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'''Integrated Child Development Services''' ('''ICDS''') is a government program in India which provides food, [[preschool]] education, [[primary healthcare]], immunization, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.<ref name=ICDS>{{Cite web |url=https://icds-wcd.nic.in/icds.aspx |title=INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS) SCHEME |publisher=Government of India|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> The scheme was launched in 1975, discontinued in 1978 by the government of Morarji Desai, and then relaunched by the Tenth Five Year Plan.
'''Integrated Child Development Services''' ('''ICDS''') is a government program in India which provides food, [[preschool]] education, [[primary healthcare]], immunization, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.<ref name=ICDS>{{Cite web |url=https://icds-wcd.nic.in/icds.aspx |title=INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS) SCHEME |publisher=Government of India|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> The scheme was launched in 1975, discontinued in 1978 by the government of Morarji Desai, and then relaunched by the Tenth Five Year Plan.


Tenth five-year plan also linked ICDS to ''[[Anganwadi]]'' centres established mainly in rural areas and staffed with frontline workers.<ref name="Improving Child Nutrition?">{{cite journal | access-date=11 February 2015 | url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPUBSERV/Resources/477250-1187034401048/dasgupta.pdf | title=Improving Child Nutrition? The Integrated Child Development Services in India |year=2005 |author1=Michael Lokshin |author2=Monica Das Gupta |author3=Michele Gragnolati andOleksiy Ivaschenko | journal=[[Development and Change]] | volume=36 | issue=4 | pages=613–640}}</ref> In addition to fighting [[malnutrition]] and ill health, the programme is also intended to combat [[gender inequality]] by providing girls the same resources as boys.
Tenth five-year plan also linked ICDS to ''[[Anganwadi]]'' centres established mainly in rural areas and staffed with frontline workers.<ref name="Improving Child Nutrition?">{{cite journal | access-date=11 February 2015 | url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPUBSERV/Resources/477250-1187034401048/dasgupta.pdf | title=Improving Child Nutrition? The Integrated Child Development Services in India |year=2005 |author1=Michael Lokshin |author2=Monica Das Gupta |author3=Michele Gragnolati andOleksiy Ivaschenko | journal=[[Development and Change]] | volume=36 | issue=4 | pages=613–640}}</ref> In addition to improving [[child nutrition]] and immunization, the programme is also intended to combat [[gender inequality]] by providing girls the same resources as boys.


A 2005 study found that the ICDS programme was not particularly effective in reducing malnutrition, largely because of implementation problems and because the poorest states had received the least coverage and funding.<ref name="Improving Child Nutrition?" /> During the 2018–19 [[fiscal year]], the Indian central government allocated ₹16,335 crores to the programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accountabilityindia.in/budget/briefs/download/1812|title=Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)}}</ref> The widespread network of ICDS has an important role in combating malnutrition especially for children of weaker groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Has the ICDS helped reduce stunting in India?|url = http://www.ideasforindia.in/article.aspx?article_id=1513|website = ideasforindia.in|access-date = 9 October 2015}}</ref>
A 2005 study found that the ICDS programme was not particularly effective in reducing malnutrition, largely because of implementation problems and because the poorest states had received the least coverage and funding.<ref name="Improving Child Nutrition?" /> During the 2018–19 [[fiscal year]], the Indian central government allocated {{INRConvert|16335|c}} to the programme, which is 60% of the funding for the programme while the states allocated the remaining 40%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accountabilityindia.in/budget/briefs/download/1812|title=Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)}}</ref> The widespread network of ICDS has an important role in combating malnutrition especially for children of weaker groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Has the ICDS helped reduce stunting in India?|url = http://www.ideasforindia.in/article.aspx?article_id=1513|website = ideasforindia.in|access-date = 9 October 2015}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
Majority of children in India have underprivileged childhoods starting from birth. The [[infant mortality rate]] of Indian children is 34<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/content/infant-mortality-rate-imr-1000-live-births|title=Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (per 1000 live births) {{!}} NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India|website=niti.gov.in|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> and the under-five mortality rate is 39<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaspend.com/indias-under-5-mortality-now-matches-global-average-but-bangladesh-nepal-do-better/|title=India’s Under-5 Mortality Now Matches Global Average, But Bangladesh, Nepal Do Better|date=20 September 2018|website=IndiaSpend|language=en-US|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> and 25% of newborn children are underweight among other nutritional, immunization and educational deficiencies of children in India. Figures for India are substantially worse than the '' country average''.<ref name=unicef2/>
The [[infant mortality rate]] of Indian children is 34<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/content/infant-mortality-rate-imr-1000-live-births|title=Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (per 1000 live births) {{!}} NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India|website=niti.gov.in|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> and the under-five mortality rate is 39<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaspend.com/indias-under-5-mortality-now-matches-global-average-but-bangladesh-nepal-do-better/|title=India’s Under-5 Mortality Now Matches Global Average, But Bangladesh, Nepal Do Better|date=20 September 2018|website=IndiaSpend|language=en-US|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> and 25% of newborn children are underweight among other nutritional, immunization and educational deficiencies of children in India. Figures for India are below the standards of the developed world.<ref name=unicef2/>


ICDS was launched in 1975<ref name="ICDS" /> in accordanlce to the [[National Policy for Children]] in India.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kapil|first=U.|title=Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme: a program for holistic development of children in India|pmid=12173700|publisher=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=69|issue=7|date=July 2002|journal=Indian J Pediatr|pages=597–601|doi=10.1007/bf02722688}}</ref> Over the years it has grown into one of the largest integrated family and community welfare schemes in the world.<ref name=unicef2>{{cite web|title=UNICEF - Respecting the rights of the Indian child|url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc01/panels/panel7.htm|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> Given its effectiveness over the last few decades, Government of India has committed towards ensuring universal availability of the programme.<ref name=unicef3>{{cite web|last=Dhar|first=Aarti|title=Infant mortality rate shows decline|url=http://www.thehindu.com/health/policy-and-issues/article1130983.ece|date=27 January 2011|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025080827/http://www.thehindu.com/health/policy-and-issues/article1130983.ece|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref>
ICDS was launched in 1975<ref name="ICDS" /> in accordanlce to the [[National Policy for Children]] in India.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kapil|first=U.|title=Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme: a program for holistic development of children in India|pmid=12173700|publisher=Indian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=69|issue=7|date=July 2002|journal=Indian J Pediatr|pages=597–601|doi=10.1007/bf02722688}}</ref> Over the years it has grown into one of the largest integrated family and community welfare schemes in the world.<ref name=unicef2>{{cite web|title=UNICEF - Respecting the rights of the Indian child|url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc01/panels/panel7.htm|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> Given its effectiveness over the last few decades, Government of India has committed towards ensuring universal availability of the programme.<ref name=unicef3>{{cite web|last=Dhar|first=Aarti|title=Infant mortality rate shows decline|url=http://www.thehindu.com/health/policy-and-issues/article1130983.ece|date=27 January 2011|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025080827/http://www.thehindu.com/health/policy-and-issues/article1130983.ece|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref>
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# Pre-school education(Non-Formal)
# Pre-school education(Non-Formal)
# Nutrition and Health information
# Nutrition and Health information
# Contraceptive counselling for adolescents


==Implementation==
==Implementation==
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* A 1992 study of [[National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development New Delhi|National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development]] confirmed improvements in birth-weight and infant mortality of Indian children along with improved immunization and nutrition.<ref name=unicef3/>
* A 1992 study of [[National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development New Delhi|National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development]] confirmed improvements in birth-weight and infant mortality of Indian children along with improved immunization and nutrition.<ref name=unicef3/>


However, World Bank has also highlighted certain key shortcomings of the programme including inability to target the girl child improvements, participation of wealthier children more than the poorer children and lowest level of funding for the poorest and the most undernourished states of India.<ref name=C2>{{cite web|title=CHAPTER 2 THE INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES PROGRAM (ICDS) – ARE RESULTS MEETING EXPECTATIONS?|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1147272668285/undernourished_chapter_2.pdf|publisher=World Bank|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref>
However, World Bank has also highlighted certain key shortcomings of the programme including inability to target the girl child improvements, participation of wealthier and middle-class children more than low-income children and lowest level of funding for the poorest and the most undernourished states of India.<ref name=C2>{{cite web|title=CHAPTER 2 THE INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES PROGRAM (ICDS) – ARE RESULTS MEETING EXPECTATIONS?|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1147272668285/undernourished_chapter_2.pdf|publisher=World Bank|access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 03:37, 8 June 2021

Integrated Child Development Services
CountryIndia
Launched2 October 1975; 49 years ago (1975-10-02)

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) is a government program in India which provides food, preschool education, primary healthcare, immunization, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.[1] The scheme was launched in 1975, discontinued in 1978 by the government of Morarji Desai, and then relaunched by the Tenth Five Year Plan.

Tenth five-year plan also linked ICDS to Anganwadi centres established mainly in rural areas and staffed with frontline workers.[2] In addition to improving child nutrition and immunization, the programme is also intended to combat gender inequality by providing girls the same resources as boys.

A 2005 study found that the ICDS programme was not particularly effective in reducing malnutrition, largely because of implementation problems and because the poorest states had received the least coverage and funding.[2] During the 2018–19 fiscal year, the Indian central government allocated ₹16,335 crore (US$2.0 billion) to the programme, which is 60% of the funding for the programme while the states allocated the remaining 40%.[3] The widespread network of ICDS has an important role in combating malnutrition especially for children of weaker groups.[4]

Background

The infant mortality rate of Indian children is 34[5] and the under-five mortality rate is 39[6] and 25% of newborn children are underweight among other nutritional, immunization and educational deficiencies of children in India. Figures for India are below the standards of the developed world.[7]

ICDS was launched in 1975[1] in accordanlce to the National Policy for Children in India.[8] Over the years it has grown into one of the largest integrated family and community welfare schemes in the world.[7] Given its effectiveness over the last few decades, Government of India has committed towards ensuring universal availability of the programme.[9]

Scope of services

The following services are sponsored under ICDS to help achieve its objectives:[10]

  1. Immunization
  2. Supplementary nutrition
  3. Health checkup
  4. Referral services
  5. Pre-school education(Non-Formal)
  6. Nutrition and Health information
  7. Contraceptive counselling for adolescents

Implementation

For nutritional purposes ICDS provides 500 kilocalories (with 12–15 grams of protein) every day to every child from 6 months to 6 years of age.[11] For adolescent girls in the age group of 10 to 19, 6 kilograms of food grain is given every months. 

The services of Immunisation, Health Check-up and Referral Services delivered through Public Health Infrastructure under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.[1] UNICEF has provided essential supplies for the ICDS scheme since 1975.[10] World Bank has also assisted with the financial and technical support for the programme.[9] The cost of ICDS programme averages $10–$22 per child a year.[9] The scheme is Centrally sponsored with the state governments contributing up to ₹1.00 (1.2¢ US) per day per child.[11]

Furthermore, in 2008, the GOI adopted the World Health Organization standards for measuring and monitoring the child growth and development, both for the ICDS and the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).[1] These standards were developed by WHO through an intensive study of six developing countries since 1997.[1] They are known as New WHO Child Growth Standard and measure of physical growth, nutritional status and motor development of children from birth to 5 years age.[12]

Challenges

Despite increasing funding over the past three decades, the ICDS fell short of its stated objectives and still faces a number of challenges. Also, though it has widespread coverage, operational gaps mean that service delivery is not consistent in quality and quantity across the country.[13]

Impact

By end of 2010, the programme is claiming to reach 80.6 lakh expectant and lactating mothers along with 3.93 crore children (under 6 years of age).[10] There are 6,719 operational projects with 1,241,749 operational Aanganwadi centres.[1] Several positive benefits of the programme have been documented and reported

However, World Bank has also highlighted certain key shortcomings of the programme including inability to target the girl child improvements, participation of wealthier and middle-class children more than low-income children and lowest level of funding for the poorest and the most undernourished states of India.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS) SCHEME". Government of India. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  2. ^ a b Michael Lokshin; Monica Das Gupta; Michele Gragnolati andOleksiy Ivaschenko (2005). "Improving Child Nutrition? The Integrated Child Development Services in India" (PDF). Development and Change. 36 (4): 613–640. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  3. ^ "Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)".
  4. ^ "Has the ICDS helped reduce stunting in India?". ideasforindia.in. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  5. ^ "Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (per 1000 live births) | NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India". niti.gov.in. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  6. ^ "India's Under-5 Mortality Now Matches Global Average, But Bangladesh, Nepal Do Better". IndiaSpend. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  7. ^ a b "UNICEF - Respecting the rights of the Indian child". UNICEF. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  8. ^ Kapil, U. (July 2002). "Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme: a program for holistic development of children in India". Indian J Pediatr. 69 (7). Indian Journal of Pediatrics: 597–601. doi:10.1007/bf02722688. PMID 12173700.
  9. ^ a b c d e Dhar, Aarti (27 January 2011). "Infant mortality rate shows decline". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012.
  10. ^ a b c "The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)". UNICEF. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  11. ^ a b "Supreme Court Commissioners". sccommissioners.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  12. ^ "The WHO Child Growth Standards". World Health Organisation. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  13. ^ "Early childhood development and nutrition in India". Oxford Policy Management. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  14. ^ "CHAPTER 2 THE INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES PROGRAM (ICDS) – ARE RESULTS MEETING EXPECTATIONS?" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
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