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== Classification == |
== Classification == |
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Tutong is an [[Austronesian language]] and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia, and [[Sarawak]], Malaysia.<ref name="Martin 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Peter W. |date=1995 |title=Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages= |
Tutong is an [[Austronesian language]] and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia, and [[Sarawak]], Malaysia.<ref name="Martin 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Peter W. |date=1995 |title=Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam? |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=27–43 |doi=10.2307/3623110|jstor=3623110 }}</ref> Tutong is related to the [[Belait language|Belait]] language and roughly 54% of the words come from a common root.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nothofer |first=Bernd |title=Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1 |date=1991 |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=0-85883-402-2 |editor-last=Steinhauer |editor-first=H. |series=Pacific Linguistics Series A-81 |location=Canberra |pages=151–176 |language=en |chapter=The Languages of Brunei Darussalam |doi=10.15144/PL-A81.151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== Language use == |
== Language use == |
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Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and [[code-mixing|code-mix]] or [[code-switching|code-shift]] with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |date=2012 |title=Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei |journal=Language Documentation and Conservation |language=en |volume=6 |pages=253–267 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/4539}}</ref> The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0–6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers.<ref name="Martin 1995" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coluzzi |first=Paolo |date=2010 |title=Endangered Languages in Borneo: A Survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=119–143 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0063}}</ref> This means it is considered [[Endangered language|endangered]]. |
Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and [[code-mixing|code-mix]] or [[code-switching|code-shift]] with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |date=2012 |title=Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei |journal=Language Documentation and Conservation |language=en |volume=6 |pages=253–267 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/4539}}</ref> The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0–6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers.<ref name="Martin 1995" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coluzzi |first=Paolo |date=2010 |title=Endangered Languages in Borneo: A Survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=119–143 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0063|s2cid=144349072 }}</ref> This means it is considered [[Endangered language|endangered]]. |
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Nonetheless, there is interest in [[language revitalization|revitalising the language]]. Since 2012, a module has been taught in Tutong at [[Universiti Brunei Darussalam]].<ref name="McLellan 2014">{{Cite journal |last=McLellan |first=James |date=2014 |title=Strategies for Revitalizing Endangered Borneo Languages: A Comparison Between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia. |url=http://fass.ubd.edu.bn/SEA/vol14/SEA-v14-mclellan.pdf |journal=Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal |language=en |volume=14 |pages=14–22}}</ref> Similarly, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Brunei's language agency) published a Tutong–Malay, Malay–Tutong dictionary in 1991 and a word list of several Brunei languages in 2011.<ref name="Martin 1995" /><ref name="McLellan 2014" /> |
Nonetheless, there is interest in [[language revitalization|revitalising the language]]. Since 2012, a module has been taught in Tutong at [[Universiti Brunei Darussalam]].<ref name="McLellan 2014">{{Cite journal |last=McLellan |first=James |date=2014 |title=Strategies for Revitalizing Endangered Borneo Languages: A Comparison Between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia. |url=http://fass.ubd.edu.bn/SEA/vol14/SEA-v14-mclellan.pdf |journal=Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal |language=en |volume=14 |pages=14–22}}</ref> Similarly, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Brunei's language agency) published a Tutong–Malay, Malay–Tutong dictionary in 1991 and a word list of several Brunei languages in 2011.<ref name="Martin 1995" /><ref name="McLellan 2014" /> |
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Revision as of 04:55, 17 June 2021
| Tutong | |
|---|---|
| Tutong 2 | |
| Region | Brunei |
Native speakers | 17,000 (2006)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ttg |
| Glottolog | tuto1241 |
The Tutong language, also known as Tutong 2, is a language spoken by approximately 17,000 people in Brunei. It is the main language of the Tutong people, the majority ethnic group in the Tutong District of Brunei.
Classification
Tutong is an Austronesian language and belongs to the Rejang–Baram group of languages spoken in Brunei as well as Kalimantan, Indonesia, and Sarawak, Malaysia.[2] Tutong is related to the Belait language and roughly 54% of the words come from a common root.[3]
Language use
Today, many speakers of Tutong are shifting away from the traditional language and code-mix or code-shift with Brunei Malay, Standard Malay and English.[4] The language has been given a vitality rating of 2.5 based on a scale of 0–6 that uses the measures of the rate of transmission to future generations, the level of official support, and the geographical concentration of speakers.[2][5] This means it is considered endangered.
Nonetheless, there is interest in revitalising the language. Since 2012, a module has been taught in Tutong at Universiti Brunei Darussalam.[6] Similarly, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Brunei's language agency) published a Tutong–Malay, Malay–Tutong dictionary in 1991 and a word list of several Brunei languages in 2011.[2][6]
References
- ^ Tutong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Martin, Peter W. (1995). "Whiter the Indigenous Languages of Brunei Darussalam?". Oceanic Linguistics. 34 (1): 27–43. doi:10.2307/3623110. JSTOR 3623110.
- ^ Nothofer, Bernd (1991). "The Languages of Brunei Darussalam". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1. Pacific Linguistics Series A-81. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 151–176. doi:10.15144/PL-A81.151. ISBN 0-85883-402-2.
- ^ Clynes, Adrian (2012). "Dominant Language Transfer in Minority Language Documentation Projects: Some Examples from Brunei". Language Documentation and Conservation. 6: 253–267. hdl:10125/4539.
- ^ Coluzzi, Paolo (2010). "Endangered Languages in Borneo: A Survey among the Iban and Murut (Lun Bawang) in Temburong, Brunei". Oceanic Linguistics. 49 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0063. S2CID 144349072.
- ^ a b McLellan, James (2014). "Strategies for Revitalizing Endangered Borneo Languages: A Comparison Between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia" (PDF). Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 14: 14–22.
Resources
- Haji Ramlee Tunggal (2005). Struktur Bahasa Tutong [Tutong Language Structure] (in Malay). Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei.
- Noor Azam Haji-Othman (2005). Linguistic Diversity in Negara Brunei Darussalam: An Ecological Perspective (PhD thesis). University of Leicester. hdl:2381/30897.