Parczew partisans: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Tom.Reding (talk | contribs) m Enum 2 author/editor WLs; WP:GenFixes on |
|||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
The group fought along with the [[Gwardia Ludowa|People's Guard]] ({{lang-pl|Gwardia Ludowa}}) in a number of intense engagements against German forces, making use of machine guns, explosives for mining railways and other supplies air-dropped by Soviet forces, with food stuffs requisitioned from local farmers. They participated in the takeover of the city of Parczew on April 16, 1944.<ref name="JVL1">{{Cite web | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007222 | accessdate = 2007-08-15 | title = Partisan Groups in the Parczew Forests | publisher = [[U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | author=Holocaust Encyclopedia | quote=Text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum webpage has been released under the [[GFDL]] license (OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed). ''The Museum can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.''}}</ref> |
The group fought along with the [[Gwardia Ludowa|People's Guard]] ({{lang-pl|Gwardia Ludowa}}) in a number of intense engagements against German forces, making use of machine guns, explosives for mining railways and other supplies air-dropped by Soviet forces, with food stuffs requisitioned from local farmers. They participated in the takeover of the city of Parczew on April 16, 1944.<ref name="JVL1">{{Cite web | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007222 | accessdate = 2007-08-15 | title = Partisan Groups in the Parczew Forests | publisher = [[U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | author=Holocaust Encyclopedia | quote=Text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum webpage has been released under the [[GFDL]] license (OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed). ''The Museum can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.''}}</ref> |
||
The ''[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]'' |
The ''[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]'' says that the [[Polish Home Army]] (AK) usually ''refused'' to accept Jews. The Jewish veteran of the Polish Home Army First Armoured Division, Willie Glaser wrote that Jewish resistance fighters were members of the Armia Krajowa in considerable numbers as well.<ref name="citinet.net">{{cite web | url=http://www.citinet.net/ak/pages/polska_40.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626154123/http://www.citinet.net/ak/pages/polska_40.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 26, 2007 | title=Letter to Polish Home Army (AK) Association | work=Jewish Military Casualties in The Polish Armies in World War II | date=February 5, 2000 | accessdate=2013-05-24 | author=Willie Glaser | format=[https://www.webcitation.org/6GrFugILn?url=http://www.citinet.net/ak/pages/polska_40.html WebCite] }}</ref> Also, [[Gwardia Ludowa]] (GL) partisans, created by the communist [[Polish Workers' Party|PPR]] in January 1942 (with whom Parczew partisans aligned themselves) were engaged in terror aimed at local domination. On one occasion, the unit of Gwardia Ludowa commanded by Grzegorz Korczyński from [[Kraśnik County]] near Lublin, committed mass atrocities in the village of [[Ludmiłówka]] on 6 December 1942 killing dozens of Jews in retaliation for the PPR action in [[Grabówka, Kraśnik County|Grabówka]] against their own men. The murders were hushed up in [[Stalinist Poland]] by the [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Ministry of Public Security]] engaged in brutal persecution of the AK soldiers.<ref name="glaukopis.pl">{{cite book | url=http://glaukopis.pl/pdf/1/artykul-4-1.pdf | title=Przypadek Stefana Kilianowicza, vel Grzegorza Korczyńskiego | publisher=Glaukopis No. 1-2003 | work=Z genealogii elit PZPR | date=2003 | accessdate=4 June 2015 | author=Piotr Gontarczyk | author-link=Piotr Gontarczyk | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408025123/http://glaukopis.pl/pdf/1/artykul-4-1.pdf | archivedate=8 April 2015 }}</ref> |
||
After [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German military and [[Ordnungspolizei#Police Battalions|Orpo]] aided by the [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] battalions,<ref name="Jacz">{{cite book |url=http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/83266/1-40750.pdf |title=Aktion Zamosc |publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance]] |work=Pamięć.pl Nr 8/2012 |location=OBEP IPN, Lublin |date=2012 |author=Agnieszka Jaczyńska |at=30-35 (1-5 in PDF) |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142101/http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/83266/1-40750.pdf |archivedate=2015-05-28 }}</ref> began mass deportations of Polish [[Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany|inhabitants of Zamojszczyzna]] south of [[Chełm]] in preparation for the ''[[Generalplan Ost]]'' resettlement ordered by ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref name="TPdoc">{{YouTube | id=yaRaDcUNHmI | title=Dzieci Zamojszczyzny (Children of Zamojszczyzna)}} produced by [[Telewizja Polska]] S.A., [[Lublin]], Dział Form Dokumentalnych, for Program 2, TVP S.A., 1999 (42 min. in colour and black-and-white).</ref> Some Polish villages were simply razed and their inhabitants massacred.<ref name="dc">[http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/zamosc%20ghetto.html "Zamosc Ghetto"] at DeathCamps.org. Last retrieved on March 16, 2008</ref><ref name="JPop110-110">Joseph Poprzeczny, ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East]'', McFarland, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7864-1625-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gjOO6ui8SIkC&pg=PA110&vq=Zamosc&dq=%22Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87+Uprising%22+-wikipedia&source=gbs_search_s&sig=YlJNpg9GF1yU8bl99WYizvmGUys pp. 110–111.]</ref> During ''Heim ins Reich Ukraineraktion'' [[:pl:Ukraineraktion|(pl)]],<ref name="Piotrowski"/> pro-Nazi Ukrainians and German-Ukrainian ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'' were being resettled there along with ethnic Germans from the east.<ref name="Piotrowski">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot |url-access=registration |quote=Zamojszczyzna 116,000. |title=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0786403713 |year=1998 |author=Tadeusz Piotrowski |pages=[https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/299 299]– |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)}}</ref> They were given new [[Latifundium|latifundia]] built by Jewish prisoners of the [[Lublin Reservation]] who were sent to nearby [[Sobibór extermination camp]] afterwards.<ref name="Hańsk">{{cite web |url=http://www.hansk.info/index.php?id=114&id2=102 |title=Obozy pracy na terenie Gminy Hańsk |publisher=Hansk.info, the official webpage of [[Gmina Hańsk]] |accessdate=29 September 2014 |author=Sławomir Sobolewski |trans-title=World War II forced labour camps in Gmina Hańsk}}</ref> The Polish underground retaliated by launching the [[Zamość uprising]], considered to be among the largest actions of the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance during World War II]].<ref name="JPop">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC |title=Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East |publisher=McFarland |author=Joseph Poprzeczny |year=2004 |isbn=0786481463}}</ref><ref name="AK-PWN">[http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871190 Armia Krajowa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221344/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871190 |date=2014-05-12 }} at [[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|Encyklopedia PWN]]</ref> Some Ukrainian sources refer to this operation as a massacre of Ukrainian villagers near [[Chelm]] and in the Podlasie area, and attribute thousands of those killed to the Polish underground.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Motyl|first1=Alexander J.|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl |title=Trivializing Genocide: A Dangerous Distraction |url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/alexander-j-motyl/trivializing-genocide-dangerous-distraction |website=World Affairs Journal |accessdate=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Subtelny |first1=Orest |author-link=Orest Subtelny |title=Ukraine: A History |date=10 November 2009 |isbn=9781442697287 |quote="Ukrainians claim that massacres of their people began earlier, in 1942, when Poles wiped out thousands of Ukrainian villagers in the predominantly Polish areas of Khom" |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&q=kholm+subtelny+1942&pg=PT439 |accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> Such claims are rejected by the [[Institute of National Remembrance]],<ref name="IPN42">{{cite journal |journal=Volhynia Massacre |title=The Genocide on Poles Conducted by the OUN-B and UPA |url=http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/history/history |publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance]] |author=Grzegorz Motyka |author-link=Grzegorz Motyka |quote=...the "masses of Ukrainian refugees" from the Chełm region who had fled across the Bug River eastward as early as 1942/1943... inflamed the anti-Polish sentiments among Ukrainian peasants by telling them about the atrocities Poles had purportedly committed against Ukrainians in the Chełm region. All this is in line with the pro-Bandera propaganda put forward during the last stages of World War II and successfully promoted after the war by émigré Ukrainian nationalist historians associated with OUN-B.}}</ref> and debunked by Ukrainian authors of the ''Historical Dictionary of Ukraine'' who point out that recent studies confirm a much lower figure.<ref name="HDoU">{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine |authors=Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0810878471 |page=698 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&q=Kholm+%28Che%C5%82m%29+region+1942}}</ref> According to Jewish sources, the Jewish partisans themselves used to execute Ukrainian villagers "who had gone to the woods to round up the Jews who had escaped" from the ghettos.<ref name="HWe"/> The killings in villages near the Parczew forest were motivated by revenge for the "anti-Jewish activities" of the Ukrainian peasants.<ref name="HWe">{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Harold |title=Fighting Back: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in World War II |work=First-party account written in bed before Werner's death in 1989 |date=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |id={{ASIN|0231078838|country=ca}} }} {{better source needed|date=August 2016}}</ref><ref name="MJCh">{{cite book |last1=Chodakiewicz |first1=Marek Jan |title=Intermarium: The Land Between the Black and Baltic Seas |year=2012 |page=159 |isbn=9781412847742 |quote="However, the former villages, according to Jewish sources, were attacked by Jewish partisans in revenge for the villagers' anti-Jewish activities." |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAh2Ji6rBVwC&q=Parczew |via=Google Books}}</ref> |
After [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German military and [[Ordnungspolizei#Police Battalions|Orpo]] aided by the [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] battalions,<ref name="Jacz">{{cite book |url=http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/83266/1-40750.pdf |title=Aktion Zamosc |publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance]] |work=Pamięć.pl Nr 8/2012 |location=OBEP IPN, Lublin |date=2012 |author=Agnieszka Jaczyńska |at=30-35 (1-5 in PDF) |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142101/http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/83266/1-40750.pdf |archivedate=2015-05-28 }}</ref> began mass deportations of Polish [[Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany|inhabitants of Zamojszczyzna]] south of [[Chełm]] in preparation for the ''[[Generalplan Ost]]'' resettlement ordered by ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref name="TPdoc">{{YouTube | id=yaRaDcUNHmI | title=Dzieci Zamojszczyzny (Children of Zamojszczyzna)}} produced by [[Telewizja Polska]] S.A., [[Lublin]], Dział Form Dokumentalnych, for Program 2, TVP S.A., 1999 (42 min. in colour and black-and-white).</ref> Some Polish villages were simply razed and their inhabitants massacred.<ref name="dc">[http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/zamosc%20ghetto.html "Zamosc Ghetto"] at DeathCamps.org. Last retrieved on March 16, 2008</ref><ref name="JPop110-110">Joseph Poprzeczny, ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East]'', McFarland, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7864-1625-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gjOO6ui8SIkC&pg=PA110&vq=Zamosc&dq=%22Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87+Uprising%22+-wikipedia&source=gbs_search_s&sig=YlJNpg9GF1yU8bl99WYizvmGUys pp. 110–111.]</ref> During ''Heim ins Reich Ukraineraktion'' [[:pl:Ukraineraktion|(pl)]],<ref name="Piotrowski"/> pro-Nazi Ukrainians and German-Ukrainian ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'' were being resettled there along with ethnic Germans from the east.<ref name="Piotrowski">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot |url-access=registration |quote=Zamojszczyzna 116,000. |title=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0786403713 |year=1998 |author=Tadeusz Piotrowski |pages=[https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/299 299]– |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)}}</ref> They were given new [[Latifundium|latifundia]] built by Jewish prisoners of the [[Lublin Reservation]] who were sent to nearby [[Sobibór extermination camp]] afterwards.<ref name="Hańsk">{{cite web |url=http://www.hansk.info/index.php?id=114&id2=102 |title=Obozy pracy na terenie Gminy Hańsk |publisher=Hansk.info, the official webpage of [[Gmina Hańsk]] |accessdate=29 September 2014 |author=Sławomir Sobolewski |trans-title=World War II forced labour camps in Gmina Hańsk}}</ref> The Polish underground retaliated by launching the [[Zamość uprising]], considered to be among the largest actions of the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance during World War II]].<ref name="JPop">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2arPruq8lhIC |title=Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East |publisher=McFarland |author=Joseph Poprzeczny |year=2004 |isbn=0786481463}}</ref><ref name="AK-PWN">[http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871190 Armia Krajowa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221344/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871190 |date=2014-05-12 }} at [[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|Encyklopedia PWN]]</ref> Some Ukrainian sources refer to this operation as a massacre of Ukrainian villagers near [[Chelm]] and in the Podlasie area, and attribute thousands of those killed to the Polish underground.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Motyl|first1=Alexander J.|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl |title=Trivializing Genocide: A Dangerous Distraction |url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/alexander-j-motyl/trivializing-genocide-dangerous-distraction |website=World Affairs Journal |accessdate=18 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Subtelny |first1=Orest |author-link=Orest Subtelny |title=Ukraine: A History |date=10 November 2009 |isbn=9781442697287 |quote="Ukrainians claim that massacres of their people began earlier, in 1942, when Poles wiped out thousands of Ukrainian villagers in the predominantly Polish areas of Khom" |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&q=kholm+subtelny+1942&pg=PT439 |accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> Such claims are rejected by the [[Institute of National Remembrance]],<ref name="IPN42">{{cite journal |journal=Volhynia Massacre |title=The Genocide on Poles Conducted by the OUN-B and UPA |url=http://www.volhyniamassacre.eu/history/history |publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance]] |author=Grzegorz Motyka |author-link=Grzegorz Motyka |quote=...the "masses of Ukrainian refugees" from the Chełm region who had fled across the Bug River eastward as early as 1942/1943... inflamed the anti-Polish sentiments among Ukrainian peasants by telling them about the atrocities Poles had purportedly committed against Ukrainians in the Chełm region. All this is in line with the pro-Bandera propaganda put forward during the last stages of World War II and successfully promoted after the war by émigré Ukrainian nationalist historians associated with OUN-B.}}</ref> and debunked by Ukrainian authors of the ''Historical Dictionary of Ukraine'' who point out that recent studies confirm a much lower figure.<ref name="HDoU">{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine |authors=Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0810878471 |page=698 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&q=Kholm+%28Che%C5%82m%29+region+1942}}</ref> According to Jewish sources, the Jewish partisans themselves used to execute Ukrainian villagers "who had gone to the woods to round up the Jews who had escaped" from the ghettos.<ref name="HWe"/> The killings in villages near the Parczew forest were motivated by revenge for the "anti-Jewish activities" of the Ukrainian peasants.<ref name="HWe">{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Harold |title=Fighting Back: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in World War II |work=First-party account written in bed before Werner's death in 1989 |date=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |id={{ASIN|0231078838|country=ca}} }} {{better source needed|date=August 2016}}</ref><ref name="MJCh">{{cite book |last1=Chodakiewicz |first1=Marek Jan |title=Intermarium: The Land Between the Black and Baltic Seas |year=2012 |page=159 |isbn=9781412847742 |quote="However, the former villages, according to Jewish sources, were attacked by Jewish partisans in revenge for the villagers' anti-Jewish activities." |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAh2Ji6rBVwC&q=Parczew |via=Google Books}}</ref> |
||
Revision as of 13:32, 29 May 2021
| Part of a series on |
| The Holocaust |
|---|
 |
The Parczew partisans were fighters in irregular military groups participating in the Jewish resistance movement against Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II.[1] The name of the partisan force, coined by the Holocaust historians, is borrowed from the Parczew forest located a short distance away from Lublin, halfway to the town of Sobibór, the location of the Sobibór extermination camp during the Holocaust in occupied Poland. The Jews who managed to escape from the camp hid in there along with the considerable number of Jewish families of the Lublin Ghetto.[2]
The area including Parczew and Włodawa counties near Lublin in the General Government became one of the primary battlefields of the Jewish partisan movement. An area of forests and lakes with few passable roads, the Parczew forests were an ideal location for partisan activity. Notable partisan leaders included Ephraim (Frank) Bleichman, Harold Werner, and Shmuel (Mieczysław) Gruber. Werner and Gruber were second-in-command to Yechiel Grynszpan, who led Jewish forces in the Parczew forest, and Bleichman was one of Grynszpan's two platoon commanders.
The same forest constituted the main base of the non-Jewish Polish partisan movement as well. Such high concentration of resistance including Gwardia Ludowa (GL), Bataliony Chłopskie (BCh), and Armia Krajowa (AK) was possible only due to strong material support from the surrounding counties.[3]
History
The group fought along with the People's Guard (Template:Lang-pl) in a number of intense engagements against German forces, making use of machine guns, explosives for mining railways and other supplies air-dropped by Soviet forces, with food stuffs requisitioned from local farmers. They participated in the takeover of the city of Parczew on April 16, 1944.[1]
The Holocaust Encyclopedia says that the Polish Home Army (AK) usually refused to accept Jews. The Jewish veteran of the Polish Home Army First Armoured Division, Willie Glaser wrote that Jewish resistance fighters were members of the Armia Krajowa in considerable numbers as well.[4] Also, Gwardia Ludowa (GL) partisans, created by the communist PPR in January 1942 (with whom Parczew partisans aligned themselves) were engaged in terror aimed at local domination. On one occasion, the unit of Gwardia Ludowa commanded by Grzegorz Korczyński from Kraśnik County near Lublin, committed mass atrocities in the village of Ludmiłówka on 6 December 1942 killing dozens of Jews in retaliation for the PPR action in Grabówka against their own men. The murders were hushed up in Stalinist Poland by the Ministry of Public Security engaged in brutal persecution of the AK soldiers.[5]
After Operation Barbarossa, the German military and Orpo aided by the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police battalions,[6] began mass deportations of Polish inhabitants of Zamojszczyzna south of Chełm in preparation for the Generalplan Ost resettlement ordered by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler.[7] Some Polish villages were simply razed and their inhabitants massacred.[8][9] During Heim ins Reich Ukraineraktion (pl),[10] pro-Nazi Ukrainians and German-Ukrainian Volksdeutsche were being resettled there along with ethnic Germans from the east.[10] They were given new latifundia built by Jewish prisoners of the Lublin Reservation who were sent to nearby Sobibór extermination camp afterwards.[11] The Polish underground retaliated by launching the Zamość uprising, considered to be among the largest actions of the Polish resistance during World War II.[12][13] Some Ukrainian sources refer to this operation as a massacre of Ukrainian villagers near Chelm and in the Podlasie area, and attribute thousands of those killed to the Polish underground.[14][15] Such claims are rejected by the Institute of National Remembrance,[16] and debunked by Ukrainian authors of the Historical Dictionary of Ukraine who point out that recent studies confirm a much lower figure.[17] According to Jewish sources, the Jewish partisans themselves used to execute Ukrainian villagers "who had gone to the woods to round up the Jews who had escaped" from the ghettos.[18] The killings in villages near the Parczew forest were motivated by revenge for the "anti-Jewish activities" of the Ukrainian peasants.[18][19]
See also
- Frank Blaichman Controversy
- Hilda Eisen, member of Jewish resistance
Notes and references
- ^ a b Holocaust Encyclopedia. "Partisan Groups in the Parczew Forests". U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
Text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum webpage has been released under the GFDL license (OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed). The Museum can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.
- ^ Browning, Christopher R. (1998) [1992]. Arrival in Poland (PDF). Penguin Books. pp. 88–93, 104–106. Retrieved October 18, 2015 – via direct download 7.91 MB complete.
Also: PDF cache archived by WebCite.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help); External link in|quote= - ^ Agnieszka Smreczyńska-Gąbka. "Historia Parczewa. Bitwa w Lasach Parczewskich, 6–7 grudnia 1942 roku" [History of Parczew. Battle in the Parczew forest, 6–7 December 1942] (PDF). Gmina Parczew.
PDF excerpt.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); External link in|quote= - ^ Willie Glaser (February 5, 2000). "Letter to Polish Home Army (AK) Association". Jewish Military Casualties in The Polish Armies in World War II. Archived from the original (WebCite) on June 26, 2007. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
{{cite web}}: External link in|format= - ^ Piotr Gontarczyk (2003). Przypadek Stefana Kilianowicza, vel Grzegorza Korczyńskiego (PDF). Glaukopis No. 1-2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Agnieszka Jaczyńska (2012). Aktion Zamosc (PDF). OBEP IPN, Lublin: Institute of National Remembrance. 30-35 (1-5 in PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-28.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Dzieci Zamojszczyzny (Children of Zamojszczyzna) on YouTube produced by Telewizja Polska S.A., Lublin, Dział Form Dokumentalnych, for Program 2, TVP S.A., 1999 (42 min. in colour and black-and-white).
- ^ "Zamosc Ghetto" at DeathCamps.org. Last retrieved on March 16, 2008
- ^ Joseph Poprzeczny, Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East, McFarland, 2004, ISBN 0-7864-1625-4, pp. 110–111.
- ^ a b Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). Poland's Holocaust. McFarland. pp. 299–. ISBN 0786403713.
Zamojszczyzna 116,000.
- ^ Sławomir Sobolewski. "Obozy pracy na terenie Gminy Hańsk" [World War II forced labour camps in Gmina Hańsk]. Hansk.info, the official webpage of Gmina Hańsk. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ Joseph Poprzeczny (2004). Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East. McFarland. ISBN 0786481463.
- ^ Armia Krajowa Archived 2014-05-12 at the Wayback Machine at Encyklopedia PWN
- ^ Motyl, Alexander J. "Trivializing Genocide: A Dangerous Distraction". World Affairs Journal. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
- ^ Subtelny, Orest (10 November 2009). Ukraine: A History (4th ed.). ISBN 9781442697287. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
Ukrainians claim that massacres of their people began earlier, in 1942, when Poles wiped out thousands of Ukrainian villagers in the predominantly Polish areas of Khom
- ^ Grzegorz Motyka. "The Genocide on Poles Conducted by the OUN-B and UPA". Volhynia Massacre. Institute of National Remembrance.
...the "masses of Ukrainian refugees" from the Chełm region who had fled across the Bug River eastward as early as 1942/1943... inflamed the anti-Polish sentiments among Ukrainian peasants by telling them about the atrocities Poles had purportedly committed against Ukrainians in the Chełm region. All this is in line with the pro-Bandera propaganda put forward during the last stages of World War II and successfully promoted after the war by émigré Ukrainian nationalist historians associated with OUN-B.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. 2013. p. 698. ISBN 978-0810878471.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b Werner, Harold (1992). Fighting Back: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in World War II. New York: Columbia University Press. ASIN 0231078838.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) [better source needed] - ^ Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2012). Intermarium: The Land Between the Black and Baltic Seas. p. 159. ISBN 9781412847742 – via Google Books.
However, the former villages, according to Jewish sources, were attacked by Jewish partisans in revenge for the villagers' anti-Jewish activities.
- Parczew Partisans, Chelm.freeyellow.com