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|caption3 = Thalassery ''biryani'' with ''[[raita]]''
|caption3 = Thalassery ''biryani'' with ''[[raita]]''
|image4 = Calicut Halwa.jpg
|image4 = Calicut Halwa.jpg
|caption4 = Halwas are popular in Kerala
|caption4 = Halwas are popular in towns like [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Ponnani]]
}}
}}
[[Halal|Muslim cuisine]] or [[Mappila]] cuisine is a blend of traditional [[Kerala]], [[Cuisine of Iran|Persian]], [[Yemeni cuisine|Yemenese]] and [[Arab]] food culture.<ref name="MC">{{Cite news|title=Straight from the Malabar Coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece|last=Sabhnani|first=Dhara Vora|date=June 14, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.<ref name="MC"/> ''Kallummakkaya'' ([[mussels]]) [[curry]], ''irachi puttu'' (''irachi'' meaning meat), ''parottas'' (soft flatbread),<ref name="MC"/> ''[[Pathiri]]'' (a type of rice pancake)<ref name="MC"/> and ''[[ghee]]'' rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—[[black pepper]], [[cardamom]] and [[clove]] are used profusely.
[[Halal|Muslim cuisine]] or [[Mappila]] cuisine is a blend of traditional [[Kerala]], [[Cuisine of Iran|Persian]], [[Yemeni cuisine|Yemenese]] and [[Arab]] food culture.<ref name="MC">{{Cite news|title=Straight from the Malabar Coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece|last=Sabhnani|first=Dhara Vora|date=June 14, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.<ref name="MC"/> ''Kallummakkaya'' ([[mussels]]) [[curry]], ''irachi puttu'' (''irachi'' meaning meat), ''parottas'' (soft flatbread),<ref name="MC"/> ''[[Pathiri]]'' (a type of rice pancake)<ref name="MC"/> and ''[[ghee]]'' rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—[[black pepper]], [[cardamom]] and [[clove]] are used profusely.


The [[Malabar District|Malabar]] version of ''[[biryani]]'', popularly known as ''kuzhi mandi'' in [[Malayalam]] is another popular item, which has an influence from [[Yemen]]. Various varieties of ''biriyanis'' like [[Thalassery biriyani|Thalassery ''biriyani'']], Kannur ''biriyani'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-23|title=Thalassery Chicken Biriyani|url=https://www.thetakeiteasychef.com/thalassery-chicken-biriyani-recipe|access-date=2021-05-13|website=The Take It Easy Chef|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kozhikode ''biriyani''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shamsul|date=2016-05-07|title=Calicut Biryani Recipe I Kozhikodan Biriyani Recipe|url=https://www.cookawesome.com/calicut-biryani-recipe-kozhikodan-biriyani-recipe/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=CookAwesome|language=en-US}}</ref> and Ponnani ''biriyani''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/chicken_and_rosewater_70042|access-date=2021-05-13|website=BBC Food|language=en}}</ref> are prepared by the Mappila community.<ref name="MC"/>
The [[Malabar District|Malabar]] version of ''[[biryani]]'', is known as Thalassery Biriyani <ref>https://www.indianhealthyrecipes.com/thalassery-chicken-biryani-recipe/</ref>
The snacks include ''[[Unnakai|unnakkaya]]'' (deep-fried, boiled ripe [[banana]] paste covering a mixture of cashew, [[raisins]] and [[sugar]]),<ref name="MC_2">{{Cite news|title=Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece|last=Kurian|first=Shijo|date=July 2, 2014|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Pazham pori|pazham nirachathu]]'' (ripe banana filled with [[coconut]] grating, [[molasses]] or sugar),<ref name="MC_2"/> ''[[Fios de ovos|muttamala]]'' made of [[egg as food|eggs]],<ref name="MC"/> ''[[chatti pathiri]]'', a [[dessert]] made of flour, like a baked, layered ''chapati'' with rich filling, ''arikkadukka'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=Arikkadukka - Spicy Stuffed Mussels|url=https://www.facesplacesandplates.com/arikkadukka-spicy-stuffed-mussels/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Faces Places and Plates|language=en-US}}</ref> and more.<ref name="MC"/>
The snacks include ''[[Unnakai|unnakkaya]]'' (deep-fried, boiled ripe [[banana]] paste covering a mixture of cashew, [[raisins]] and [[sugar]]),<ref name="MC_2">{{Cite news|title=Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece|last=Kurian|first=Shijo|date=July 2, 2014|access-date=January 26, 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Pazham pori|pazham nirachathu]]'' (ripe banana filled with [[coconut]] grating, [[molasses]] or sugar),<ref name="MC_2"/> ''[[Fios de ovos|muttamala]]'' made of [[egg as food|eggs]],<ref name="MC"/> ''[[chatti pathiri]]'', a [[dessert]] made of flour, like a baked, layered ''chapati'' with rich filling, ''arikkadukka'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=Arikkadukka - Spicy Stuffed Mussels|url=https://www.facesplacesandplates.com/arikkadukka-spicy-stuffed-mussels/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Faces Places and Plates|language=en-US}}</ref> and more.<ref name="MC"/>

Revision as of 10:43, 15 June 2021

Kerala cuisine is a culinary style originating in the Kerala, a region in the south of India. Kerala cuisine offers a multitude of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes prepared using fish, poultry and red meat with rice a typical accompaniment. Chillies, curry leaves, coconut, mustard seeds, turmeric, tamarind, and asafoetida are all frequently used.

Kerala is known as the "Land of Spices" because it traded spices with Europe as well as with many ancient civilizations with the oldest historical records of the Sumerians from 3000 BCE.[1][2]

Historical and cultural influences

In addition to historical diversity, cultural influences, particularly the large introduction of Muslims and Christians, have also added unique dishes and styles to Kerala cuisine, especially non-vegetarian dishes. The meat-eating habits of the people were historically limited by religious taboos. Brahmins avoid non-vegetarian items.

However, most modern-day Hindus do not observe any dietary taboos, except a few of those belonging to upper castes who do not consume beef or pork.[3] Most Muslims do not eat pork and other items forbidden by Islamic law. Alcohol is available in Kerala in many hotels and over a thousand bars and liquor stores.

Overview

A restaurant menu in Kerala
Traditional Kerala sadhya
Idiyappam served with curry

One of the traditional Kerala dishes is vegetarian and is called the Kerala sadhya, which is an elaborate banquet prepared for festivals and ceremonies. A full-course sadhya, which consists of rice with about 20 different accompaniments and desserts, is the ceremonial meal of Kerala eaten usually on celebratory occasions including marriages, Onam and Vishu. It is served on a plantain leaf.

Because of its rich trading heritage, over time various indigenous Kerala dishes have been blended with foreign dishes to adapt them to local tastes. Coconuts grow in abundance in Kerala, so grated coconut and coconut milk are commonly used for thickening and flavouring.[4]

Kerala's long coastline and numerous rivers have led to a strong fishing industry in the region, making seafood a common part of meals. Rice is grown in abundance along with tapioca. It is the main starch ingredient used in Kerala's food.[5]

Having been a major production area of spices for thousands of years, the region makes frequent use of black pepper, cardamom, clove, ginger, and cinnamon. Kerala also has a variety of breakfast dishes like idli, dosa, appam, idiyappam, puttu, and pathiri.[6]

Hindu cuisine

Main article: Sadhya
A typical sadhya, where banana leaves are used as plates
Sadhya items ready to be served. Clockwise from top: paayasam, bitter gourd thoran, aviyal, kaalan, lime pickle, sambar, and buttermilk with boiled rice in center

The vast majority of Kerala's Hindus, except certain communities and ovo-lacto vegetarians, eat fish, and chicken.[7]

Muslim cuisine

See also: Thalassery cuisine
Pathiri, a pancake made of rice flour, is one of the common breakfast dishes among Mappilas
Kallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka (mussels stuffed with rice)
Thalassery biryani with raita
Halwas are popular in towns like Kannur, Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Ponnani

Muslim cuisine or Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian, Yemenese and Arab food culture.[8] This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.[8] Kallummakkaya (mussels) curry, irachi puttu (irachi meaning meat), parottas (soft flatbread),[8] Pathiri (a type of rice pancake)[8] and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely.

The Malabar version of biryani, popularly known as kuzhi mandi in Malayalam is another popular item, which has an influence from Yemen. Various varieties of biriyanis like Thalassery biriyani, Kannur biriyani,[9] Kozhikode biriyani[10] and Ponnani biriyani[11] are prepared by the Mappila community.[8]

The snacks include unnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, raisins and sugar),[12] pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, molasses or sugar),[12] muttamala made of eggs,[8] chatti pathiri, a dessert made of flour, like a baked, layered chapati with rich filling, arikkadukka,[13] and more.[8]

Christian cuisine

Main article: Theenmura
Kozhukkatta is prepared by Saint Thomas Christians on the Saturday prior to Palm Sunday and the day is hence called Kozhukatta Saturday.
Pidiyum Kozhiyum
Meen molee
Irachi ularthiathu

Christians of Kerala—especially Mar Thoma Nasranis (St Thomas Christians)—have their own cuisine which is a blend of Indian, Middle Eastern, Syrian, Jewish and Western styles and flavours of cooking. Particularly well-developed are the snacks and savouries of Christians such as achappam, kozhukkatta, kuzhalappam, avalose (rice flour and coconut), churuttu,[14] vattayappam, kumbilappam, neyyappam and unniyappam.

A favourite dish of Kerala Christians is mappas, or chicken stew.[15] For this dish, chicken, potatoes and onions are simmered gently in a creamy white sauce flavoured with black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, green chillies, lime juice, shallots and coconut milk. In Central Kerala this is made only with beef or lamb, the usage of chicken in stew is very rare.[16] Lamb and duck can replace chicken in the stew recipe.

Pidi is another dish made mainly by Syrian Christians from Central Kerala (Ernakulam and Thrissur), consisting of dumplings made from rice powder boiled in a mixture of coconut, rice powder, cumin seeds and garlic.[16]

Other dishes include piralen (chicken stir-fried), meat thoran (dry curry with shredded coconut), seafood and duck curries, and meen molee (spicy stewed fish).[16] This is eaten with appam.[16] Meen mulakittathu or meen vevichathu (fish in fiery red chilli sauce) is another favourite item.[16]

Latin christians in Kerala follow the Portuguese heritage and lifestyle. Bread and stew are served after cake and wine at the banquet, followed by a meal with fish, cutlets, salads, pork, vindaloo, fish moli, duck roast and mustad (mustard and coriander skins fried in vinegar) are important in the diet.[clarification needed][16]

In addition to chicken and fish, Christians along with a section of Hindus and all Muslims in Kerala eat red meat. Irachi ularthiathu is a beef dish cooked with spices.[16]

References

  1. ^ "Of Kerala Egypt and the Spice link". The Hindu. Thiruvananthapuram, India. 28 January 2014.
  2. ^ Striving for sustainability, environmental stress and democratic initiatives in Kerala, p. 79; ISBN 81-8069-294-9, Srikumar Chattopadhyay, Richard W. Franke; Year: 2006.
  3. ^ Social mobility in Kerala Kanjirathara Chandy Alexander
  4. ^ Zero Oil South Indian Cook Book. Dr. Bimal Chhajer. 21 February 2008. ISBN 9788128805127.
  5. ^ India, [report prepared by] Planning Commission, Government of (2008). Kerala development report. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. ISBN 978-8171885947.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Bhandari Laveesh (2009). Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts and Figures – Kerala. Pearson Education India. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-81-317-2340-1. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  7. ^ Chatterjee, editors: Ashok K. Dutt, H.N. Misra, Meera (2008). Explorations in applied geography (Eastern economy ed.). New Delhi: Asoke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India, Private Limited. ISBN 9788120333840. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019). "Straight from the Malabar Coast". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  9. ^ "Thalassery Chicken Biriyani". The Take It Easy Chef. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  10. ^ Shamsul (7 May 2016). "Calicut Biryani Recipe I Kozhikodan Biriyani Recipe". CookAwesome. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe". BBC Food. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  12. ^ a b Kurian, Shijo (2 July 2014). "Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  13. ^ "Arikkadukka - Spicy Stuffed Mussels". Faces Places and Plates. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Tasty Teatime Snack - Kottayam Churuttu". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  15. ^ Manchanda, Monika. "Chicken Mapas Recipe - Chicken in Coconut Milk Curry". Archana's Kitchen. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Marks, Gil (2010), Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, John Wiley and sons
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