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==Early life==
==Early life==
Keen was born in [[Philadelphia]] on January 19, 1837 to William Williams Keen Sr. (1797–1882) and Susan Budd. He attended Saunders's Academy and Philadelphia's [[Central High School (Philadelphia)|Central High School]].<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|title=William Williams Keen American Brain Surgeon|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Williams-Keen|website=www.britannica.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> Keen studied at [[Brown University]], where he graduated with an [[AB degree|A.B]]. in 1859.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} He then received a degree in medicine from [[Jefferson Medical College]] in 1862.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McCallum|first1=Jack Edward|title=Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-85109-693-0|page=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BXB9QtUfFQC&q=william+williams+keen&pg=PA177|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref>
Keen was born in [[Philadelphia]] on January 19, 1837 to William Williams Keen Sr. (1797–1882) and Susan Budd. He attended Saunders's Academy and Philadelphia's [[Central High School (Philadelphia)|Central High School]].<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|title=William Williams Keen American Brain Surgeon|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Williams-Keen|website=www.britannica.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> Keen studied at [[Brown University]], where he graduated with an [[AB degree|A.B]]. in 1859.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana {{!}} Keen, William Williams|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=K0030|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.brown.edu}}</ref> He then received a degree in medicine from [[Jefferson Medical College]] in 1862.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McCallum|first1=Jack Edward|title=Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-85109-693-0|page=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BXB9QtUfFQC&q=william+williams+keen&pg=PA177|accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref>


== During the American Civil War ==
== During the American Civil War ==
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== Career ==
== Career ==
Keen began to teach pathological anatomy and prepared the first-ever surgical pathology course at Jefferson Medical College. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} At the same time, he also established the school's first surgical research lab.<ref name="auto1">Rovit, R. L., & Couldwell, W. T. (2002). A man for all seasons: W.W. Keen. Neurosurgery, 50(1), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200201000-00027</ref> Keen was president of the [[Philadelphia School of Anatomy]] from 1875 to 1889 and eventually overtook it. {{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} He also taught at several schools, including the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] and the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]].<ref>Bingham, W. F. (1986). W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705 </ref> He became known in the international medical community for inventing several new [[brain surgery]] procedures, including [[drainage]] of the [[cerebral ventricle]]s and removal of [[brain tumor]]s. Keen also performed the first [[Decompressive craniectomy|craniectomy]] for [[Microcephaly|microcephalus]];<ref>Bingham, W. F. (1986). W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705
Keen began to teach pathological anatomy and prepared the first-ever surgical pathology course at Jefferson Medical College. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} He also established the school's first surgical research lab.<ref name="auto1">Rovit, R. L., & Couldwell, W. T. (2002). A man for all seasons: W.W. Keen. Neurosurgery, 50(1), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200201000-00027</ref> Keen was president of the [[Philadelphia School of Anatomy]] from 1875 to 1889. <ref>{{Cite web|title=William W. Keen, MD|url=http://www.medicalantiques.com/civilwar/Medical_Authors_Faculty/Keen_William_W.htm|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.medicalantiques.com}}</ref> He also taught at several schools, including the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] and the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]].<ref>Bingham, W. F. (1986). W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705 </ref> He became known in the international medical community for inventing several new [[brain surgery]] procedures, including [[drainage]] of the [[cerebral ventricle]]s and removal of [[brain tumor]]s. Keen also performed the first [[Decompressive craniectomy|craniectomy]] for [[Microcephaly|microcephalus]];<ref>Bingham, W. F. (1986). W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705
</ref> however, this technique was met with harsh criticism and had relatively little success.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} In addition, Keen co-edited ''An American Text-Book of Surgery for Practitioners'' with [[J. William White]], the first American surgery text published in four editions.<ref>Aminoff, Michael J; Daroff, Robert B. (2014). ''Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences''. Elsevier. p. 790. {{ISBN|9780123851581}}</ref>
</ref> however, this technique was met with harsh criticism and had relatively little success.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} In addition, Keen co-edited ''An American Text-Book of Surgery for Practitioners'' with [[J. William White]], the first American surgery text published in four editions.<ref>Aminoff, Michael J; Daroff, Robert B. (2014). ''Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences''. Elsevier. p. 790. {{ISBN|9780123851581}}</ref>


Keen was the leader of a team of five that performed a secret surgical operation to remove a cancerous jaw tumor on [[Grover Cleveland]] in 1893 aboard [[Elias Cornelius Benedict|Elias Cornelius Benedict's]] yacht [[USS Adelante (SP-765)|Oneida]]. Keen and four assisting doctors made their way to the yacht by boat from separate points in [[New York City|New York]], with Cleveland and Bryant boarding in the evening for the night aboard before sailing the next morning. With calm weather and steady waters, the surgery was finished quickly as the ship transited from [[Long Island Sound]] during noontime. The procedure involved the removal of the tumor and five teeth, as well as much of the upper left palate and jawbone.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
Keen was the leader of a team of five that performed a secret surgical operation to remove a cancerous jaw tumor on [[Grover Cleveland]] in 1893 aboard [[Elias Cornelius Benedict|Elias Cornelius Benedict's]] yacht [[USS Adelante (SP-765)|Oneida]]. Keen and four assisting doctors made their way to the yacht by boat from separate points in [[New York City|New York]], with Cleveland and Bryant boarding in the evening for the night before sailing the next morning. With calm weather and steady waters, the surgery was finished quickly as the ship transited from [[Long Island Sound]] during noontime. The procedure involved the removal of the tumor and five teeth, as well as much of the upper left palate and jawbone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grover Cleveland - Secret Surgery {{!}} Arizona Health Sciences Library|url=https://ahsl.arizona.edu/about/exhibits/presidents/cleveland|access-date=2021-06-02|website=ahsl.arizona.edu}}</ref>


Later, Keen performed a follow-up surgery to remove excess tissue and to cauterize the wound.<ref name="auto"/> On the fifth of July, Cleveland arrived at [[Gray Gables]] to recuperate and was fishing in [[Buzzards Bay]] by the end of July.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Algeo |first=Matthew |title=A President, A Yacht, And A Secret Operation |magazine=BoatUS |issue=October/November 2011 |url=https://www.boatus.com/magazine/2011/october/conspiracy.asp |accessdate=19 September 2018}}</ref>
Later, Keen performed a follow-up surgery to remove excess tissue and to cauterize the wound.<ref name="auto"/> On the fifth of July, Cleveland arrived at [[Gray Gables]] to recuperate and was fishing in [[Buzzards Bay]] by the end of July.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Algeo |first=Matthew |title=A President, A Yacht, And A Secret Operation |magazine=BoatUS |issue=October/November 2011 |url=https://www.boatus.com/magazine/2011/october/conspiracy.asp |accessdate=19 September 2018}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:23, 2 June 2021

For other people named William Keen, see William Keen (disambiguation).
William Williams Keen Jr.
Keen in 1917
Born(1837-01-19)January 19, 1837
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedJune 7, 1932(1932-06-07) (aged 95)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Education
ChildrenDora Keen
Relatives

William Williams Keen Jr. (January 19, 1837 – June 7, 1932) was an American physician and the first brain surgeon in the United States.[1] During his lifetime, Keen worked with six American presidents.[2]

Early life

Keen was born in Philadelphia on January 19, 1837 to William Williams Keen Sr. (1797–1882) and Susan Budd. He attended Saunders's Academy and Philadelphia's Central High School.[3] Keen studied at Brown University, where he graduated with an A.B. in 1859.[4] He then received a degree in medicine from Jefferson Medical College in 1862.[5]

During the American Civil War

Keen served as a surgeon for the Fifth Massachusetts Militia Regiment and then for the Union Army during the American Civil War. While serving, he developed a reputation for his work with patients suffering from neurological wounds, mainly because most surgeons refrained from treating neurological wounds.[clarification needed][6] He also worked with S. Weir Mitchell to study nervous system injuries. Together, they published Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of the Nerves and Reflex Paralysis in 1864, which first described many unknown neurological conditions, such as causalgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and secondary paralysis.[clarification needed][7] After the war concluded, Keen studied in Paris and Berlin for two years.[8]

Career

Keen began to teach pathological anatomy and prepared the first-ever surgical pathology course at Jefferson Medical College. [citation needed] He also established the school's first surgical research lab.[9] Keen was president of the Philadelphia School of Anatomy from 1875 to 1889. [10] He also taught at several schools, including the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania.[11] He became known in the international medical community for inventing several new brain surgery procedures, including drainage of the cerebral ventricles and removal of brain tumors. Keen also performed the first craniectomy for microcephalus;[12] however, this technique was met with harsh criticism and had relatively little success.[citation needed] In addition, Keen co-edited An American Text-Book of Surgery for Practitioners with J. William White, the first American surgery text published in four editions.[13]

Keen was the leader of a team of five that performed a secret surgical operation to remove a cancerous jaw tumor on Grover Cleveland in 1893 aboard Elias Cornelius Benedict's yacht Oneida. Keen and four assisting doctors made their way to the yacht by boat from separate points in New York, with Cleveland and Bryant boarding in the evening for the night before sailing the next morning. With calm weather and steady waters, the surgery was finished quickly as the ship transited from Long Island Sound during noontime. The procedure involved the removal of the tumor and five teeth, as well as much of the upper left palate and jawbone.[14]

Later, Keen performed a follow-up surgery to remove excess tissue and to cauterize the wound.[6] On the fifth of July, Cleveland arrived at Gray Gables to recuperate and was fishing in Buzzards Bay by the end of July.[15]

Personal life

Keen was a theistic evolutionist; he authored the book I Believe in God and in Evolution in 1922.[16] Keen was a staunch proponent of vivisection and wrote articles attacking the arguments of anti-vivisectionists,[17] some of which were republished in his 1914 book, Animal Experimentation and Medical Progress.[17][18]

In 1867, Keen married Emma Corinna Borden, from Fall River, Massachusetts, who died in 1886.[19] They had four children: Corinne, Florence, Dora, and Margaret.[citation needed] He died in Philadelphia on June 7, 1932, at the age of 95,[19][20][dead link‍] and is currently buried at The Woodlands Cemetery.[21]

Honors and recognition

He received honorary degrees from Jefferson Medical College, Brown University, Northwestern University, University of Toronto, University of Edinburgh, Yale University, University of St Andrews, University of Greifswald, and Uppsala University.[citation needed]

He also served as president of the American Surgical Association in 1898, the American Medical Association in 1900, the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons in 1903, and the American Philosophical Society after 1907 (elected in 1884).[22][23]

When the International Surgical Association met in 1914, he was elected president for the meeting in 1917. After 1894, he was a foreign corresponding member[clarification needed] of the Société de Chirurgie de Paris, the Société Belge de Chirurgie, and the Clinical Society of London as well as an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the German Society of Surgery, the Palermo Surgical Society, and the Berliner Medizinische Gesellschaft. He was also made an associate fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[24]

Things named after him

  • Keen's operation, an omphalectomy
  • Keen's sign, increased diameter of the leg at the malleoli in Pott's fracture of the fibula

Selected publications

"Gunshot Wounds, and Other Injuries of Nerves" by Mitchell, Morehouse, and Keen, 1864
  • Clinical Charts of the Human Body (1870)
  • Early History of Practical Anatomy (1875)
  • Surgical Complications and Sequels of Typhoid Fever (1898)
  • Addresses and Other Papers (1905)
  • an edition of Heath's Practical Anatomy (1870)
  • the New American from the Eleventh English Edition of Gray's Anatomy (Sept 1887) [25]
  • the New American from the Thirteenth English Edition of Gray's Anatomy (Sept 1893) [25]
  • the American Text-Book of Surgery (1899, 1903)
  • Keen's System of Surgery (1905–13)
  • I Believe in God and in Evolution (1922)
  • Everlasting Life: A Creed and a Speculation (1924)[26]
  • History of the First Baptist Church, Philadelphia (1898)
  • The Surgical Operations on President Cleveland in 1893 (1917)
  • Medical Research and Human Welfare (1917) [27]

Vivisection

Keen authored numerous works defending vivisection:

Co-authored:

Edited:

  • Gray's Anatomy 1883, 1887 and 1892 editions
  • Surgery, Its Principles and Practice (1906).
  • Practical Anatomy—Manual of Dissections (1870)
  • American Health Primers (1879)
  • An American Text-Book of Surgery, 1905 to 1921

[28]

References

  1. ^ Helmy, Adel; Hutchinson, Peter; Kirollos, Ramez; Thomson, Simon. (2019). Oxford Textbook of Neurological Surgery. Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780198746706
  2. ^ Wagener, Damianus Johannes Theodorus (2009). The History of Oncology. Houten: Springer. p. 102. ISBN 978-90-313-6143-4. OCLC 693512837.
  3. ^ "William Williams Keen American Brain Surgeon". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  4. ^ "Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Keen, William Williams". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  5. ^ McCallum, Jack Edward (2008). Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-85109-693-0. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  6. ^ a b Bingham, W. F. (1986). W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705
  7. ^ Rovit, R. L., & Couldwell, W. T. (2002). A man for all seasons: W.W. Keen. Neurosurgery, 50(1), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200201000-00027
  8. ^ Keen, William Williams (2016). Surgical Reminiscences of the Civil War. Big Byte Books. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  9. ^ Rovit, R. L., & Couldwell, W. T. (2002). A man for all seasons: W.W. Keen. Neurosurgery, 50(1), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200201000-00027
  10. ^ "William W. Keen, MD". www.medicalantiques.com. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  11. ^ Bingham, W. F. (1986). W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705
  12. ^ Bingham, W. F. (1986). W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705
  13. ^ Aminoff, Michael J; Daroff, Robert B. (2014). Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. Elsevier. p. 790. ISBN 9780123851581
  14. ^ "Grover Cleveland - Secret Surgery | Arizona Health Sciences Library". ahsl.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  15. ^ Algeo, Matthew. "A President, A Yacht, And A Secret Operation". BoatUS. No. October/November 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  16. ^ "Brief Notices". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 2 (1): 127. 1927.
  17. ^ a b Lee, Frederic S. (1915). "Reviewed Work: Animal Experimentation and Medical Progress by William Williams Keen". Science. 41 (1064): 760–762. doi:10.1126/science.41.1064.760-a. JSTOR 1641247.
  18. ^ "Reviewed Work: Animal Experimentation and Medical Progress by W. Williams Keen, Royal Commission on Vivisection". The Harvard Theological Review. 9 (1): 129–133. 1916. JSTOR 1507478.
  19. ^ a b "Dr. W.W. Keen Dies. Famous Surgeon. Assistant in Operation in 1893 on President Cleveland for Removal of Sarcoma. Had Served in Three Wars. Vigorous Exponent of Theory of Evolution and of Vivisection. Long Professor at Jefferson". New York Times. June 8, 1932. Retrieved 2013-12-16.
  20. ^ "Dr. Keen, Famous Surgeon, Is Dead". Associated Press in the Milwaukee Sentinel. June 8, 1932. Retrieved 2010-07-31. Dr. William Williams Keen, who won world fame by his skill with the surgeon's knife, died at his home here Tuesday night from the ...
  21. ^ "Dr William Williams Keen, Jr". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  22. ^ New International Encyclopedia
  23. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  24. ^ "Keen, William Williams". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  25. ^ a b Carmine D. Clemente, ed. (1985). Gray's Anatomy (30th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. ISBN 0-8121-0644-X. pp.vi-ix
  26. ^ Everlasting Life—A Creed and a Speculation. Can Med Assoc J. 1924 Dec; 14 (12): 1256.
  27. ^ Bingham, W. F. (1986). W. W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705
  28. ^ Freeman, N. (1933). William Williams Keen (1837-1932). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 68(13), 639-642. Retrieved January 5, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20022994

[1] [2]

[3]

Wikisource has original works by or about:
William Williams Keen
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Williams Keen.
  1. ^ Bingham, W.F. (1986). W.W. Keen and the dawn of American neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery, 64(5), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.64.5.0705
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference auto1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Freeman, N. (1933). William Williams Keen (1837-1932). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 68(13), 639-642. Retrieved January 5, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20022994
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