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[[File:Chronica Polonorum Lech & Czech.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Legendary brothers [[Lech, Czech and Rus|Lech and Czech]] in a 16<sup>th</sup> century Latin chronicle by Polish scholar [[Maciej Miechowita]]]]
[[File:Chronica Polonorum Lech & Czech.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Legendary rulers [[Lech, Czech and Rus|Lech and Czech]] in a Polish chronicle by scholar [[Maciej Miechowita]] (Matthias de Miechow)]]


'''Lechia''' is an ancient [[name of Poland]],<ref>"Laesir is the [[Old Norse]] term for the Ljachar, a people originating at the river [[Vistula]] in Poland". [in:] Theodore Murdock Andersson, Kari Ellen Gade Morkinskinna : The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157). {{ISBN|978-0-8014-3694-9}} p. 471; "The word here for Poles is "Laesum" – the dative plural from a nominative plural "Laesir". This clearly is derived from the old name for Pole – "Lyakh", since in the course of the Slavonic paradigm -''kh''- becomes -''s''-in accordance with the "[[second palatalization]]" and the addition of the regular Norse plural ending of -''ir''- [...] [in:] The Ukrainian review. 1963. p. 70</ref><ref>
'''Lechia''' is an ancient nationalistic [[name of Poland]], stemming from the legendary founder of Poland, [[Lech, Czech, and Rus|Lech]], now common first name. The name is also the root of the term ''[[Lechitic languages]]''. The idea of the Lechina Empire is popular among [[Pan-Slavism|panslavists]] and [[Polish nationalism|Polish nationalists]].
{{cite book

| last1 = Pritsak
== Lechina Empire theory ==
| first1 = Omeljan
{{See|Names of Poland|Lechites}}
| author-link1 = Omeljan Pritsak

| last2 = Hryshevs'kyi
Some suggest that most of early [[Polish history]] was forgotten due to foreign influence.{{Sfn|ancient|2016|ps=; "...Germans and Russians wanted to destroy patriotism and the will of the Polish people to fight back. Therefore, they may have decided to do away with the information related to Pre-Christian times in Poland."}}{{Better source needed|date=June 2021}}
| first2 = Mykhailo S

| author-link2 = Mykhailo Hrushevsky
Some chronicles{{Sfn|Bideleux|Jeffries|1998}} mention that [[Goths]] were fighting with [[Slavs]] somewhere between [[Romania]] and [[Crimea]].
| title = The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian sources other than the sagas

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zF5pAAAAMAAJ
The basis for this are legends produced by medieval chronicler - [[Wincenty Kadłubek|Wincenty Kadlubek]] who was ordered to write down history of Poland by [[Pope Clement XIII]]. In addition, he also described Poland's ancient origins. According to him Poles fought and repelled an invasion of [[Alexander the Great]]. This was quite a popular practice in [[Middle Ages]] and the chronicler received high reward from the house at [[Jędrzejów]].
| series = Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute monograph series

| year = 1981
The [[Slavs]] start showing up in the historical record in the sixth century. [[Jordanes]] mentions them in [[Getica]] (ca. 550):{{Sfn|C. Mierow|1997}}<blockquote>Near the left ridge [of the [[Carpathian Mountains]]], which inclines toward the north, and beginning at the source of the [[Vistula]], the populous race of the [[Venethi]] dwell, occupying a great expanse of land. Though their names are now dispersed amid various clans and places, yet they are chiefly called [[Sclaveni]] and [[Antes (people)|Antes]]. The abode of the Sclaveni extends from the city of [<nowiki/>[[Noviodunum (castra)|Noviodunum]]] and the lake called Mursianus [Schenker suggests Mursianus refers to the delta of the [[Danube]] - rusoved] to the Danaster [<nowiki/>[[Dniester]]], and northward as far as the [[Vistula]]. The [[Antes (people)|Antes]], who are the bravest of these peoples dwelling in the curve of the [[Black Sea]], spread from the Danaster to the Danaper [<nowiki/>[[Dnieper]]] rivers that are many days' journey apart.{{Sfn|Kessler|Dawson|2020}}</blockquote>There was a term ''[[Sclaveni]]'', which is a [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] version of the Slavic endonym *[[Slaveni|slavěni]]--Greek didn't like ''sl'' clusters, so they put in a /k/. The other two names are of less certain origin. ''[[Veneti]]'' belonged to a different tribe living around the [[Vistula]] in previous times. ''Antes'' was possibly the name of an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] tribe which either became Slavicized or otherwise associated with the Slavs by their neighbors. Schenker suggests that the geographic distribution of these tribes "may prefigure the dialectal division of Slavic".
| volume = 1 of The Origin of Rus'

| publisher = Harvard University Press
Schenker gives several other 6th and early 7th century accounts of the Slavs<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Making of the Slavs}}</ref>, and the picture they paint is of a loosely-organized society ("they have lived of old under a democracy", according to [[Procopius of Sázava|Procopius]]; "they are independent, absolutely refusing to be enslaved or governed", according to the ''[[Strategicon|Strategikon]]''); they are a "sturdy people"; they are skilled at navigating rivers; and they have effective military tactics, favoring [[Javelin|javelins]], small shields, and [[Ambush|ambushes]].
| publication-date = 1981

| page = 300
From history we known that both [[Vandals]] and [[Sarmatians]] lived on the territory of Poland.{{Weasel inline|date=June 2021}} Some hypotheses consider that Slavs originated near the [[Oder]] and [[Vistula]] rivers and stayed there during last 3,000 years, while others think that Slavs arrived to Poland between [[5th century|5th]] and [[6th century|6th centuries]] from Upper [[Dnieper]].{{Sfn|Grochowalski|2020|ps=; According to the autochthonous hypothesis, the Slavs developed and lived in the Oder and Vistula basins, and their roots in this area extend back to 1,200 to 1,000 years BC. In contrast, the allochthonous theory assumes that the Slavs arrived in this area between the fifth and sixth century CE from the Upper Dnieper basin, an area believed to be their cradle (Trzeciecki, 2016). This 100-year-old discussion has recently been joined by anthropologists and geneticists studying modern mtDNA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms (Malyarchuk et al., 2002, 2008; Branicki et al., 2005; Grzybowski et al., 2007; Rebala et al., 2007, 2013; Wozniak et al., 2010; Mielnik-Sikorska et al., 2013a) and recently also ancient DNA (Juras et al., 2014).}}
| isbn = 9780674644656

| access-date = 20 July 2020
=== Titles of Poland's rulers ===
| quote = [...] 'eastern [[Wends]],' meaning obviously the Vjatyci/Radimici, ''Laesir'' '[[Poles]]' or '[[Western Slavs]]' (cf. Old Rus'ian ''ljaxy'') [...].
[[Mieszko I]] (whose name is a modern invention), the first recorded [[List of Polish monarchs|ruler of Poland]], never titled himself ''Dux Polonorum'' (Duke of the Poles).{{Sfn|torino|2015}}{{Better source needed|date=June 2021}} Moreover, [[Adam of Bremen]] wrote in his chronicle that ''Misica dux Vandalorum'' died in 992.{{Sfn|łużyce|2016}}{{Better source needed|date=June 2021}}
}}

</ref>
Mieszko's son, [[Bolesław I the Brave]], was first [[Christians|Christian]] ruler to become official European king.{{Sfn|Miladinov|2013|pp=183–314}}{{Unclear inline|reason=There were many "official European kings" before this one|date=June 2021}} He was crowned king in year 1000 AD by Holy Roman Emperor [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] and second time by [[List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland|archbishop of Gniezno]] with the permission of pope in 1025. In the half of 14th century his descendant king [[Casimir III the Great]] ordered to exhume the grave of king Bolesław they found on stone table the inscription: ''REGNUM SCLAVORUM, GOTHORUM SIVE POLONORUM''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} So, Bolesław's title was "King of Slavs, Goths and Poles" instead of "King of Poland".{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} Who were the Poles if they were neither Slavs nor Goths and were listed as separate people?{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} Maybe they were [[Sarmatians]] who lived on the territory of Poland together with [[Vandals]] before some of them left their land to attack [[Rome]], [[Spain]] and finally to found [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandalo-Sarmatian kingdom]] in [[Roman North Africa]]?{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
⚫
stemming from the legendary founder [[Lechites| ''Lech'']] (a common first name today). The root syllable survives in several [[European languages]] and in some languages of Central Asia and the Middle East in names designating Poland, for example:

Until the end of XVII century all Polish kings used the title of "kings of Goths and Vandals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== Lechia in other languages ==
⚫
The root syllable of the legendary founder [[Lechites|''Lech'']] survives in several [[languages of Europe]], of Central Asia and the Middle East in names designating Poland, for example:


* ''Leasir'' in [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
* ''Leasir'' in [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
Line 41: Line 38:
* ''Liachistan'', ''Liachija'', ''Lech Jer'', ''Liach'', ''Liach Bijligi'' in [[Karaim language|Karaim]]
* ''Liachistan'', ''Liachija'', ''Lech Jer'', ''Liach'', ''Liach Bijligi'' in [[Karaim language|Karaim]]


According to legend, the name derives from the first ruler of Poland, [[Lech, Czech, and Rus| Lech]]. See [[name of Poland]] and [[Lechites]] for details. It is also the root of the term ''[[Lechitic languages]]''.
== Modern use ==

Several Polish sports organizations have adopted the name ''Lechia''. The best-known example is [[Lechia Gdańsk]]. Other examples include [[Lechia Lwów]] and [[Lechia Zielona Góra]]. In the [[Polish People's Republic]], the [[Nivea]] branch located in [[Poznań]] was named the Pollena-Lechia Cosmetics Factory (''Fabryka Kosmetyków Pollena-Lechia'').
Several Polish sports organizations have adopted the name ''Lechia''. The best-known example is [[Lechia Gdańsk]]. Other examples include [[Lechia Lwów]] and [[Lechia Zielona Góra]]. In the [[People's Republic of Poland]], the [[Nivea]] branch located in [[Poznań]] was named the Pollena-Lechia Cosmetics Factory (''Fabryka Kosmetyków Pollena-Lechia'').


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Lech, Czech, and Rus]]
* [[Lech, Czech and Rus]]
* [[Lechitic languages]]
* [[Lechitic languages]]


== Footnotes ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== References ==

=== Books and journals ===
*{{Cite book|last=Bideleux|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vzw8CHYQobAC&redir_esc=y|title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change|last2=Jeffries|first2=Ian|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=1998}}
*{{Cite book|last=C. Mierow|first=Charles|url=http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html|title=THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS|publication-date=22 April 1997}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Grochowalski|first=Łukasz|date=23 October 2020|year=2020|editor-last=Cruciani|editor-first=Fulvio|title=Y-Chromosome Genetic Analysis of Modern Polish Population|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2020.567309|journal=[[Frontiers in Genetics]]|volume=11|doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.567309|issn=1664-8021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Miladinov|first=Marina|title=Saints of the Christianization Age of Central Europe (Tenth-Eleventh Centuries)|publisher=[[Central European University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-615-5225-20-8|editor-last=Klaniczay|editor-first=Gábor|chapter=Life of the Five Brethren by Bruno of Querfurt}}

=== Websites ===
* {{Cite web|last=ancient|first=origins|date=14 September 2016|title=The Hidden Story of Poland: What Happened to the Forgotten Kingdom of Lechia?|url=https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/hidden-story-poland-what-happened-forgotten-kingdom-lechia-006648|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|last=łużyce|date=15 July 2016|title=MISICA DUX VANDALORUM- MIESZKO KSIĄŻE WANDALI|url=https://www.salon24.pl/u/lusatia/720779,misica-dux-vandalorum-mieszko-ksiaze-wandali,2|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|last=Kessler|first=Peter|last2=Dawson|first2=Edward|date=13 November 2020|title=Barbarian Europe - Origins of the Slavs|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/BarbarianSlavs01.htm|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|last=torino|date=7 August 2015|title=Were There Vandals in Poland? – Part I|url=http://www.jassa.org/?p=3072|url-status=live}}


[[Category:History of Poland]]
[[Category:History of Poland]]

Revision as of 06:44, 5 June 2021

For other uses, see Lechia (disambiguation).

Legendary rulers Lech and Czech in a Polish chronicle by scholar Maciej Miechowita (Matthias de Miechow)

Lechia is an ancient name of Poland,[1][2] stemming from the legendary founder Lech (a common first name today). The root syllable survives in several European languages and in some languages of Central Asia and the Middle East in names designating Poland, for example:

According to legend, the name derives from the first ruler of Poland, Lech. See name of Poland and Lechites for details. It is also the root of the term Lechitic languages.

Several Polish sports organizations have adopted the name Lechia. The best-known example is Lechia Gdańsk. Other examples include Lechia Lwów and Lechia Zielona Góra. In the People's Republic of Poland, the Nivea branch located in Poznań was named the Pollena-Lechia Cosmetics Factory (Fabryka Kosmetyków Pollena-Lechia).

See also

References

  1. ^ "Laesir is the Old Norse term for the Ljachar, a people originating at the river Vistula in Poland". [in:] Theodore Murdock Andersson, Kari Ellen Gade Morkinskinna : The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157). ISBN 978-0-8014-3694-9 p. 471; "The word here for Poles is "Laesum" – the dative plural from a nominative plural "Laesir". This clearly is derived from the old name for Pole – "Lyakh", since in the course of the Slavonic paradigm -kh- becomes -s-in accordance with the "second palatalization" and the addition of the regular Norse plural ending of -ir- [...] [in:] The Ukrainian review. 1963. p. 70
  2. ^ Pritsak, Omeljan; Hryshevs'kyi, Mykhailo S (1981). The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian sources other than the sagas. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute monograph series. Vol. 1 of The Origin of Rus'. Harvard University Press. p. 300. ISBN 9780674644656. Retrieved 20 July 2020. [...] 'eastern Wends,' meaning obviously the Vjatyci/Radimici, Laesir 'Poles' or 'Western Slavs' (cf. Old Rus'ian ljaxy) [...].
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