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* [[1396]]: The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of [[Vidin]] and its king [[Ivan Sratsimir]] by the Ottomans.
* [[1396]]: The [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of [[Vidin]] and its king [[Ivan Sratsimir]] by the Ottomans.
* [[1397]]: The [[Kalmar Union]] is established, uniting [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] into one kingdom.
* [[1397]]: The [[Kalmar Union]] is established, uniting [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] into one kingdom.

==Significant people==
[[File:Portrait of Sultan 'Ala-ud-Din, Padshah of Delhi.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Sultan [[Alauddin Khilji]], ruler of most of India.]]
[[Image:Machaut 1.jpg|thumb |160px |right |[[Guillaume de Machaut]] (at right) receiving Nature and three of her children, from an illuminated Parisian manuscript of the 1350s.]]

===Artists===
* [[Giotto di Bondone]], Italian painter (c. [[1267]]–[[1337]])
* [[John Kukuzelis]], Byzantine composer, singer and reformer of Orthodox Church music (c. [[1280]]–[[1360]])
* [[Simone Martini]], Italian painter ([[1284]] – c. [[1344]])
* [[Stephen of Perm]], Russian icon painter ([[1340]]–[[1396]])
* [[Philippe de Vitry]], French composer, music theorist and poet ([[1291]]–[[1361]])

===Architects===
*[[Filippo Brunelleschi]], Italian architect and engineer
* [[Henry Yevele]], prominent English architect responsible for the building of many important structures in London (1320-1400)

===Explorer===
* [[Ibn Battuta]], Berber Muslim traveler ([[1304]]–[[1368]]/[[1377]])

===Military===
* [[Edward, the Black Prince]] ([[1330]]–[[1376]]) or Edward of Woodstock, [[Prince of Wales]], [[Order of the Garter|KG]], was the eldest son of King [[Edward III of England]] and [[Philippa of Hainault]], and father to King [[Richard II of England]].
*[[Jiao Yu]], Chinese general and author of the ''[[Huolongjing]]'' military treatise
* [[Liu Bowen]], Chinese general, court advisor, philosopher, and co-editor of the ''[[Huolongjing]]'' ([[1311]]–[[1375]])

===Literary figures===
[[Image:Dante Alighieri01.jpg|thumb |160px |right |Statue of [[Dante Alighieri]] at the [[Uffizi]], Florence]]
{{See also|14th century in literature|Renaissance literature|Medieval literature}}
* [[Dante Alighieri]], Italian poet and writer ([[1265]]–[[1321]])
* Francesco Petrarca ([[Petrarch]]), Italian poet and writer ([[1304]]–[[1374]])
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], Italian poet and writer ([[1313]]–[[1375]])
* [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], English poet and writer ([[1343]] - [[1400]])
* [[Guillaume de Machaut]], French composer and poet (c. [[1300]]–[[1377]])
*[[Hafiz Shirazi|Hafiz]], Persian poet (c. [[1310]]–[[1379]])
*[[William Langland]] (ca. [[1332]] – ca. [[1386]]) is the conjectured [[author]] of the [[England|English]] [[dream-vision]] ''[[Piers Plowman]]''
* [[Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena]], Spanish author ([[1282]]–[[1349]])
* [[Christine de Pizan]], French writer ([[1364]]–[[1430]])
* [[Shi Nai'an]] (1296—1372), Chinese writer; author of ''[[Water Margin]]''
* [[Luo Guanzhong]] (1330–1400), Chinese writer; author of ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''
* [[Johannes Gutenberg]] (1398–1468), German printer and inventor; author of ''[[Gutenberg Bible]]''

===Scientists and philosophers===
* [[Ibn Khaldun]], [[Berbers|Amazhing]] Arab historian and historiographer ([[1332]]–[[1406]]).
*[[Mahendra Sūri]], Indian astronomer
*[[Narayana Pandita (mathematician)|Narayana Pandita]], Indian mathematician
* [[William of Ockham]], English Franciscan friar and philosopher (c. [[1285]]–[[1347]]).

===Theologians===
* [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], Islamic scholar, theologian and logician ([[1263]]–[[1328]]).
* [[John Wycliffe]], Biblical translator, theologian, philosopher ([[1320]]-[[1384]]).

===Monarchs===
[[File:Chengzong of Yuan China.jpg|thumb|[[Temür Khan]] (r. 1294–1307), known in Chinese as [[Temple name|Emperor Chengzong of Yuan]], ruler of the Chinese [[Yuan dynasty]], a grandson of [[Kublai Khan]] and considered the sixth [[Khagan|Great Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]]]
;[[Africa]]
* [[Mansa Musa]] (d. [[1337]]), King of the [[Mali Empire]]. During his reign Mali was the source of almost half the world's gold.
* [[Amda Seyon I]] ([[1314]]–[[1344]]), Emperor of Ethiopia. Consolidated the power of his domain beyond the [[Ethiopian highlands]], initiating a long era of Christian proselytization and integration of peripheral areas.
;[[Asia]]
* [[Alauddin Khalji]], Afghanized [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] emperor, ruling from Delhi over the majority of South Asia, crushing the [[Mongol]] invasions and [[Rajput]] rebellions (c. [[1267]]–[[1316]]).
* [[Chen Youliang]], Chinese rebel leader, emperor of [[Chen Han]] and nemesis to [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] (the Hongwu Emperor).
* [[Timur]], Central Asian warlord and founder of the [[Timurid Dynasty]] ([[1336]]–[[1405]]).
* [[Hongwu Emperor]], founder of the [[Ming dynasty]] in China ([[1328]]–[[1398]]).
* [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], Emperor of India ([[1290]]–[[1351]]).
; [[Europe]] and [[Near East]]
* [[Osman I]] ([[1258]]–[[1326]], ''Osman Gazi'' or ''Osman Bey'' or ''Osman I'' or ''Osman Sayed II'') leader of the [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman Turks]], founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]] ([[1274]]–[[1329]]) [[King of Scotland]], victor in the [[First War of Scottish Independence]] against invasion by the [[Kingdom of England]].
* [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] ([[1284]]–[[1327]]) of [[Caernarfon]], was [[Kingdom of England|King of England]] from 1307 until he was [[deposition (politics)|deposed]] in January 1327.
* [[Roger de Mortimer, 1st Earl of March]] ([[1287]]–[[1330]]) an English nobleman, was for three years ''de facto'' ruler of [[England]], after leading a successful rebellion against [[Edward II of England|Edward II]].
* [[Charles I of Hungary]] ([[1288]]–[[1342]]), military, diplomatic and financial reformer, restoring the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] to power.
* [[Ivan I of Moscow]] ([[1288]]–[[1340]]), called ''The Moneybag'', was [[List of Russian rulers#Grand Princes of Moscow|Prince of Moscow]], who made his principality most powerful state in Russia.
* [[Henry IV of England]], King from [[1399]] until his death in [[1413]]
* [[Isabella of France]] (c. [[1295]]–[[1358]]), queen consort and regent of the [[Kingdom of England]].
* [[Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia]] ([[1308]]–[[1355]]), Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks.
* [[Casimir III of Poland]] ([[1312]]–[[1377]]), expansionist and financial reformer.
* [[Joan of the Tower]] ([[1321]]–[[1362]]) a.k.a. Joan of England, was the first wife and Queen consort of [[David II of Scotland]]. She was born at the [[Tower of London]] and was the youngest daughter of [[Edward II of England]] and [[Isabella of France]].
* [[David II of Scotland]] ([[1324]]–[[1371]]) [[King of Scots]], son of King [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]] by his second wife, [[Elizabeth de Burgh]] (d. 1327), was born at [[Dunfermline]] Palace, [[Fife]].<ref>Richardson, Douglas, ''Plantagenet Ancestry'', Baltimore, Md., 2004, p.23, {{ISBN|0-8063-1750-7}}</ref>
* [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] ([[1327]]–[[1377]]) [[List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England|King of England]]. His claim to the throne of France resulted in the [[Hundred Years' War]].
* [[Philip VI of France]] ([[1293]]-[[1350]]), called ''the Fortunate'', was [[List of French monarchs|King of France]] from 1328 to his death and was the first king of France from the [[House of Valois]].
* [[John II of France]] ([[1319]]-[[1364]]), called ''the Good'', was [[List of French monarchs|King of France]] from 1350 to his death and a member of the [[House of Valois]].
* [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] ([[1338]]–[[1380]]), called ''the Wise'', was [[List of French monarchs|King of France]] from 1364 to his death and a member of the [[House of Valois]].
* [[Charles VI of France]] ([[1368]]-[[1422]]), called ''the Mad'', had a reign troubled by his controlling uncles during his minority and Charles' bouts of insanity, was [[List of French monarchs|King of France]] from 1380 to his death and a member of the [[House of Valois]].
* [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great of Hungary]] ([[1342]]–[[1382]]), was King of Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia, Jerusalem, Sicily and Poland from 1370. He led campaigns From Lithuania to Southern Italy, From Poland to Northern Greece. He had the greatest military potential of the century with his enormous armies (often over 100,000 men.)
* [[Charles IV of Bohemia|Charles IV]] ([[1346]]–[[1378]]), [[King of Bohemia]]. One of the most powerful men in Europe.
*[[Dmitry I of Moscow]] ([[1350]]-[[1389]]), [[Grand Duke of Moscow]]. His nickname, "Donskoy" (i.e., "of the Don"), alludes to his great victory against the [[Tatars]] in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]] ([[1380]]) which took place on the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]].
* [[Margaret I of Denmark]], Danish regent and from 1389 regent of the united monarchies of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
* [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] ([[1367]]–[[1400]]), was the [[King of England]] from [[1377]] until he was [[deposition (politics)|deposed]] in [[1399]].
* [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]] ([[1338]]–[[1391]]), was the ban of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] from [[1353]]–[[1377]] and later the king of Bosnia, from [[1377]]–[[1391]].

{{Gallery
|title=14th-century monarchs
|align=center
|File:Edward III Black Prince 14thc.jpg |alt1=14th century manuscript initial depicting Edward III of England (seated) and his son the Black Prince (kneeling) |Edward III and the [[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]]
|File:Dmitri Donskoy.jpg |alt2=Dmitry Donskoy, illustration in Tsarsky Titulyarnik, 17th century |[[Dmitry I of Moscow]]
|File:明太祖.jpg| alt3=Official court painting of the Hongwu Emperor (reigned 1368-1398 AD), Ming Dynasty, China |The [[Hongwu Emperor]], the founder and first emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]] of [[China]]
|File:I Osman.jpg| alt4=Ottoman miniature painting of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire. Located at Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi, Istanbul. |[[Osman I]], first Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]]
|File:Richard II of England.jpg |alt5=Oil-on-panel portrait of Richard II of England, mid-1390s |[[Richard II of England]]
|File:Ludwik Wegierski.jpg |alt6=Portrait of Louis I of Hungary by Jan Matejko |[[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great of Hungary]], one of the strongest kings of [[Hungary]], c. 1342-1382
}}


==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==

Revision as of 23:36, 30 May 2021

Millennium
2nd millennium
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Births – Deaths
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Tamerlane The Conqueror, the founder of the Timurid Empire.
Mansa Musa I of Mali, described [by whom?] as the wealthiest individual in history
Europe in 1328
Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600.
The successor states of the Mongol Empire in 1335: the Ilkhanate, Golden Horde, Yuan dynasty and Chagatai Khanate.

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was a century lasting from January 1, 1301 (MCCCI), through December 31, 1400 (MCD). The term is often used to refer to the 1300s, the century between January 1, 1300, and December 31, 1399. It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire.[citation needed] West Africa and the Indian Subcontinent experienced economic growth and prosperity.

In Europe, the Black Death claimed 25 million lives – wiping out one third of the European population[1] – while the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of Charles IV, King of France led to a claim to the French throne by Edward III, King of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and Ottoman Empire.

In Asia, Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror.[citation needed] Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the Timurid Renaissance emerged. In the Arab world, historian and political scientist Ibn Khaldun and explorer Ibn Battuta made significant contributions. In India, the Bengal Sultanate got divided from the Delhi Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world. The sultanate described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with.[2] The Mongol court was driven out of China and retreated to Mongolia, the Ilkhanate collapsed, the Chaghatayid dissolved and broke into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as a great power in Eastern Europe.

In Africa, the wealthy Mali Empire, a global leader of gold production, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual of the medieval times, and according to various sources as history's ever.[3][4]

Events

Sheikh Ibn Taymiyyah's script
Silver taka with a lion symbol
This 14th-century statue from Tamil Nadu, present day India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C..

1300s

1310s

1320s

1330s

1340s

The Hundred Years' War, Battle of Crécy between the English and French in 1346.

1350s

Burying coffins of Black Death victims in Tournai.

1360s

1370s

1380s

The Portuguese interregnum, Battle of Aljubarrota between the Portuguese and Castilians in 1385.

1390s

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

References

  1. ^ Black Death, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  2. ^ Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN 978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
  3. ^ Thad Morgan, "This 14th-Century African Emperor Remains the Richest Person in History" Archived 2019-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, History.com, March 19, 2018
  4. ^ Davidson, Jacob (July 30, 2015). "The 10 Richest People of All Time". Time. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
  5. ^ Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900). " Sanskrit Literature and the West.". A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and Co. p. 420.
  6. ^ YLE: Kenelle kellot soivat? (in Finnish)
  7. ^ a b c d e Ricklefs (1991), page 18
  8. ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
  9. ^ Kern, J.H.C., (1907), De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.
  10. ^ Drs. R. Soekmono; et al. (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 72.
  11. ^ Pound lock
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