to alleviate [[constipation]] by retaining water in [[Feces|stool]] and the [[intestines]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-153865/mineral-oil-laxative-oral/details | title=Drugs & Medications}}</ref> Although generally considered safe, as noted above, there is a concern of mist inhalation leading to serious health conditions such as [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 2804525|year = 2001|last1 = Weinstein|first1 = M.|title = First do no harm: The dangers of mineral oil|journal = Paediatrics & Child Health|volume = 6|issue = 3|pages = 129–131|pmid = 20084222|doi = 10.1093/pch/6.3.129}}</ref>
-Mineral oil can be administered either orally<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-153865/mineral-oil-laxative-oral/details |title=Mineral Oil |work=Drugs & Medications |publisher=[[WebMD]] |access-date=2019-04-20 }}</ref> or as an [[enema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/20248-mineral-oil-rectal-enema |title=Mineral Oil rectal enema |work=Health Library / Drugs, Devices & Supplements |publisher=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |access-date=2019-04-20 }}</ref> Also, it is sometimes used as a lubricant in enema preparations, because most of the ingested material is excreted in the [[Human feces|stool]] rather than being absorbed by the body.<ref name=food>[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje08.htm WHO Food Additive Monograph 70.39] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806023007/http://inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje08.htm |date=6 August 2007 }}, retrieved 20 Sep 2009</ref>
+Mineral oil can be administered either orally<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-153865/mineral-oil-laxative-oral/details |title=Mineral Oil |work=Drugs & Medications |publisher=[[WebMD]] |access-date=2019-04-20 }}</ref> or as an [[enema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/20248-mineral-oil-rectal-enema |title=Mineral Oil rectal enema |work=Health Library / Drugs, Devices & Supplements |publisher=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |access-date=2019-04-20 }}</ref> It is sometimes used as a lubricant in enema preparations as most of the ingested material is excreted in the stool rather than being absorbed by the body.<ref name=food>[http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje08.htm WHO Food Additive Monograph 70.39] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806023007/http://inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje08.htm |date=6 August 2007 }}, retrieved 20 Sep 2009</ref>
-==== Cell culture ====
+====Personal lubricant====
+It is recommended by the [[American Society for Reproductive Medicine]] for use as a fertility-preserving [[vaginal lubrication]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sart.org/uploadedFiles/ASRM_Content/News_and_Publications/Practice_Guidelines/Committee_Opinions/optimizing_natural_fertility(1).pdf |title=Optimizing Natural Fertility |access-date=2013-11-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112060644/http://www.sart.org/uploadedFiles/ASRM_Content/News_and_Publications/Practice_Guidelines/Committee_Opinions/optimizing_natural_fertility(1).pdf |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> However, it is known that oils degrade [[latex condom]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid= 2535978 |year= 1989 |author1= Voeller |first1= B |title= Mineral oil lubricants cause rapid deterioration of latex condoms |journal= Contraception |volume= 39 |issue= 1 |pages= 95–102 |last2= Coulson |first2= A. H. |last3= Bernstein |first3= G. S. |last4= Nakamura |first4= R. M. |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(89)90018-8}}</ref>
-Mineral oil of special purity is often used as an overlay covering microdrops of [[culture medium]] in [[petri dish]]es, during the culture of oocytes and embryos in [[IVF]] and related procedures. The use of oil presents several advantages over the open culture system: it allows for several oocytes and embryos to be cultured simultaneously, but observed separately, in the same dish; it minimizes concentration and pH changes by preventing evaporation of the medium; it allows for a significant reduction of the medium volume used (as few as 20 microlitres per oocyte instead of several ''milli''litres for the batch culture); and it serves as a temperature buffer minimizing thermal shock to the cells while the dish is taken out of the incubator for observation.
-==== Veterinary ====
+====Cell culture====
+Mineral oil of special purity is often used as an overlay covering microdrops of [[culture medium]] in [[petri dish]]es, during the culture of oocytes and embryos in [[IVF]] and related procedures. The use of oil presents several advantages over the open culture system: it allows for several oocytes and embryos to be cultured simultaneously, but observed separately, in the same dish; it minimizes concentration and pH changes by preventing evaporation of the medium; it allows for a significant reduction of the medium volume used (as few as {{convert|20|μl}} per oocyte instead of several millilitres for the batch culture); and it serves as a temperature buffer minimizing thermal shock to the cells while the dish is taken out of the incubator for observation.
-Over-the-counter [[veterinarian]]-use mineral oil is intended as a mild [[laxative]] for pets and livestock.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pasquini |first1=Chris |title=Guide to Equine Clinics (Volume 1) |publisher=Sudz Publishing |isbn=978-0-9623114-6-8 |pages=84|year=1998 }}</ref> Certain mineral oils are used in livestock [[vaccine]]s, as an [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvant]] to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response to the vaccinating agent.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} In the poultry industry, plain mineral oil can also be swabbed onto the feet of chickens infected with [[scaly mite]]s on the shank, toes, and webs. Mineral oil suffocates these tiny parasites.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/care/ear-care/chronic-ear-infections-in-canines/ | title = Chronic Ear Infections in Canines | publisher = whole-dog-journal.com }}</ref> In [[beekeeping]], food grade mineral oil-saturated paper napkins placed in hives are used as a treatment for tracheal and other [[mite]]s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} It is also used along with a cotton swab to remove un-shed skin ([[Ashes (herpetology)|ashes]]) on reptiles such as lizards and snakes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}
-=== Cosmetics ===
+====Veterinary====
+Over-the-counter [[veterinarian]]-use mineral oil is intended as a mild laxative for pets and livestock.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pasquini |first1=Chris |title=Guide to Equine Clinics (Volume 1) |publisher=Sudz Publishing |isbn=978-0-9623114-6-8 |pages=84|year=1998 }}</ref> Certain mineral oils are used in livestock [[vaccine]]s, as an [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvant]] to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response to the vaccinating agent.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} In the [[poultry industry]], plain mineral oil can also be swabbed onto the feet of chickens infected with [[scaly mite]]s on the shank, toes, and webs. Mineral oil suffocates these tiny parasites.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/care/ear-care/chronic-ear-infections-in-canines/ | title = Chronic Ear Infections in Canines | publisher = whole-dog-journal.com }}</ref> In [[beekeeping]], food grade mineral oil-saturated paper napkins placed in hives are used as a treatment for tracheal and other [[mite]]s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} It is also used along with a cotton swab to remove un-shed skin ([[Ashes (herpetology)|ashes]]) on reptiles such as lizards and snakes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}
+===Cosmetics===
 Mineral oil is a common ingredient in [[baby oil|baby lotions]], [[cold cream]]s, [[ointments]], and cosmetics. It is a lightweight inexpensive oil that is odorless and tasteless. It can be used on [[eyelashes]] to prevent brittleness and breaking and, in [[cold cream]], is also used to remove creme make-up and [[temporary tattoo]]s. One of the common concerns regarding the use of mineral oil is its presence on several lists of [[Acne cosmetica|comedogenic]] substances{{Citation needed|date=February 2021|reason=Your explanation here}}. These lists of comedogenic substances were developed many years ago and are frequently quoted in the dermatological literature.
 The type of highly refined and purified mineral oil found in cosmetic and skincare products is noncomedogenic (does not clog pores).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = DiNardo | first1 = J. C. | year = 2005 | title = Is mineral oil comedogenic? | journal = Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology | volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 2–3 | doi = 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.00150.x | pmid = 17134413 }}</ref>
-=== Mechanical, electrical, and industrial ===
+===Mechanical, electrical, and industrial===
 [[File:Oil heater.jpg|thumb|right|An electrical [[radiator]] that uses mineral oil as a heat transfer fluid]]
-Mineral oil is used in a variety of industrial/mechanical capacities as a non-conductive [[coolant]] or thermal fluid in electric components as it does not conduct electricity and functions to displace air and water. Some examples are in [[transformer]]s, where it is known as [[transformer oil]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Transformer oil deterioration - Why is transformer oil purification essential?|url=http://www.hering-vpt.de/transformer-oil-purification/transformer-oil-deterioration/}}</ref> and in high-voltage [[switchgear]], where mineral oil is used as an insulator and as a coolant to disperse switching arcs.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Suwarno Darma | first=I.S. | title=Dielectric Properties of Mixtures between Mineral Oil and Natural Ester | journal=Proceedings of 2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials | year=2008 | doi=10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664471 | last2=Darma | first2=I. S. | pages=514–517 | isbn=978-4-88686-005-7 }}</ref> The [[dielectric constant]] of mineral oil ranges from 2.3 at {{convert|50|C|F}} to 2.1 at {{convert|200|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shkol'nikov | first=V. M. |author2=L. A. Bronshtein |author3=Yu. N. Shekhter |author4=O. L. Drozdova  | title=Electrical and viscosity properties of mineral oil components | journal=Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils | publisher=Springer New York | year=1977 | doi=10.1007/BF00730107 | volume=13 | issue=7 | pages=479 }}</ref>
+Mineral oil is used in a variety of industrial/mechanical capacities as a non-conductive [[coolant]] or thermal fluid in electric components as it does not conduct electricity and functions to displace air and water. Some examples are in [[transformer]]s, where it is known as [[transformer oil]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Transformer oil deterioration - Why is transformer oil purification essential?|url=http://www.hering-vpt.de/transformer-oil-purification/transformer-oil-deterioration/}}</ref> and in high-voltage [[switchgear]], where mineral oil is used as an insulator and as a coolant to disperse switching arcs.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Suwarno Darma | first=I.S. | title=Dielectric Properties of Mixtures between Mineral Oil and Natural Ester | journal=Proceedings of 2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials | year=2008 | doi=10.1109/ISEIM.2008.4664471 | last2=Darma | first2=I. S. | pages=514–517 | isbn=978-4-88686-005-7 }}</ref> The [[dielectric constant]] of mineral oil ranges from 2.3 at {{convert|50|C|F}} to 2.1 at {{convert|200|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shkol'nikov | first=V. M. |author2=L. A. Bronshtein |author3=Yu. N. Shekhter |author4=O. L. Drozdova | title=Electrical and viscosity properties of mineral oil components | journal=Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils | publisher=Springer New York | year=1977 | doi=10.1007/BF00730107 | volume=13 | issue=7 | pages=479 }}</ref>
-Mineral oil is used as a [[Lubricant#Mineral oil|lubricant]], a [[cutting fluid]], and a [[jute]] batching oil.{{clarify|reason=What is jute batching, and is it a very important use?|date=August 2018}} [[Spindle oil]]s are light mineral oils used as lubricants in [[textile]] industries.  Electric space heaters sometimes use mineral oil as a [[heat transfer oil]].  Because it is noncompressible, mineral oil is used as a [[hydraulic fluid]] in [[hydraulic machinery]] and vehicles.
+Mineral oil is used as a [[Lubricant#Mineral oil|lubricant]], a [[cutting fluid]], and as a conditioning oil for [[jute]] fibres selected for [[textile production]], a process known as 'jute batching'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sayed |first1=Abu |title=Batch And Batching Of Jute |url=https://textileapex.blogspot.com/2013/09/batch-batching.html |website=textileapex.blogspot.com |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=http://archive.today/2021.05.20-103951/https://textileapex.blogspot.com/2013/09/batch-batching.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |date=30 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Spindle oil]]s are light mineral oils used as lubricants in [[textile]] industries. Electric space heaters sometimes use mineral oil as a [[heat transfer oil]]. Because it is noncompressible, mineral oil is used as a [[hydraulic fluid]] in [[hydraulic machinery]] and vehicles.
-An often cited limitation of mineral oil is that it is poorly biodegradable; in some applications, [[Vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oils]] such as [[cottonseed oil]] or [[Rapeseed|rapeseed oil]] may be used instead.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Oommen | first=T.V. | title=Vegetable Oils for Liquid-Filled Transformers | journal=IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine| year=2002 | doi=10.1109/57.981322 | volume=18 | issue=1 | pages=6–11 }}</ref>
+An often-cited limitation of mineral oil is that it is poorly biodegradable; in some applications, [[Vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oils]] such as [[cottonseed oil]] or [[Rapeseed|rapeseed oil]] may be used instead.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Oommen | first=T.V. | title=Vegetable Oils for Liquid-Filled Transformers | journal=IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine| year=2002 | doi=10.1109/57.981322 | volume=18 | issue=1 | pages=6–11 }}</ref>
-=== Food preparation ===
+===Food preparation===
-Food grade mineral oil has an [[E number]] of E905a, although it has not been approved in food products in the [[European Union]], and incidental amounts in foods are carefully regulated.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}{{dubious|date=January 2015}}<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081124102706.htm Science Daily - Mineral Oil Contamination In Humans: A Health Problem?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120070852/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081124102706.htm |date=20 January 2012 }}</ref> Because of its properties that prevent water absorption, combined with its lack of flavor and odor, food grade mineral oil is a popular preservative for wooden [[cutting board]]s, [[Salad|salad bowl]]s, and [[List of food preparation utensils|utensils]]. Rubbing a small amount of mineral oil into a wooden kitchen item periodically, will impede absorption of food liquids, and thereby food odors, and ease cleaning. By impeding water absorption, wetting and drying cycles, which can cause cracks or splits in wood, are reduced although some of the mineral oil is picked up by the food and ingested.
+Food grade mineral oil has an [[E number]] of E905a, although it has not been approved in food products in the [[European Union]], and incidental amounts in foods are carefully regulated.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}{{dubious|date=January 2015}}<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081124102706.htm Science Daily - Mineral Oil Contamination In Humans: A Health Problem?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120070852/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081124102706.htm |date=20 January 2012 }}</ref> Because of its properties that prevent water absorption, combined with its lack of flavor and odor, food grade mineral oil is a popular preservative for wooden [[cutting board]]s, [[Salad|salad bowl]]s, and [[List of food preparation utensils|utensils]]. Rubbing a small amount of mineral oil into a wooden kitchen item periodically impedes absorption of food liquids, and thereby food odors, easing the process of hygenically cleaning wooden utensils and equipment. The use of mineral oil to impede water absorption can also prevent cracks and splits from forming in wooden utensils due to wetting and drying cycles. However, some of the mineral oil used on these items, if in contact with food, will be picked up by it and therefore ingested.
-Outside of the European Union, it is occasionally used in the food industry, particularly for [[confectionery]]. In this application, it is typically used for the glossy effect it produces, and to prevent the candy pieces from adhering to each other. It has been discouraged for use in children's foods,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.drugs.com/cdi/mineral-oil-liquid.html | title=Mineral Oil Liquid Facts and Comparisons | date=2009-06-03 | work=[[Wolters Kluwer|Wolters Kluwer Health]] – A to Z Drugs Facts | publisher=Drugs.com | access-date=2009-07-13 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601182611/http://www.drugs.com/cdi/mineral-oil-liquid.html | archive-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> though it is still found in many confectioneries, including [[Swedish Fish]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.swedishfish.com/product%20info.aspx | title=Swedish Fish Nutrition Facts | author=Cadbury Adams USA, LLC | year=2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019073221/http://swedishfish.com/Product%20Info.aspx | archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> The use of food grade mineral oil is self-limiting because of its [[laxative]] effect.  The maximum daily intake is calculated to be about 100&nbsp;mg, of which some 80&nbsp;mg are contributed from its use on machines in the baking industry.<ref name="food" />
+Outside of the European Union, mineral oil is occasionally used in the food industry, particularly for [[confectionery]]. In this application, it is typically used for the glossy effect it produces, and to prevent the candy pieces from adhering to each other. It has been discouraged for use in children's foods,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.drugs.com/cdi/mineral-oil-liquid.html | title=Mineral Oil Liquid Facts and Comparisons | date=2009-06-03 | work=[[Wolters Kluwer|Wolters Kluwer Health]] – A to Z Drugs Facts | publisher=Drugs.com | access-date=2009-07-13 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601182611/http://www.drugs.com/cdi/mineral-oil-liquid.html | archive-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> though it is still found in many confectioneries, including [[Swedish Fish]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.swedishfish.com/product%20info.aspx | title=Swedish Fish Nutrition Facts | author=Cadbury Adams USA, LLC | year=2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019073221/http://swedishfish.com/Product%20Info.aspx | archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> The use of food grade mineral oil is self-limiting because of its laxative effect. The maximum daily intake is calculated to be about {{convert|100|mg|abbr=on}}, of which some {{convert|80|mg|abbr=on}} are contributed from its use on machines in the baking industry.<ref name="food" />
-=== Other uses ===
+===Other uses===
 [[File:Mineral oil treating butcher block.png|thumb|right|Applying mineral oil to a butcher block counter top]]
+Mineral oil's ubiquity has led to its use in some niche applications as well:
-Mineral oil's ubiquity has led to its use in some niche applications as well. It is used for treating and preserving wooden butcher block counter tops.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oldtownhome.com/2012/11/14/Best-Method-for-Treating-a-Butcher-Block-Counter-Top/ |title= Best Method for Treating a Butcher Block Counter Top |publisher= oldtownhome.com |date= 2012-11-14 |access-date= 2015-03-31 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144137/http://www.oldtownhome.com/2012/11/14/Best-Method-for-Treating-a-Butcher-Block-Counter-Top/ |archive-date= 2 April 2015}}</ref> It is recommended by the [[American Society for Reproductive Medicine]] for use as a fertility-preserving [[vaginal lubrication]].<ref>{{cite web
+* Mineral oil is used for treating and preserving wooden butcher block counter tops.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oldtownhome.com/2012/11/14/Best-Method-for-Treating-a-Butcher-Block-Counter-Top/ |title= Best Method for Treating a Butcher Block Counter Top |publisher= oldtownhome.com |date= 2012-11-14 |access-date= 2015-03-31 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144137/http://www.oldtownhome.com/2012/11/14/Best-Method-for-Treating-a-Butcher-Block-Counter-Top/ |archive-date= 2 April 2015}}</ref>
+* It is commonly used to create a "wear" effect on new clay [[poker chip]]s, which can otherwise be accomplished only through prolonged use.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pokerchipreviews.com/oiling.html |title= Oiling Chips FAQ |author= John Tucker |publisher= Poker Chip Reviews |access-date= 2009-07-13 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090813184058/http://www.pokerchipreviews.com/oiling.html |archive-date= 13 August 2009}}</ref> Either the chips are placed in mineral oil for a short time, or the oil is applied to each chip then rubbed off. This removes any chalky residue left over from manufacture, and also improve the look and "feel"{{clarify|date=August 2020}} of the chips.
- |url         = http://www.sart.org/uploadedFiles/ASRM_Content/News_and_Publications/Practice_Guidelines/Committee_Opinions/optimizing_natural_fertility(1).pdf
+* Mineral oil is used as the principal fuel in some types of gel-type scented candles.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r01001/600R01001.pdf |title= Economic Data on Candle and Incense Production and Sales |access-date= 2010-10-11 |date= January 2001 |work= Candles and Incense As Potential Sources of Indoor Air Pollution: Market Analysis And Literature Review |publisher= [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |quote= Gel candles use liquids such as mineral oil, terpene-type chemicals, or modified hydrocarbons as their primary fuel. |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110602051150/http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r01001/600R01001.pdf |archive-date= 2 June 2011}}</ref>
- |title       = Optimizing Natural Fertility
+* It is used for cooling, such as in the [[Computer cooling#Liquid submersion cooling|liquid submersion cooling]] of components in some custom-built computers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pugetsystems.com/submerged.php |title= Mineral Oil Submerged Computer |author= John Bach |access-date= 2009-07-13 |date= 2007-05-05 |publisher= Puget Custom Computers |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090707200942/http://www.pugetsystems.com/submerged.php |archive-date= 7 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://revision3.com/systm/oilcooling |title= How to Build an Oil-Cooled Aquarium PC |author= Patrick Norton |author2= Roger Chang |access-date= 2009-07-13 |date= 2009-03-09 |publisher= [[Revision3]] |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715023914/http://revision3.com/systm/oilcooling/ |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref>
- |access-date  = 2013-11-11
+* Veterinarian-grade mineral oil is inexpensive, and is frequently used by [[amateur radio]] operators as coolant in RF [[dummy load]]s, as mineral oil is typically used as the insulating and cooling fluid in large electrical equipment such as transformers.
- |url-status  = dead
+* Mineral oil is used as a [[brake fluid]] in some cars, such as [[Citroën]] models with hydrodynamic suspension, and bicycle disc brakes.
- |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20131112060644/http://www.sart.org/uploadedFiles/ASRM_Content/News_and_Publications/Practice_Guidelines/Committee_Opinions/optimizing_natural_fertility(1).pdf
+* Mineral oil is burned in specialized "machines" (both manufactured and home-made) to produce a thick white smoke that is then blown into automotive evaporative emissions (EVAP) systems to find leaks.
- |archive-date = 12 November 2013}}</ref> However, it is known that oils degrade [[latex condom]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid= 2535978 |year= 1989 |author1= Voeller |first1= B |title= Mineral oil lubricants cause rapid deterioration of latex condoms |journal= Contraception |volume= 39 |issue= 1 |pages= 95–102 |last2= Coulson |first2= A. H. |last3= Bernstein |first3= G. S. |last4= Nakamura |first4= R. M. |doi=10.1016/0010-7824(89)90018-8}}</ref>
+* It is used for polishing [[alabaster]] in stonework and lubricating and cleaning pocket knives or food handling tools that use an open bearing, thus needing periodic lubrication. Light mineral oil ('''paraffinum perliquidum''') is used as a [[honing oil]] when sharpening edge tools (such as chisels) on abrasive oil stones. Mineral oil USP or light mineral oil can be used as an anti-rust agent for blades.
+* It is an inexpensive alternative for storing reactive metals, such as [[lithium]] and [[sodium]].
+* Horticultural oil is often made of a combination of mineral oil and detergent. It is sprayed on plants to control scale, aphid, and other pest populations by suffocation.
+* Before the widespread adoption of thermocyclers with heated lids, it was common practice to use mineral oil to overlay [[polymerase chain reaction]]s in [[biotechnology]] to prevent loss of water during heating cycles. It is often used to suspend crystals for use in [[X-ray crystallography]].
+* It is used as a transparent collision material for reactions in particle physics, as in the [[MiniBooNE]] [[neutrino oscillation]] experiment.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-boone.fnal.gov/for_physicists/experiment_details/detector.html |title= Detector |access-date= 2015-12-07 |work= MiniBooNE Experiment Details |publisher= [[Fermilab]] |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213003/http://www-boone.fnal.gov/for_physicists/experiment_details/detector.html |archive-date= 10 December 2015}}</ref>
+* As a relatively low heat combustible with no flavor or odor, mineral oil can be used in [[fire breathing]] and [[Fire performance|firedancing]] for entertainment,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/cof_study_material/e_28_e_29_st_mat.pdf |date= December 2015 |publisher= New York City Fire Department |title= Study Material for the Examination for Certificate of Fitness for Fire Producer E-28 Fire Performer E-29 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160927013240/http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/cof_study_material/e_28_e_29_st_mat.pdf |archive-date= 27 September 2016}}</ref> but there is a risk of injury.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1093/occmed/kqq020 |pmid= 20308260 |title= Exogenous lipoid pneumonia caused by paraffin in an amateur fire breather |journal= Occupational Medicine |volume= 60 |issue= 3 |pages= 234–5 |year= 2010 |last1= Weinberg |first1= I. |last2= Fridlender |first2= Z. G.|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.4103/2229-5178.93491 |pmid= 23130274 |pmc= 3481926 |title= Fire-breathing burn |journal= Indian Dermatology Online Journal |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 73–4 |year= 2012 |last1= Saraf |first1= Sanjay}}</ref>
+* Paraffin oil is commonly used to fill [[Galileo thermometer]]s. Due to paraffin oil's freezing temp being lower than water (approx. {{convert|24|°F|°C|abbr=on}}), this makes them less susceptible to freezing during shipment or when stored in a cold environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.menards.com/msds/103072_001.pdf|title=Galileo Thermometer Material Safety Data Sheet|date=2002-11-13|access-date=2017-02-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616030238/http://www.menards.com/msds/103072_001.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
+== References ==
-Mineral oil is commonly used to create a "wear" effect on new clay [[poker chip]]s, which can otherwise be accomplished only through prolonged use.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pokerchipreviews.com/oiling.html |title= Oiling Chips FAQ |author= John Tucker |publisher= Poker Chip Reviews |access-date= 2009-07-13 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090813184058/http://www.pokerchipreviews.com/oiling.html |archive-date= 13 August 2009}}</ref> Either the chips are placed in mineral oil for a short time, or the oil is applied to each chip then rubbed off. This removes any chalky residue left over from manufacture, and also improve the look and "feel"{{clarify|date=August 2020}} of the chips.
+{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}
-It is used as the principal fuel in some types of gel-type scented candles.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r01001/600R01001.pdf |title= Economic Data on Candle and Incense Production and Sales |access-date= 2010-10-11 |date= January 2001 |work= Candles and Incense As Potential Sources of Indoor Air Pollution: Market Analysis And Literature Review |publisher= [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |quote= Gel candles use liquids such as mineral oil, terpene-type chemicals, or modified hydrocarbons as their primary fuel. |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110602051150/http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r01001/600R01001.pdf |archive-date= 2 June 2011}}</ref>
-It is used for cooling, for example [[Computer cooling#Liquid submersion cooling|liquid submersion cooling]] of components in some custom-built computers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pugetsystems.com/submerged.php |title= Mineral Oil Submerged Computer |author= John Bach |access-date= 2009-07-13 |date= 2007-05-05 |publisher= Puget Custom Computers |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090707200942/http://www.pugetsystems.com/submerged.php |archive-date= 7 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://revision3.com/systm/oilcooling |title= How to Build an Oil-Cooled Aquarium PC |author= Patrick Norton |author2= Roger Chang |access-date= 2009-07-13 |date= 2009-03-09 |publisher= [[Revision3]] |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715023914/http://revision3.com/systm/oilcooling/ |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref> Veterinarian-grade mineral oil is inexpensive, and is frequently used by [[amateur radio]] operators as coolant in RF [[dummy load]]s, as mineral oil is typically used as the insulating and cooling fluid in large electrical equipment such as transformers, see more [[Mineral oil#Mechanical, electrical, and industrial|above]].
-Mineral oil is used as a [[brake fluid]] in some cars, such as [[Citroën]] models with hydrodynamic suspension, and bicycle disc brakes.
-Mineral oil is burned in specialized "machines" (both manufactured and home-made) to produce a thick white smoke that is then blown into automotive evaporative emissions (EVAP) systems to find leaks.
-It is used for polishing [[alabaster]] in stonework and lubricating and cleaning pocket knives or food handling tools that use an open bearing, thus needing periodic lubrication. Light mineral oil ('''paraffinum perliquidum''') is used as a [[honing oil]] when sharpening edge tools (such as chisels) on abrasive oil stones. Mineral oil USP or light mineral oil can be used as an anti-rust agent for blades.
-It is an inexpensive alternative for storing reactive metals (lithium, sodium, etc.).
-Horticultural oil is often made of a combination of mineral oil and detergent. It is sprayed on plants to control scale, aphid, and other pest populations by suffocation.
-Before the widespread adoption of thermocyclers with heated lids, it was common practice to use mineral oil to overlay [[polymerase chain reaction]]s in [[biotechnology]] to prevent loss of water during heating cycles. It is often used to suspend crystals for use in [[X-ray crystallography]].
-It is used as a transparent collision material for reactions in particle physics, as in the [[MiniBooNE]] [[neutrino oscillation]] experiment.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-boone.fnal.gov/for_physicists/experiment_details/detector.html |title= Detector |access-date= 2015-12-07 |work= MiniBooNE Experiment Details |publisher= [[Fermilab]] |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213003/http://www-boone.fnal.gov/for_physicists/experiment_details/detector.html |archive-date= 10 December 2015}}</ref>
-As a relatively low heat combustible with no flavor or odor, mineral oil can be used in [[fire breathing]] and [[Fire performance|firedancing]] for entertainment,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/cof_study_material/e_28_e_29_st_mat.pdf |date= December 2015 |publisher= New York City Fire Department |title= Study Material for the Examination for Certificate of Fitness for Fire Producer E-28 Fire Performer E-29 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160927013240/http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/cof_study_material/e_28_e_29_st_mat.pdf |archive-date= 27 September 2016}}</ref> but there is a risk of injury.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1093/occmed/kqq020 |pmid= 20308260 |title= Exogenous lipoid pneumonia caused by paraffin in an amateur fire breather |journal= Occupational Medicine |volume= 60 |issue= 3 |pages= 234–5 |year= 2010 |last1= Weinberg |first1= I. |last2= Fridlender |first2= Z. G.|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.4103/2229-5178.93491 |pmid= 23130274 |pmc= 3481926 |title= Fire-breathing burn |journal= Indian Dermatology Online Journal |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 73–4 |year= 2012 |last1= Saraf |first1= Sanjay}}</ref>
-Paraffin oil is commonly used to fill [[Galileo thermometer]]s.  Due to paraffin oil's freezing temp being lower than water (approx. {{convert|24|°F|°C|abbr=on}} or −4&nbsp;°C), this makes them less susceptible to freezing during shipment or when stored in a cold environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.menards.com/msds/103072_001.pdf|title=Galileo Thermometer Material Safety Data Sheet|date=2002-11-13|access-date=2017-02-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616030238/http://www.menards.com/msds/103072_001.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
 == See also ==
 * [[Oil analysis]]
 * [[Penetrating oil]]
-== References ==
-{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}
 == External links ==