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In 1877, at the age of fourteen years, Max van Berchem moved to [[Stuttgart]] with his brother Paul to attend a secondary school for two years. From 1879 until 1881 he completed his secondary education in Geneva.
In 1877, at the age of fourteen years, Max van Berchem moved to [[Stuttgart]] with his brother Paul to attend a secondary school for two years. From 1879 until 1881 he completed his secondary education in Geneva.


In 1881 he moved to Leipzig to study ancient and oriental languages ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic]], [[Akkadian language|Assyrian]], [[Persian language|Persian]] etc.) and [[art history]]. Major sources of inspiration for his interest and the choices of his studies were van Berchem's elder cousin [[Lucien Gautier]] (1850-1924), a professor of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Old Testament]] [[exegesis]] at the [[University of Lausanne]], and the eminent [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]] [[Édouard Naville]] (1844-1926). He was a remote relative as well<ref name=":5" /> and hailed from Geneva's second-oldest family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiscalini|first=Diego|title=Des élites au service d'une cause humanitaire : le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge|publisher=Université de Genève, faculté des lettres, département d'histoire|year=1985|location=Genf|pages=18, 119|language=fr}}</ref> One of his teachers at [[University of Leipzig|Leipzig University]] was [[Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer]] (1801-1888), the founder of [[Arab studies]] in Germany who himself had studied under the mentorship of [[Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy|Silvestre de Sacy]] - the founder of Arab studies in the Western world - in [[Paris]].
In 1881 he moved to Leipzig to study ancient and oriental languages ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic]], [[Akkadian language|Assyrian]], [[Persian language|Persian]] etc.) and [[art history]]. Major sources of inspiration for these interests were van Berchem's elder cousin [[Lucien Gautier]] (1850-1924), a professor of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Old Testament]] [[exegesis]] at the [[University of Lausanne]], and the eminent [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]] [[Édouard Naville]] (1844-1926). He was a remote relative as well<ref name=":5" /> and hailed from Geneva's second-oldest family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiscalini|first=Diego|title=Des élites au service d'une cause humanitaire : le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge|publisher=Université de Genève, faculté des lettres, département d'histoire|year=1985|location=Genf|pages=18, 119|language=fr}}</ref> One of his teachers at [[University of Leipzig|Leipzig University]], which was at that time a centre of oriental studies, was [[Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer]] (1801-1888), the founder of [[Arab studies]] in Germany who himself had studied under the mentorship of [[Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy|Silvestre de Sacy]] - the founder of Arab studies in the Western world - in [[Paris]].


In April 1883, Max van Berchem moved to [[Strasbourg]] to study during the summer semester at the [[University of Strasbourg|Kaiser-Wilhelm-University]] under the mentorship of [[Theodor Nöldeke]] (1836-1930), another eminent German orientalist and author of the standard work "The History of the [[Qur’ān]]". In the summer of that year, van Berchem returned to Switzerland to do a part of his military service.
In April 1883, Max van Berchem moved to [[Strasbourg]] to study during the summer semester at the [[University of Strasbourg|Kaiser-Wilhelm-University]] under the mentorship of [[Theodor Nöldeke]] (1836-1930), another eminent German orientalist and author of the standard work "The History of the [[Qur’ān]]". In the summer of that year, van Berchem returned to Switzerland to do a part of his military service.
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In late 1883, Max van Berchem moved to Berlin to continue his studies at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich Wilhelm University]], where he joined his brother Victor. His main academic inspiration there became [[Eduard Sachau]] (1845-1930), a professor for Semitic philology who - unlike some of his "armchair" colleagues - based his expertise also on travels in the Middle East. In the summer of the following year, van Berchem once again returned to Switzerland to do another part of his military service.
In late 1883, Max van Berchem moved to Berlin to continue his studies at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich Wilhelm University]], where he joined his brother Victor. His main academic inspiration there became [[Eduard Sachau]] (1845-1930), a professor for Semitic philology who - unlike some of his "armchair" colleagues - based his expertise also on travels in the Middle East. In the summer of the following year, van Berchem once again returned to Switzerland to do another part of his military service.


Sachau also became the supervisor of his [[Thesis|doctoral thesis]] on [[Land tenure|land ownership]] and [[Land value tax|land tax]] under the rule of the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first caliphate]] (''La propriété territorial et l'impôt sous les premiers califes'') which he defended in 1885 at Leipzig University and published in 1886 in Geneva.
Sachau also became the supervisor of his [[Thesis|doctoral thesis]] on [[Land tenure|land ownership]] and [[Land value tax|land tax]] under the rule of the [[Rashidun Caliphate|first caliphate]] (''La propriété territorial et l'impôt sous les premiers califes''). In March 1986, at the age of just 23, he obtained his degree with ''maxima cum laude'' from Leipzig University.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharon|first=Moshe|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004440562/front-11.xml|title=Max van Berchem|date=2021-04-14|work=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Seven: J (2) Jerusalem 1|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-44056-2|location=Leiden|language=en}}</ref>


In September 1886, Max van Berchem participated in the 7th Congress of Orientalists in [[Vienna]] with Édouard Naville.<ref name=":5" />
In September 1886, Max van Berchem participated in the 7th Congress of Orientalists in [[Vienna]] with Édouard Naville.<ref name=":5" />


=== Research activities and private life ===
=== Research activities and private life ===
[[File:MaxVanBerchem1888.jpg|thumb|Max van Berchem at the age of 25 years]]
At the end of the same year, he travelled for the first time to the [[Arab world]], accompanied by his mother, who was seeking to spend the winter in a warm and dry climate for health reasons. They travelled via [[Marseille]] to [[Egypt]] and arrived on the 8 December 1886 in [[Alexandria]], from where they immediately moved on to [[Cairo]]. There he found an Arabic teacher – [[Ali Baghat]], who went on to become the conservator of the Museum of Arab Art – and took language lessons in the mornings, especially in colloquial Arabic. During the afternoons he toured the city, often guided by Édouard Naville, and started taking photographs to document historical sites, especially in the Old Town. It was during those trips that van Berchem developed his particular interest in monuments and their Arabic inscriptions. In late April 1887, at the end of his stay, he presented the first results of his research at the ''[[Institut d'Égypte|Institut Égyptien]].''
At the end of the same year, he travelled for the first time to the [[Arab world]], accompanied by his mother, who was seeking to spend the winter in a warm and dry climate for health reasons. They travelled via [[Marseille]] to [[Egypt]] and arrived on the 8 December 1886 in [[Alexandria]], from where they immediately moved on to [[Cairo]]. There he found an Arabic teacher – [[Ali Baghat]], who went on to become the conservator of the Museum of Arab Art – and took language lessons in the mornings, especially in colloquial Arabic. During the afternoons he toured the city, often guided by Édouard Naville, and started taking photographs to document historical sites, especially in the Old Town. It was during those trips that van Berchem developed his particular interest in monuments and their Arabic inscriptions. In late April 1887, at the end of his stay, he presented the first results of his research at the ''[[Institut d'Égypte|Institut Égyptien]].''


In autumn 1887, van Berchem went to London where he was introduced into [[numismatics]]. His teacher was, upon recommendation by Édouard Naville, the English orientalist and archaeologist [[Stanley Lane-Poole]], who hailed from a famous orientalist family. Due to a bout of depression he cancelled a scheduled trip to Oxford and also gave up plans for a stay in Paris on his way back to Switzerland. It is the first recorded instance of the mental disorder which he suffered from throughout his adult life. His condition at that time was so alarming that his elder brother Paul urgently went to London at the beginning of December to accompany him home where the three brothers had the first reunion in many years.
In autumn 1887, van Berchem went to London where he was introduced into [[numismatics]]. His teacher was, upon recommendation by Édouard Naville, the English orientalist and archaeologist [[Stanley Lane-Poole]], who hailed from a famous orientalist family. Due to a bout of depression he cancelled a scheduled trip to Oxford and also gave up plans for a stay in Paris on his way back to Switzerland. It is the first recorded instance of the mental disorder which he suffered from throughout his adult life. His condition at that time was so alarming that his elder brother Paul urgently went to London at the beginning of December to accompany him home where the three brothers had the first reunion in many years.


In February 1888, Max van Berchem returned to Egypt, accompanied by his brother Victor and by Naville. In contrast to his first stay in Cairo, this second one was more of a touristic nature and included travels to [[Philae]], [[Aswan]] and a boat trip on the [[Nile|River Nile]]. In late March, the two brothers left for [[Jaffa]] and from there to [[Jerusalem]]. After stops in [[Bethlehem]], [[Hebron]], at the [[Dead Sea]], and in Jericho, they arrived in [[Damascus]] in late April. From there they descended to [[Beirut]] to take a boat to [[Constantinople]], with stops in [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Smyrna]], and other places.
In February 1888, Max van Berchem returned to Egypt, accompanied by his brother Victor and by Naville. In contrast to his first stay in Cairo, this second one was more of a touristic nature and included travels to [[Philae]], [[Aswan]] and a boat trip on the [[Nile|River Nile]]. In late March, the two brothers left for [[Jaffa]] and from there to [[Jerusalem]]. After stops in [[Bethlehem]], [[Hebron]], at the [[Dead Sea]], and in Jericho, they arrived in [[Damascus]] in late April. From there they descended to [[Beirut]] to take a boat to [[Constantinople]], with stops in [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Smyrna]], and other places.[[File:Elisabeth and MargueriteVanBerchem 1892 Photo-By-ClaudeJenny.jpg|thumb|Élisabeth and Marguerite]]After his return to Switzerland, Max van Berchem did yet another part of his army service. For the winter of 1888/89 he moved to Paris, where he devoted his time both to studies and to music, his life-long passion.


⚫
Following his participation at the 8th Congress of Orientalists in [[Stockholm]] in September 1889, Max van Berchem returned in December of that year to Cairo where he started a campaign to systematically collect Arabic inscriptions. He was especially encouraged to do this by the French orientalist [[Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé]], who had been [[attaché]] to the [[Legation|legations]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and now urged van Berchem to document as many inscriptions as possible, since many were lost already to modern buildings. [[File:SqueezeRubbing-EpitaphFragment-Syria-1894 MaxVanBerchem BibliothequeDeGeneve-MAH.jpg|thumb|[[Squeeze paper|Squeeze]] rubbing of an [[epitaph]] from Syria which van Berchem took in 1894, dated to 1015 CE]]On 9 June 1891, Max van Berchem got married to Elisabeth Lucile Frossard de Saugy,<ref name=":2" /> whose artistocratic parents both had a background of serving at the [[Kingdom of Bavaria|royal court of Bavaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossellat|first=Lionel|title=Family tree of Edouard Jean Frossard de Saugy|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=frossard+de+saugy&oc=0&p=edouard+jean|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossellat|first=Lionel|title=Family tree of Pauline Natalie de Rotenhan|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=de+rotenhan&oc=0&p=pauline+natalie|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref> On 11 April 1892, Elisabeth gave birth to Marguerite Augusta.
After his return to Switzerland, Max van Berchem did yet another part of his army service. For the winter of 1888/89 he moved to Paris, where he devoted his time both to studies and to music, his life-long passion.


⚫
In 1892, Max van Berchem laid out his plan to create a compendium of Arabic inscriptions in a letter to the French orientalist [[Charles Barbier de Meynard]] (1826-1908), who was a member of the ''[[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]'' and president of the ''[[Société Asiatique|Société asiatique]]''.
⚫
Following his participation at the 8th Congress of Orientalists in [[Stockholm]] in September 1889, Max van Berchem returned in December of that year to Cairo where he started a campaign to systematically collect Arabic inscriptions. He was especially encouraged to do this by the French orientalist [[Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé]], who had been [[attaché]] to the [[Legation|legations]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and now urged van Berchem to document as many inscriptions as possible, since many were lost already to modern buildings. [[File:Elisabeth and MargueriteVanBerchem 1892 Photo-By-ClaudeJenny.jpg|thumb|Élisabeth and Marguerite]]On 9 June 1891, Max van Berchem got married to Elisabeth Lucile Frossard de Saugy,<ref name=":2" /> whose artistocratic parents both had a background of serving at the [[Kingdom of Bavaria|royal court of Bavaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossellat|first=Lionel|title=Family tree of Edouard Jean Frossard de Saugy|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=frossard+de+saugy&oc=0&p=edouard+jean|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossellat|first=Lionel|title=Family tree of Pauline Natalie de Rotenhan|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=de+rotenhan&oc=0&p=pauline+natalie|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref> On 11 April 1892, Elisabeth gave birth to Marguerite Augusta.


⚫
In 1892, Max van Berchem laid out his plan to create a compendium of Arabic inscriptions in a letter to the French orientalist [[Charles Barbier de Meynard]] (1826-1908), who was a member of the ''[[Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]'' and president of the ''[[Société Asiatique|Société asiatique]]''.
[[File:SqueezeRubbing-EpitaphFragment-Syria-1894 MaxVanBerchem BibliothequeDeGeneve-MAH.jpg|thumb|[[Squeeze paper|Squeeze]] rubbing of an [[epitaph]] from Syria which van Berchem took in 1894, dated to 1015 CE]]
At the end of the same year, he undertook his third journey to Egypt. This time he was accompanied by his wife Elisabeth, who acquired basic Arabic language skills by taking lessons from Ali Baghat. Their stay was altogether more touristic in nature though. After some three months in Cairo they departed in early March 1893 to Jerusalem, where they stayed for three weeks, before travelling via Beirut to Damascus, which Max on that occasion found more interesting than Cairo in terms of unpublished inscriptions. Accordingly, he started documenting as many of them as possible.
At the end of the same year, he undertook his third journey to Egypt. This time he was accompanied by his wife Elisabeth, who acquired basic Arabic language skills by taking lessons from Ali Baghat. Their stay was altogether more touristic in nature though. After some three months in Cairo they departed in early March 1893 to Jerusalem, where they stayed for three weeks, before travelling via Beirut to Damascus, which Max on that occasion found more interesting than Cairo in terms of unpublished inscriptions. Accordingly, he started documenting as many of them as possible.


Shortly after their return to Switzerland, on 31 May 1893, Victor van Berchem married Isabelle Blanche Naville, a daughter of Édouard Naville.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossellat|first=Lionel|title=Family tree of Victor Auguste Berthout van Berchem|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=berthout+van+berchem&oc=0&p=victor+auguste|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref> Just two days later, "tragically",<ref name=":5" /> Élisabeth died in Satigny at the age of just 23 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosselat|first=Lionel|title=Family tree of Elisabeth Lucile Frossard de Saugy|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=frossard+de+saugy&oc=0&p=elisabeth+lucile|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref>
Shortly after their return to Switzerland, on 31 May 1893, Victor van Berchem married Isabelle Blanche Naville, a daughter of Édouard Naville.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossellat|first=Lionel|title=Family tree of Victor Auguste Berthout van Berchem|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=berthout+van+berchem&oc=0&p=victor+auguste|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref> Just two days later, "tragically",<ref name=":5" /> Élisabeth died in Satigny at the age of just 23 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosselat|first=Lionel|title=Family tree of Elisabeth Lucile Frossard de Saugy|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=frossard+de+saugy&oc=0&p=elisabeth+lucile|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref>


Following this heavy stroke of fate, Max van Berchem travelled to Paris in the autumn of 1893, where he discussed his plans to publish the collected inscriptions with Barbier de Meynard, the Egyptologist [[Gaston Maspero]] (1846-1916), and the archaeologist [[Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau]] (1846-1923) at the ''Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres''.
Following this heavy stroke of fate, Max van Berchem travelled to Paris in the autumn of 1893, where he discussed his plans to publish the collected inscriptions with Barbier de Meynard, the Egyptologist [[Gaston Maspero]] (1846-1916), and the archaeologist [[Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau]] (1846-1923) at the ''Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres''.[[File:VanBerchemBrothers-Wifes After1896 FondationMaxVanBerchem.jpg|thumb|Victor, Paul and Max with their respective wifes Isabelle Naville, Alice Hechter and Alice Naville (from left to right)]]In the beginning of April 1894, van Berchem travelled via Alexandria, Beirut and [[Hauran]], where he was joined by two German diplomats with a shared interest in epigraphy, to Damascus. After about one month of collecting inscriptions there, he spent the next month in Jerusalem for the same purpose, followed by a tour through Southern Palestine, including [[Bayt Jibrin|Beit Jibrin]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Ramla]], and [[Hebron]].

In the beginning of April 1894, van Berchem travelled via Alexandria, Beirut and [[Hauran]], where he was joined by two German diplomats with a shared interest in epigraphy, to Damascus. After about one month of collecting inscriptions there, he spent the next month in Jerusalem for the same purpose, followed by a tour through Southern Palestine, including [[Bayt Jibrin|Beit Jibrin]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Ramla]], and [[Hebron]].


Upon his return to Geneva, van Berchem joined the organising committee of the 10th Congress of Orientalists which was held in his hometown during the first half of September 1894 and chaired by Édouard Naville, the father-in-law of his brother Victor. Apart from Naville and van Berchem, Geneva was also home to two other eminent Orientalists: [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], an expert for the [[Indo-Iranian languages]], and the [[Sinology|sinologist]] [[François Turrettini (Sinologist)|François Turrettini]]. The conference was attended by a large number of scholars.[[File:VanBerchemBrothers-Wifes After1896 FondationMaxVanBerchem.jpg|thumb|Victor, Paul and Max with their respective wifes Isabelle Naville, Alice Hechter and Alice Naville (from left to right)]]Still in the same year, he published the first volume of the ''Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum,'' which dealt with inscriptions from Cairo. <ref name=":5" />
Upon his return to Geneva, van Berchem joined the organising committee of the 10th Congress of Orientalists which was held in his hometown during the first half of September 1894 and chaired by Édouard Naville, the father-in-law of his brother Victor. Apart from Naville and van Berchem, Geneva was also home to two other eminent Orientalists: [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], an expert for the [[Indo-Iranian languages]], and the [[Sinology|sinologist]] [[François Turrettini (Sinologist)|François Turrettini]]. The conference was attended by a large number of scholars.


Still in the same year, he published the first volume of the ''Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum,'' which dealt with inscriptions from Cairo. <ref name=":5" />
[[File:MaxVanBerchem squeeze-on-a-ladder JerusalemHaram 1914byAliceNaville.jpg|thumb|Van Berchem on a ladder at the north wall of the [[Temple Mount]] taking a squeeze in 1914]]
In April 1895, van Berchem travelled once again to Syria, this time with the architect [[:fr:Edmond_Fatio|Edmond Fatio]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Berchem|first=Max|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k147418p|title=Voyage en Syrie|last2=Fatio|first2=Edmond|date=1914-1915|work=Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire|publisher=Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale|year=1914|volume=37|location=Cairo|language=fr}}</ref> who originated from another Patrician family in Geneva and was - like Victor van Berchem - married to a daughter of Édouard Naville.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Python|first=Frédéric Sébastien|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:118257/ATTACHMENT01|title=Edmond Fatio (1871—1959): villas genevoises: architecture patriotique|publisher=Univ. Genève|year=2007|location=Geneva|pages=14|language=fr|format=PDF}}</ref> The journey was focused on rural Syria, which was difficult to access and featured relatively few inscriptions. The tour led them from Beirut via Tripoli to [[Homs]], [[Hama]], [[Aleppo]], [[Antioch|Antiochia]], [[Latakia]], and back. It was to be his last trip to the region for almost twenty years.
In April 1895, van Berchem travelled once again to Syria, this time with the architect [[:fr:Edmond_Fatio|Edmond Fatio]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Berchem|first=Max|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k147418p|title=Voyage en Syrie|last2=Fatio|first2=Edmond|date=1914-1915|work=Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire|publisher=Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale|year=1914|volume=37|location=Cairo|language=fr}}</ref> who originated from another Patrician family in Geneva and was - like Victor van Berchem - married to a daughter of Édouard Naville.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Python|first=Frédéric Sébastien|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:118257/ATTACHMENT01|title=Edmond Fatio (1871—1959): villas genevoises: architecture patriotique|publisher=Univ. Genève|year=2007|location=Geneva|pages=14|language=fr|format=PDF}}</ref> The journey was focused on rural Syria, which was difficult to access and featured relatively few inscriptions. The tour led them from Beirut via Tripoli to [[Homs]], [[Hama]], [[Aleppo]], [[Antioch|Antiochia]], [[Latakia]], and back. It was to be his last trip to the region for almost twenty years.


Revision as of 21:33, 24 May 2021

Max van Berchem
Born16 March 1863
Geneva
Died7 March 1921 (1921-03-08) (aged 57)
Vaumarcus
Signature

Edmond Maximilien Berthout van Berchem (16 March 1863, Geneva – 7 March 1921, Vaumarcus) commonly known as Max van Berchem, was a Swiss philologist, epigraphist and historian. Best known as the founder of Arabic epigraphy in the Western world, he was the mastermind of the Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum, an international collaboration among eminent scholars to collect and publish Arabic inscriptions from the Middle East.

Life

Family background

Max, Paul and Victor (from left) and their mother around 1872
Paul, Max, and Victor (from left) around 1872

Berchem originated from a dynasty of Flemish aristocrats in the former Duchy of Brabant whose roots are traced back to the 11th century. The only branch which survived until today is the one that converted to Protestantism and emigrated with the Anabaptist leader David Joris to Basel in 1544.[1]

After changing their locations a number of times, those van Berchems settled in what is now Romandy, the French-speaking Western part of Switzerland, around 1764/65 and became citizens of the republic and canton of Geneva in 1816.[2] Due to a "possible" family link with the otherwise extinct feudal house of the Berthout, the Swiss branch of the van Berchem family carried that surname since the 18th century as well.[1] It acquired considerable wealth through marriages with other patrician families[2] like the Saladin and the Sarasin.[1] Max van Berchem's principal biographer Charles Genequand, a retired professor of Arabic philosophy and Islamic history at the University of Geneva, points out that both names – Saladin and Sarasin – sound Arabic and are thus a «striking illustration of the ancient Roman principle of nomen-omen.»[3]

Max van Berchem's parents Alexandre (1836-1872), who inherited the Château de Crans from his maternal family side of Saladin, and Mathilde (née Sarasin,1838-1917), who inherited the Château des Bois in Satigny,[4] were rentiers, who received an income from their assets and investments.[5] The fact that they were both buried at the Cimetière des Rois ("Cemetery of Kings"), the city's "Panthéon" in Plainpalais, where the right to rest is strictly limited to distinguished personalities, illustrates the privilged status they enjoyed in Geneva's society.[6] They were part of the patrician class which

«turned to banking and philanthropic activities at the end of the 19th century, after losing control of the major public offices in Geneva.»[7]

Max was born in the Rue des Granges 12 of Geneva's Old Town as the second child of his parents after his brother Paul (1861-1947), who went on to become a pioneer physicist specialised in telegraphy, a member of the Grand Council of Vaud and military officer.[8] In the following year, his brother Victor (1864-1938) was born, who went on to became a prominent historian and member of the Calvinist ecclesiastical court of the Protestant Church of Geneva. He also volunteered at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).[9][10] Max and Victor had a particularly close relationship, which «was always like a summer without any clouds.»[3]

After the early death of their father, the three brothers were raised by their mother with the help of her father Horace Sarasin (1808-1882) and her brother Edmond Sarasin (1843-1890). Max entertained a very close relationship with his mother, which he expressed in frequent exchanges of letters with her. From those correspondances it appears also that he inherited from her a major depressive disorder, from which he suffered throughout much of his adult life.

One of Max's greatest passions from early childhood on until the end of his life was performing music, especially playing the piano, and attending concerts.[3]

Education

Victor, Paul and Max (from left to right) around 1882

In 1877, at the age of fourteen years, Max van Berchem moved to Stuttgart with his brother Paul to attend a secondary school for two years. From 1879 until 1881 he completed his secondary education in Geneva.

In 1881 he moved to Leipzig to study ancient and oriental languages (Hebrew, Arabic, Assyrian, Persian etc.) and art history. Major sources of inspiration for these interests were van Berchem's elder cousin Lucien Gautier (1850-1924), a professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis at the University of Lausanne, and the eminent Egyptologist Édouard Naville (1844-1926). He was a remote relative as well[3] and hailed from Geneva's second-oldest family.[11] One of his teachers at Leipzig University, which was at that time a centre of oriental studies, was Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer (1801-1888), the founder of Arab studies in Germany who himself had studied under the mentorship of Silvestre de Sacy - the founder of Arab studies in the Western world - in Paris.

In April 1883, Max van Berchem moved to Strasbourg to study during the summer semester at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-University under the mentorship of Theodor Nöldeke (1836-1930), another eminent German orientalist and author of the standard work "The History of the Qur’ān". In the summer of that year, van Berchem returned to Switzerland to do a part of his military service.

In late 1883, Max van Berchem moved to Berlin to continue his studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University, where he joined his brother Victor. His main academic inspiration there became Eduard Sachau (1845-1930), a professor for Semitic philology who - unlike some of his "armchair" colleagues - based his expertise also on travels in the Middle East. In the summer of the following year, van Berchem once again returned to Switzerland to do another part of his military service.

Sachau also became the supervisor of his doctoral thesis on land ownership and land tax under the rule of the first caliphate (La propriété territorial et l'impôt sous les premiers califes). In March 1986, at the age of just 23, he obtained his degree with maxima cum laude from Leipzig University.[12]

In September 1886, Max van Berchem participated in the 7th Congress of Orientalists in Vienna with Édouard Naville.[3]

Research activities and private life

Max van Berchem at the age of 25 years

At the end of the same year, he travelled for the first time to the Arab world, accompanied by his mother, who was seeking to spend the winter in a warm and dry climate for health reasons. They travelled via Marseille to Egypt and arrived on the 8 December 1886 in Alexandria, from where they immediately moved on to Cairo. There he found an Arabic teacher – Ali Baghat, who went on to become the conservator of the Museum of Arab Art – and took language lessons in the mornings, especially in colloquial Arabic. During the afternoons he toured the city, often guided by Édouard Naville, and started taking photographs to document historical sites, especially in the Old Town. It was during those trips that van Berchem developed his particular interest in monuments and their Arabic inscriptions. In late April 1887, at the end of his stay, he presented the first results of his research at the Institut Égyptien.

In autumn 1887, van Berchem went to London where he was introduced into numismatics. His teacher was, upon recommendation by Édouard Naville, the English orientalist and archaeologist Stanley Lane-Poole, who hailed from a famous orientalist family. Due to a bout of depression he cancelled a scheduled trip to Oxford and also gave up plans for a stay in Paris on his way back to Switzerland. It is the first recorded instance of the mental disorder which he suffered from throughout his adult life. His condition at that time was so alarming that his elder brother Paul urgently went to London at the beginning of December to accompany him home where the three brothers had the first reunion in many years.

In February 1888, Max van Berchem returned to Egypt, accompanied by his brother Victor and by Naville. In contrast to his first stay in Cairo, this second one was more of a touristic nature and included travels to Philae, Aswan and a boat trip on the River Nile. In late March, the two brothers left for Jaffa and from there to Jerusalem. After stops in Bethlehem, Hebron, at the Dead Sea, and in Jericho, they arrived in Damascus in late April. From there they descended to Beirut to take a boat to Constantinople, with stops in Tripoli, Smyrna, and other places.

Élisabeth and Marguerite

After his return to Switzerland, Max van Berchem did yet another part of his army service. For the winter of 1888/89 he moved to Paris, where he devoted his time both to studies and to music, his life-long passion. Following his participation at the 8th Congress of Orientalists in Stockholm in September 1889, Max van Berchem returned in December of that year to Cairo where he started a campaign to systematically collect Arabic inscriptions. He was especially encouraged to do this by the French orientalist Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé, who had been attaché to the legations in the Ottoman Empire and now urged van Berchem to document as many inscriptions as possible, since many were lost already to modern buildings.

Squeeze rubbing of an epitaph from Syria which van Berchem took in 1894, dated to 1015 CE

On 9 June 1891, Max van Berchem got married to Elisabeth Lucile Frossard de Saugy,[4] whose artistocratic parents both had a background of serving at the royal court of Bavaria.[13][14] On 11 April 1892, Elisabeth gave birth to Marguerite Augusta.

In 1892, Max van Berchem laid out his plan to create a compendium of Arabic inscriptions in a letter to the French orientalist Charles Barbier de Meynard (1826-1908), who was a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and president of the Société asiatique.

At the end of the same year, he undertook his third journey to Egypt. This time he was accompanied by his wife Elisabeth, who acquired basic Arabic language skills by taking lessons from Ali Baghat. Their stay was altogether more touristic in nature though. After some three months in Cairo they departed in early March 1893 to Jerusalem, where they stayed for three weeks, before travelling via Beirut to Damascus, which Max on that occasion found more interesting than Cairo in terms of unpublished inscriptions. Accordingly, he started documenting as many of them as possible.

Shortly after their return to Switzerland, on 31 May 1893, Victor van Berchem married Isabelle Blanche Naville, a daughter of Édouard Naville.[15] Just two days later, "tragically",[3] Élisabeth died in Satigny at the age of just 23 years.[16]

Following this heavy stroke of fate, Max van Berchem travelled to Paris in the autumn of 1893, where he discussed his plans to publish the collected inscriptions with Barbier de Meynard, the Egyptologist Gaston Maspero (1846-1916), and the archaeologist Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (1846-1923) at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres.

Victor, Paul and Max with their respective wifes Isabelle Naville, Alice Hechter and Alice Naville (from left to right)

In the beginning of April 1894, van Berchem travelled via Alexandria, Beirut and Hauran, where he was joined by two German diplomats with a shared interest in epigraphy, to Damascus. After about one month of collecting inscriptions there, he spent the next month in Jerusalem for the same purpose, followed by a tour through Southern Palestine, including Beit Jibrin, Gaza, Ramla, and Hebron.

Upon his return to Geneva, van Berchem joined the organising committee of the 10th Congress of Orientalists which was held in his hometown during the first half of September 1894 and chaired by Édouard Naville, the father-in-law of his brother Victor. Apart from Naville and van Berchem, Geneva was also home to two other eminent Orientalists: Ferdinand de Saussure, an expert for the Indo-Iranian languages, and the sinologist François Turrettini. The conference was attended by a large number of scholars.

Still in the same year, he published the first volume of the Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum, which dealt with inscriptions from Cairo. [3]

Van Berchem on a ladder at the north wall of the Temple Mount taking a squeeze in 1914

In April 1895, van Berchem travelled once again to Syria, this time with the architect Edmond Fatio,[17] who originated from another Patrician family in Geneva and was - like Victor van Berchem - married to a daughter of Édouard Naville.[18] The journey was focused on rural Syria, which was difficult to access and featured relatively few inscriptions. The tour led them from Beirut via Tripoli to Homs, Hama, Aleppo, Antiochia, Latakia, and back. It was to be his last trip to the region for almost twenty years.

Following his return to Europe, Max van Berchem spent the autumn of 1895 in Paris. During an extended stay there, which lasted until the beginning of 1896, he prepared several study papers and networked with other orientalists. Still in 1896, he published the second volume of the Corpus from the series dealing with inscription from Cairo.[3]

In late March 1896, Max van Berchem got remarried to Alice Catherine Naville (1873-1938),[19][20] who was a remote cousin of Édouard Naville and thus a remote relative of Max as well.[3] Her father Albert (1841–1912) was a teacher of history at a girls college[21] and her mother a scioness of another prominent family, best known for their theologians: the Turrettini.[22] Max van Berchem's maternal grandmother was born Turrettini as well,[19] wherefore the Château des Bois was also called Turretin.[23]

Max and Alice van Berchem had six children, five daughters and one son: Marie Rachel (1897-1953), Marcelle Thérèse Marguerite (1898-1953), Hélène (1900-1968), Horace Victor (1904-1982), Irène (1906-1995), and Thérèse Marguerite (1909-1995).[19] In the extensive letter correspondences of Max van Berchem the first-born Marguerite was the only one of his seven children though, who he distinctly mentioned. [23]

Apart from those family affairs, Max van Berchem dedicated most of his time and energy towards the publication of the large amount of textual material that he had accumulated. Hence, the first years of the new century were mainly occupied by forming an international network of collaborators. Being aware of the enormity of his Corpus project, he divided the work amongst others, mostly French and German scholars, with Berchem focussing his personal investigations to the cities of Cairo, Jerusalem and Damascus.

The only trip that Max van Berchem did outside of Europe during those years was a journey to Algiers where he attended the 14th Congress of Orientalists in 1905. The Maghreb, however, was not a priority for his studies, since its inscriptions were already being published by French scholars.

It was only in 1913 that van Berchem returned to the Middle East, this time travelling with his wife to Anatolia, where they met for the first time Max' friend and collaborator Halil Edhem, the general director of the Istanbul Museum.[3]

Legacy

The centennial exhibition at the MAH-gallery

Still in 1921, van Berchem's widow Alice donated a part of his collection of artefacts to Geneva's Musée d’art et d’histoire (MAH).[24]

Van Berchem's work was partly continued by his oldest daughter Marguerite Gautier-Van Berchem (1892 – 1984) who also played a prominent role in the ICRC since the First World War. Following what was apparently her father's wish, she focused her interest on mosaics.[25] In later years, she particularly focused on exploring the ruins of Sedrata in the Algerian Sahara.[26]

In 1971, Gautier-van Berchem and her half-brother Horace donated the archives of their father to the Bibliothèque de Genève.[27] Two years later, upon the initiative of Gautier-van Berchem, the Fondation Max van Berchem was established.[28] The Bibliothèque de Genève kept the ownership of the archives but in 1987 deposited its main part on the premises of the Foundation in the Champel quarter of Geneva, with the exception of van Berchem's correspondences and the Etienne Combe papers.[27]

Thus, the Foundation with the main archives and its specialised library serves on the one hand side as a documentation centre for Arabic epigraphy. One the other side, it also funds archaeological missions, research programs and study projects about Islamic art and architecture in a multitude of countries, not only in the Arabic world.[28] As of 2021, the Foundation's Board is made up of four members of the van Berchem and Gautier families. The president of the foundation's scientific committee – Max van Berchem's biographer Charles Genequand – is a member as well.[29] The scientific committee, which was created in 1985, advises the board on project proposals. It consists of ten international experts, including one family member.[30]

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Max van Berchem's death, the MAH has been honouring him in cooperation with his namesake foundation and the Bibliothèque de Genève since 16 April 2021 (until 6 June) by hosting the exposition

«The adventure of Arabic epigraphy».[31]

Associated works

  • Inscriptions arabes de Syrie, 1897 – Arab inscriptions of Syria.
  • Epigraphie des Assassins de Syrie, 1897 – Epigraphy of the Assassins of Syria.
  • Materialien zur älteren geschichte Armeniens und Mesopotamiens, (with Carl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt), 1906 – Materials pertaining to the ancient history of the Armenians and Mesopotamians.
  • Amida: Matériaux pour l'épigraphie et l'histoire musulmanes du Diyar-bekr, 1910 – Amida, material pertaining to the epigraphy and Islamic history of Diyarbakır.
  • Voyage en Syrie, 1913 – Voyage to Syria.
  • "Opera minora".
  • La Correspondance entre Max Van Berchem et Louis Massignon : 1907-1919 – Correspondence with Louis Massignon, 1907–1919.
  • Max van Berchem, 1863–1921: Hommages rendus à sa mémoire, by Alice van Berchem (1923).
  • La Jérusalem musulmane dans l'œuvre de Max van Berchem by Marguerite Gautier-van Berchem, (1978).
  • "Muslim Jerusalem in the work of Max van Berchem", by Marguerite Gautier-van Berchem (1982).[32]
  • "Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae addendum squeezes in the Max van Berchem collection (Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Northern Syria) : squeezes 1-84", (2007).[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Santschi, Catherine (2012-04-13). "Berchem, van". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b van Berchem, Costin. "Portrait de Famille | Ranst-Berchem". www.ranst-berchem.org (in French). Retrieved 2021-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Genequand, Charles (2021). Max van Berchem, un orientaliste (in French). Geneva: Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2600062671.
  4. ^ a b Rosselat, Lionel. "Family tree of Maximilien Edmond Berthout van Berchem". Geneanet. Retrieved 2021-04-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ Santschi, Catherine (2004-05-11). "Berchem, Max van". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "Cimetière des Rois (Plainpalais)". www.geneve.ch (in French). Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  7. ^ Meyre, Camille (2020-03-12). "Renée-Marguerite Frick-Cramer". Cross-Files | ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library. Retrieved 2021-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ van Berchem, Costin (2012). "Paul van Berchem, chef de famille (1861-1947)" (PDF). Ranst-Berchem.org (in French). Retrieved 2021-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ van Berchem, Costin (2012). "Victor van Berchem, historien (1864-1938)" (PDF). Ranst-Berchem.org (in French).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Santschi, Catherine (2004-05-11). "Berchem, Victor van". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Fiscalini, Diego (1985). Des élites au service d'une cause humanitaire : le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (in French). Genf: Université de Genève, faculté des lettres, département d'histoire. pp. 18, 119.
  12. ^ Sharon, Moshe (2021-04-14). Max van Berchem. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-44056-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Rossellat, Lionel. "Family tree of Edouard Jean Frossard de Saugy". Geneanet. Retrieved 2021-05-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Rossellat, Lionel. "Family tree of Pauline Natalie de Rotenhan". Geneanet. Retrieved 2021-05-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ Rossellat, Lionel. "Family tree of Victor Auguste Berthout van Berchem". Geneanet. Retrieved 2021-05-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ Rosselat, Lionel. "Family tree of Elisabeth Lucile Frossard de Saugy". Geneanet. Retrieved 2021-04-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ van Berchem, Max; Fatio, Edmond (1914–1915). Voyage en Syrie (in French). Vol. 37. Cairo: Impr. de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: date format (link)
  18. ^ Python, Frédéric Sébastien (2007). Edmond Fatio (1871—1959): villas genevoises: architecture patriotique (PDF) (in French). Geneva: Univ. Genève. p. 14.
  19. ^ a b c Rosselat, Lionel. "Family tree of Maximilien Edmond Berthout van Berchem". Geneanet. Retrieved 2021-04-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ Rossellat, Lionel. "Family tree of Alice Catherine Naville". Geneanet. Retrieved 2021-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ "Albert Naville (1841-1912)". Bibliothèque nationale de France (in French). Retrieved 2021-04-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ Santschi, Catherine (2004-05-11). "Berchem, Max van". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) (in German). Retrieved 2021-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ a b Genequand, Charles (2021). Max van Berchem, un orientaliste (in French). Geneva: Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2600062671.
  24. ^ "Max van Berchem's centennial". Fondation Max van Berchem (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ Zayadine, Fawzi (1984). "Islamic Art and Archaeology in the Publications of Marguerite Gautier-Van Berchem" (PDF). Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan. 28: 203–210.
  26. ^ "Marguerite Gautier-Van Berchem, une figure emblématique". Cross-Files | ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library. 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  27. ^ a b "CH BGE Arch. Max van Berchem 1-38". Bibliothèque de Genève - Manuscrits et archives privées (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ a b "Introduction". Fondation Max van Berchem. Retrieved 2021-04-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ "Foundation's Board". Fondation Max van Berchem. Retrieved 2021-04-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ^ "Scientific Committee". Fondation Max van Berchem. Retrieved 2021-04-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "Max van Berchem: The adventure of Arabic epigraphy". Musée d'Art et d'histoire, Ville de Genève (in French). Retrieved 2021-04-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ OCLC Classify publications
  33. ^ Open Library Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae
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