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C'mon jps, claiming 'ufological pandering' is no reason to dismiss government documents / Also: See 'Talk'
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Undid revision 1026908994 by Mrmarble (talk) stop edit-warring. You have virtually no editing experience in WP:FRINGE subjects, and you should listen to those who do. "Government documents" are not more or less reliable than any random person's writings, as far as Wikipedia is concerned. Read WP:SOURCE
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[[File:Iran CIA map 1982.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Map of Iran and surrounding countries, showing Tehran and Hamadan, where two F-4 jet interceptors were launched]]
[[File:Iran CIA map 1982.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Map of Iran and surrounding countries, showing Tehran and Hamadan, where two F-4 jet interceptors were launched]]


The '''1976 Tehran UFO Incident ''' was a [[radar]] and visual sighting of an [[unidentified flying object]] (UFO) over [[Tehran]], the capital of Iran, during the early morning hours of 19 September 1976. During the incident, two [[Imperial Iranian Air Force]] [[F-4 Phantom II]] [[interceptor aircraft|jet interceptors]] reported losing instrumentation and communications as they approached the object. These were restored upon withdrawal. One of the aircraft also reported a temporary weapons systems failure while the crew was preparing to open fire.
The '''1976 Tehran UFO Incident ''' was a [[radar]] and visual sighting of an [[unidentified flying object]] (UFO) over [[Tehran]], the capital of Iran, during the early morning hours of 19 September 1976. During the incident, two [[Imperial Iranian Air Force]] [[F-4 Phantom II]] [[interceptor aircraft|jet interceptors]] reported losing instrumentation and communications as they approached the object. These were restored upon withdrawal. One of the aircraft also reported a temporary weapons systems failure while the crew was preparing to open fire.


The incident was recorded in a four-page U.S. [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) report, which was distributed to various government and intelligence agencies & domestic and European military agencies. <ref>https://www.dia.mil/FOIA/FOIA-Electronic-Reading-Room/FOIA-Reading-Room-Iran/FileId/122011/</ref><ref>https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/us_gov_iran_case.pdf</ref>
An initial report of the incident was relayed to the U.S. [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] on 19 September 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Chiefs of Staff report concerning the sighting of a UFO in Iran on 19 September 1976 |url=https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/joint_chiefs_staff_report.pdf |website=National Security Agency |access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref>


==Events and analysis==
==Explanation and analysis==
⚫
According to Martin Bridgstock of [[Griffith University]]:<ref name="Bridgstock2009">Martin Bridgstock. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jV_63sZBUg8C&pg=PA125 Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal]''. Cambridge University Press; 20 October 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-139-48254-7}}. p. 125–.</ref>


Alongside the official U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report there was a DIA form which analyzed the quality of the report. The form indicated that the content was of high value, that the report was confirmed by other sources, and that the utility of the information was potentially useful to them. The form from the DIA also stated the following:

: "An outstanding report. This case is a classic which meets all the criteria necessary for a valid study of the UFO phenomenon:

: a) The object was seen by multiple witnesses from different locations (i.e., Shamiran, Mehrabad, and the dry lake bed) and viewpoints (both airborne and from the ground).

: b) The credibility of many of the witnesses was high (an Air Force general, qualified aircrews, and experienced tower operators).

: c) Visual sightings were confirmed by radar.

: d) Similar [[electromagnetic interference|electromagnetic]] effects (EME) were reported by three separate aircraft.

: e) There were physiological effects on some crew members (i.e., loss of night vision due to the brightness of the object).

: f) An inordinate amount of maneuverability was displayed by the UFOs."<ref>https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/ufo/routing_slip_ufo_iran.pdf</ref>


⚫
According to Martin Bridgstock of [[Griffith University]]: <ref name="Bridgstock2009">Martin Bridgstock. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jV_63sZBUg8C&pg=PA125 Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal]''. Cambridge University Press; 20 October 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-139-48254-7}}. p. 125–.</ref>
{{quote|Stripped of details, a couple of F4 jets from the Iranian airforce were scrambled to investigate some sightings of lights in the sky. Reports vary, but at least one jet suffered grave electrical failures, tried to fire a missile at something and had something fired at it. A nearby jet airliner also suffered radio failure.}}
{{quote|Stripped of details, a couple of F4 jets from the Iranian airforce were scrambled to investigate some sightings of lights in the sky. Reports vary, but at least one jet suffered grave electrical failures, tried to fire a missile at something and had something fired at it. A nearby jet airliner also suffered radio failure.}}


Revision as of 05:43, 5 June 2021

Map of Iran and surrounding countries, showing Tehran and Hamadan, where two F-4 jet interceptors were launched

The 1976 Tehran UFO Incident was a radar and visual sighting of an unidentified flying object (UFO) over Tehran, the capital of Iran, during the early morning hours of 19 September 1976. During the incident, two Imperial Iranian Air Force F-4 Phantom II jet interceptors reported losing instrumentation and communications as they approached the object. These were restored upon withdrawal. One of the aircraft also reported a temporary weapons systems failure while the crew was preparing to open fire.

An initial report of the incident was relayed to the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff on 19 September 1976.[1]

Explanation and analysis

According to Martin Bridgstock of Griffith University:[2]

Stripped of details, a couple of F4 jets from the Iranian airforce were scrambled to investigate some sightings of lights in the sky. Reports vary, but at least one jet suffered grave electrical failures, tried to fire a missile at something and had something fired at it. A nearby jet airliner also suffered radio failure.

According to U.S. journalist Philip J. Klass, it was likely the pilots initially saw an astronomical body, probably Jupiter, an explanation also cited by aerospace researcher James Oberg. Klass wrote that pilot incompetence and equipment malfunction likely accounted for the reported equipment failures.[3]

According to Klass, the Westinghouse technician at Shahrokhi airbase stated that only the first F-4 reported failing equipment, and that this F-4 was known for equipment failures with a long history of electrical outages, having been repaired only a month before the incident. Klass cites a McDonnell Douglas repair supervisor's opinion that the F-4's radar could have been in "manual track" mode, causing a wrong interpretation of the radar lock.[3]

Bridgstock criticized UFOlogists reports as "not a reliable account of the Iran UFO incident" and summed up Klass' conclusions:[2]

Klass found that only one aircraft had suffered electrical malfunctions, not two. What is more, that plane had had a history of unexplained electrical faults, and the electrical workshop responsible for it was notorious for poor performance. In this context, a temporary electrical malfunction can hardly be characterised as mysterious. He also points out that the aircrews at the time were tired and rattled, and could have mistaken stars or meteors for UFOs and "missiles". In addition, Klass points out that radio faults on airliners are not unknown, and that is why they carry backup radio sets.

Regarding one pilot's report of "bright objects" that "came at him, and that shot straight down into the ground", American sceptic author Brian Dunning observes that 19 September, the day of the incident, was the height of two annual meteorite showers, the Gamma Piscids and the Southern Piscids and the tail of the Eta Draconids shower, so observation of falling objects or odd lights would not have been unusual. At the site where the falling light supposedly crashed, a beeping transponder from a C-141 aircraft was found according to investigating Col. Mooy.[4]

According to Dunning:[4]

Once we look at all the story's elements without the presumption of an alien spaceship, the only thing unusual about the Tehran 1976 UFO case is that planes were chasing celestial objects and had equipment failures. There have been many cases where planes had equipment failures, and there have been many cases where planes misidentified celestial objects. Once in a while, both will happen on the same flight.

Dunning criticized UFOlogists and UFO-themed television programs like Sightings for describing all the events related to the incident "from the context of a presumption that the light was a hostile and intelligently guided alien spacecraft".[4]

Reference to incident in the media

Editorial published in the United States Air Force Security Services quarterly MIJI (Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming, and Interference) newsletter that is "often waved by the UFOlogists as compelling evidence". According to Brian Dunning, "because this service requires a security clearance, their newsletter is protected as well. There is nothing especially interesting about the actual article; it's just a dramatized retelling of the same information in Col. Mooy's memo, offered in the newsletter as a curious editorial on the subject of jamming and interference."[4]

  • Editorial from the US Air Force MIJI newsletter (page 1)
    Editorial from the US Air Force MIJI newsletter (page 1)
  • Editorial from the US Air Force MIJI newsletter (page 2)
    Editorial from the US Air Force MIJI newsletter (page 2)
  • Editorial from the US Air Force MIJI newsletter (page 3)
    Editorial from the US Air Force MIJI newsletter (page 3)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Joint Chiefs of Staff report concerning the sighting of a UFO in Iran on 19 September 1976" (PDF). National Security Agency. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b Martin Bridgstock. Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal. Cambridge University Press; 20 October 2009. ISBN 978-1-139-48254-7. p. 125–.
  3. ^ a b Philip J. Klass (1 January 1983). UFOs: The Public Deceived. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-322-1.
  4. ^ a b c d Dunning, Brian (19 June 2012). "Skeptoid #315: The Tehran 1976 UFO". Skeptoid. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  5. ^ Otto, Sasjkia (17 August 2009). "UFO Files: top 10 UFO sightings". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  6. ^ Michael Hogan. "Top 10 UFO sightings: from Roswell to a pub in Berkshire". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
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