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==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The Eurasian stone-curlew was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Charadrius oedicnemus''. He specified the [[type locality|locality]] as England.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=Volume 1 | edition=10th | page=151 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727058 }}</ref> The species is now placed in the genus ''[[Burhinus]]'' that was introduced by the German zoologist [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger]] in 1811.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Illiger | first=Johann Karl Wilhelm | author-link=Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger | year=1811 | title=Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium | language=Latin | location=Berolini [Berlin] | publisher=Sumptibus C. Salfeld | page=250 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29301220 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2021 | title=Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buttonquail/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=29 May 2021 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''{{transl|grc|bous}}'' meaning "ox" with ''{{transl|grc|rhis}}'' meaning "nose". The [[species]] name ''oedicnemus'' combines the Greek {{transl|grc|oidio}} meaning "to swell", and {{transl|grc|kneme}} meaning "shin" or "leg", referring to the bird's prominent [[tibiotarsal joint]]s,<ref name= job>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n81 81], 280}}</ref> which also give it the common name of "thick-knee". This is an abbreviated form of [[Thomas Pennant]]'s 1776 coinage "thick kneed [[bustard]]".<ref name=PDBBN/>
The Eurasian stone-curlew was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Charadrius oedicnemus''. He specified the [[type locality|locality]] as England.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=Volume 1 | edition=10th | page=151 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727058 }}</ref> The species is now placed in the genus ''[[Burhinus]]'' that was introduced by the German zoologist [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger]] in 1811.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Illiger | first=Johann Karl Wilhelm | author-link=Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger | year=1811 | title=Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium | language=Latin | location=Berolini [Berlin] | publisher=Sumptibus C. Salfeld | page=250 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29301220 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2021 | title=Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buttonquail/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=29 May 2021 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''{{transl|grc|bous}}'' meaning "ox" with ''{{transl|grc|rhis}}'' meaning "nose". The [[species]] name ''oedicnemus'' combines the Greek {{transl|grc|oidio}} meaning "to swell", and {{transl|grc|kneme}} meaning "shin" or "leg", referring to the bird's prominent [[tibiotarsal joint]]s,<ref name= job>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n81 81], 280}}</ref> which also give it the common name of "thick-knee". This is an abbreviated form of [[Thomas Pennant]]'s 1776 coinage "thick kneed [[bustard]]".<ref name=PDBBN/><ref>{{cite book | last=Pennant | first=Thomas | author-link=Thomas Pennant | year=1776 | title=British Zoology | volume=Volume 1 | edition=4th | publisher=Printed by William Eyres, for Benjamin White | place=Warrington, United Kingdom | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5958438 | pages=287-289 }}</ref>


The name "stone curlew" was first recorded by [[Francis Willughby]] in 1667 as a "''third sort of [[Godwit]], which in [[Cornwall]] they call the Stone-Curlew, differing from the precedent in that it hath a much shorter and slenderer Bill than either of them''".<ref name=Penhallurick1969/> It derives from the bird's nocturnal calls sounding like the unrelated [[Eurasian curlew]] ''Numenius arquata'' and its preference for barren stony [[Heath (habitat)|heath]]s.<ref name=PDBBN/>
The name "stone curlew" was first recorded by [[Francis Willughby]] in 1667 as a "''third sort of [[Godwit]], which in [[Cornwall]] they call the Stone-Curlew, differing from the precedent in that it hath a much shorter and slenderer Bill than either of them''".<ref name=Penhallurick1969/> It derives from the bird's nocturnal calls sounding like the unrelated [[Eurasian curlew]] ''Numenius arquata'' and its preference for barren stony [[Heath (habitat)|heath]]s.<ref name=PDBBN/>

Revision as of 12:37, 29 May 2021

For the group of birds known as thick-knees or stone-curlews (of which this species is a member), see stone-curlew.

Eurasian stone-curlew
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Burhinidae
Genus: Burhinus
Species:
B. oedicnemus
Binomial name
Burhinus oedicnemus
Range of B. oedicnemus
  Breeding range
  Year-round range
  Wintering range
Synonyms

Charadrius oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758

The Eurasian stone-curlew, Eurasian thick-knee, or simply stone-curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) is a northern species of the Burhinidae (stone-curlew) bird family.

Taxonomy

The Eurasian stone-curlew was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Charadrius oedicnemus. He specified the locality as England.[2] The species is now placed in the genus Burhinus that was introduced by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1811.[3][4] The genus name combines the Greek bous meaning "ox" with rhis meaning "nose". The species name oedicnemus combines the Greek oidio meaning "to swell", and kneme meaning "shin" or "leg", referring to the bird's prominent tibiotarsal joints,[5] which also give it the common name of "thick-knee". This is an abbreviated form of Thomas Pennant's 1776 coinage "thick kneed bustard".[6][7]

The name "stone curlew" was first recorded by Francis Willughby in 1667 as a "third sort of Godwit, which in Cornwall they call the Stone-Curlew, differing from the precedent in that it hath a much shorter and slenderer Bill than either of them".[8] It derives from the bird's nocturnal calls sounding like the unrelated Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata and its preference for barren stony heaths.[6]

In his Bird Watching (1901) Edmund Selous uses the name "great or Norfolk plover" (Œdicnemus Crepitans).[9]

Five subspecies are recognised:[4]

  • B. o. oedicnemus (Linnaeus, 1758) – west, south Europe to the Balkans, Ukraine and Caucasus
  • B. o. distinctus (Bannerman, 1914) – west Canary Islands[10]
  • B. o. insularum (Sassi, 1908) – east Canary Islands
  • B. o. saharae (Reichenow, 1894) – north Africa and the Mediterranean islands to Iraq and Iran
  • B. o. harterti Vaurie, 1963 – west Kazakhstan to Pakistan and northwest India

The Indian stone-curlew Burhinus indicus was previously considered as a subspecies.[4][11]

Description

It is a fairly large wader though is mid-sized by the standards of its family. Length ranges from 38 to 46 cm (15 to 18 in), wingspan from 76 to 88 cm (30 to 35 in) and weight from 290 to 535 g (10.2 to 18.9 oz).[12][13] with a strong yellow and black beak, large yellow eyes (which give it a "reptilian", or "goggle-eyed" appearance), and cryptic plumage. The bird is striking in flight, with black and white wing markings.

Distribution and habitat

The Eurasian stone curlew occurs throughout Europe, north Africa and southwestern Asia. It is a summer migrant in the more temperate European and Asian parts of its range, wintering in Africa. Despite being classed as a wader, this species prefers dry open habitats with some bare ground.

Behaviour and ecology

Eggs in the Museum Wiesbaden collection

It is largely nocturnal, particularly when singing its loud wailing songs, which are reminiscent of that of curlews. Food consists of insects and other small invertebrates, and occasionally small reptiles, frogs and rodents. It lays 2–3 eggs in a narrow scrape in the ground.

Status

Although categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as of Least Concern,[1] some populations are showing declines due to agricultural intensification. For example, a French population has declined with 26% over 14 years.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2014). "Burhinus oedicnemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. Volume 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 151. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  3. ^ Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm (1811). Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (in Latin). Berolini [Berlin]: Sumptibus C. Salfeld. p. 250.
  4. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  5. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 81, 280. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ a b Lockwood, W.B. (1993). The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names. OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-866196-2.
  7. ^ Pennant, Thomas (1776). British Zoology. Vol. Volume 1 (4th ed.). Warrington, United Kingdom: Printed by William Eyres, for Benjamin White. pp. 287–289. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ Penhallurick, R.D. (1969). Birds of the Cornish Coast. Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd. ISBN 978-0851530086.
  9. ^ Selous, Edmund (1901). Bird Watching . London: Dent & Co. OCLC 1317886 – via Wikisource., p. 4, 6.
  10. ^ Tosco, Rubén Barone; Siverio, Felipe; Trujillo, D. (1992). "Datos recientes sobre el Alcaraván (Burhinus oedicnemus L. 1758) en la Isla de La Palma (Canarias): notas" [Recent data on the Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) on La Palma (Canary Islands): notes]. Vieraea: Folia scientarum biologicarum canariensium (in Spanish). 21: 168. ISSN 0210-945X.
  11. ^ Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. Volume 2: Attributes and Status (2nd ed.). Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. p. 181-182. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  12. ^ "Eurasian Thick-knee - Burhinus oedicnemus". www.birdsinbulgaria.org. Birds in Bulgaria. 2011.
  13. ^ Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  14. ^ Gaget, Elie; Fay, Remi; Augiron, Steve; Villers, Alexandre; Bretagnolle, Vincent (2019). "Long-term decline despite conservation efforts questions Eurasian Stone-curlew population viability in intensive farmlands" (PDF). Ibis. 161 (2): 359–371. doi:10.1111/ibi.12646. ISSN 1474-919X.

Sources

  • Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1983). "Burhinus oedicnemus Stone Curlew". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. Volume III: Hawks to Bustards. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–80. ISBN 978-0-19-857506-1. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
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