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== Mutations ==
== Mutations ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="400px">
[[File:SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant.svg|center|thumb|1024px|Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on Spike.]]
File:SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant.svg|Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on Spike.
</gallery>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" align="right" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" align="right" style="text-align: center;"
|+ {{nowrap|Defining mutations in Gamma variant}}
|+ {{nowrap|Defining mutations in Gamma variant}}

Revision as of 18:01, 30 June 2021

Total number of P.1 sequences by country as of 21 April 2021[1]
Legend:
  1,000+ confirmed sequences
  500–999 confirmed sequences
  100–499 confirmed sequences
  2–99 confirmed sequences
  1 confirmed sequence
  None or no data available

Gamma variant, also known as lineage P.1[a], is one of the variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.[8]This variant of SARS-CoV-2 has been named lineage P.1 and has 17 amino acid substitutions, ten of which are in its spike protein, including these three designated to be of particular concern: N501Y, E484K and K417T.[7][9] This variant of SARS-CoV-2 was first detected by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Japan, on 6 January 2021 in four people who had arrived in Tokyo having visited Amazonas, Brazil, four days earlier.[7][10] It was subsequently declared to be in circulation in Brazil.[7] Under the simplified naming scheme proposed by the World Health Organization, P.1 has been labeled Gamma variant, and is considered a variant of concern.[11]

Gamma caused widespread infection in early 2021 in the city of Manaus, the capital of Amazonas, although the city had already experienced widespread infection, in May 2020,[12] with a study,[13] indicating high seroprevalence of antibodies for SARS-CoV-2.[14] A research article published in Science Journal indicate that P.1 diseased people has greater chance of transmissibility and death than B.1.1.28 infected.

Lineage P.1 comprises the two distinct subvariants 28-AM-1 and 28-AM-2, which both carry the K417T, E484K, N501Y mutations, and both developed independently of each other within the same Brazilian Amazonas region.[15]

Gamma is notably different from the other Brazilian Zeta variant (lineage P.2). In particular, Zeta only carries the E484K mutation and has neither of the other two mutations of concern, N501Y and K417T.[15][9]

Taxonomy

Initial reports claimed that both P.1 and P.2 were two separate and different descendants of the Brazilian lineage B.1.1.248.[16][17] However, B.1.1.248 later lost its status as a distinct lineage and was reclassified to B.1.1.28.[18] P.1 has also been called B.1.1.28.1,[19] while P.2 has been B.1.1.28.2 or VUI-202101/01.[20] Since only three sublevels are permitted in the PANGO Lineage system of nomenclature, hence the designation of B.1.1.28.1 to P.1 and B.1.1.28.2 to P.2.[7][21]

Research

On 12 January 2021, the Brazil–United Kingdom CADDE Centre confirmed 13 local cases of lineage P.1 in Manaus, Amazonas state, the largest city of the Amazon rain forest.[7] The new lineage was absent in 27 samples collected from March to November from Manaus, but it was identified for the same city in 42% (n=13/31) of the samples collected 15–23 December 2020, followed by 52.2% (n=35/67) during 15–31 December and 85.4% (n=41/48) during 1–9 January 2021. Most notably, the P.2 was rapidly outcompeted by P1 going from the second half of December to 1–9 January, where the lineage P.2 share for Manaus decreased from 25.4% to 6.3%.[7][22]

A study of 180 sequenced Brazilian samples collected in the state of Rio de Janeiro during 2020, identified emergence of the novel lineage P.2 of SARS-CoV-2 (originating from B.1.1.28). P.2 was first detected by genome sequencing in October 2020, but it was estimated to have emerged in early July 2020.[23] As of December 2020, although having significantly increased in frequency throughout the state, it was still largely confined to the state capital Rio de Janeiro. In May 2020 the main lineages behind the COVID-19 positives were B.1.1.33 (70%) and B.1.1.28 (20%), whereas by September the main lineages were B.1.1.33 (50%) and B.1.1.28 (40%), with no detected presence of P.2, while during October and November P.2 was the most common lineage with a share close to 50% (according to the Pangolin tool).[24] The study also found the E484K mutation as "widely spread" across all analysed P.2 samples (36 out of 38).[24]

Researchers at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation published a preprint genomic epidemiology study of 250 collected genomes from different places in Amazonas and found that P.1 infections can produce nearly 10 times more viral load than in other COVID-19-infected persons involving lineages B.1.1.28 and B.1.195. The lineage also showed 2.2 times higher transmissibility with the same ability to infect both adults (18–59 years old) and older persons (60 years old and higher), suggesting P.1 and its sublineages are more successful at infecting younger humans with no gender differential.[25]

The Centre for Arbovirus Discovery, Diagnosis, Genomics and Epidemiology (CADDE) produced another journal article of samples collected in Manaus between November 2020 and January 2021. The study indicated lineage P.1 to be 2.0 times (50% CrI, 1.7–2.4 times) more transmissible and was shown to be capable of evading 32% (50% CrI, 21–46%) of inherited immunity from previous coronavirus diseases, leading to the possibility of reinfection. These increased statistics also had the same reflection in fatality, in that P.1 infections can be 50% (50% CrI, 20–90%) more lethal.[26][27][28] As part of ongoing research, the variant's capacity to neutralise antibodies has been evaluated by scientists in a published preprint work demonstrating that 8 CoronaVac-immunised persons had a poor blood plasma response against lineage P.1. Since the study only had a small number of participants, it was not possible to establish any statistical conclusion as a larger number of vaccinated people would need to be studied.[29] Scientists at MIT, Harvard and Cambridge, and hospitals physicians in Boston, corroborated that people fully vaccinated with Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have significantly decreased neutralisation with P.1—in a preprint work.[30]

Mutations

  • Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on Spike.
    Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on Spike.
Defining mutations in Gamma variant
Gene Amino acid
ORF1ab synT733C
synC2749T
S1188L
K1795Q
del11288-11296 (3675-3677 SGF)
synC12778T
synC13860T
E5665D
Spike L18F
T20N
P26S
D138Y
R190S
K417T
E484K
N501Y
H 655Y
T1027I
ORF8 E92K
ins28269-28273
N P80R
Source: Faria et al. (2021), Figure 1.B

Variants of SARS-CoV-2 As well as having eight mutations (four of these synonymous genetic mutations) in its open reading frames (ORF1a and ORF1b) – one of which is a set of deletions – Gamma has 10 defining mutations in its spike protein, including N501Y and E484K. It also has two mutations – one an insertion – in its ORF8 region and one in its N region.[7][31]

Descendant and sublineages

Coronavirus lineage B.1.1.28 has originated four known lineages classified as variant of interest (VOI) or variant of concern (VOC): lineages P.1, P.2, P.3 and P.4.

Lineage P.2 (B.1.1.28.2, Zeta variant), first detected in October 2020 in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, only shares one mutation of concern with P.1, which is the E484K.[32] The other P.2 mutations are without concern and rarely found for other variants. The five P.2-specific mutations are: E484K in S-gene, A119S in N-gene, 5’UTR C100U, plus L3468V and synC11824U in ORF1ab-gene. Other mutations commonly found in P.2 are: 3’UTR C29754U, F120F (synC28253U) in ORF8, M234I in the N-gene, plus L3930F and synA12964G in ORF1ab.[23]

Lineage P.3 (Theta variant) was first identified in the Philippines on 18 February 2021 when two mutations of concern were detected in Central Visayas.[33]

The remaining B.1.1.28 derivative virus is lineage P.4. Although researchers have not identified its precise origin, it was first sequenced in Itirapina, Brazil, and was already circulating in various municipalities in the state of São Paulo of the same country. It carries a mutation of concern in the spike protein called L452R which is also present in lineage B.1.617 (Delta and Kappa variants) detected in India, Epsilon variant (lineages B.1.427 and B.1.429) from California, United States.[34][35] The branch of this lineage is P.4.1 (VUI-NP13L)—suspected to have arisen in Goiás, Brazil, around June–July 2020— also rapidly spread to the southeast of the country, where for example Taquara had its first genome sequence, and to the northeast of the nation. It was detected internationally, with reported cases in Japan, Netherlands and England. The P.4.1 has V1176F and D614G mutations in spike protein.[36]

Detection

Following its detection, genome data for four samples of the new variant were shared to GISAID having been assigned the ID range: EPI_ISL_792680 to EPI_ISL_792683.[37]

Circulation

Development of the Gamma variant
(share of analyzed SARS-CoV-2–positive tests in a given week)
Country Region Sector Test Week 12[38] Week 13 Week 14[39] Week 15 Week 16 Week 17
 Peru Lima Lima Metropolitana 39.70%
Lima Este 63.20%
Lima Norte 50.00%
Lima Sur 41.90%
Central Lima 25.00%
Cajamarca Unknown 75.00%
Cuzco Unknown 70.00%
Madre de Dios Unknown 52.50%
Ucayali Unknown 47.60%
Piura Unknown 25.00%
La Libertad Unknown 25.00%
Ayacucho Unknown 20.00%
Loreto Unknown 08.10% 08.10%
Ancash Unknown 02.50%

Statistics

Cases by country
Country Confirmed cases Suspected cases First detection References
 Japan 96 0 6 January 2021 [40][41][42]
 Brazil 10,556 0 14 January 2021 [43][7][42]
 South Korea 3 0 18 January 2021 [44]
 Faroe Islands 1 0 18 January 2021 [45][42]
 Denmark 40 0 3 March 2021 [46][47][42]
 Finland 2 0 18 February 2021 [48]
 Germany 276 0 22 January 2021 [49][42]
 Italy 838 0 25 January 2021 [50][51][52][42]
 Ireland 25 0 19 February 2021 [53][54][55][56][57][42]
 United States 15,786 0 25 January 2021 [58][59][60][42]
 Peru 103 0 4 February 2021 [61][62][63][64][65]
 Netherlands 499 0 29 January 2021 [66][42]
 Colombia 165 0 30 January 2021 [67][68][42]
 Croatia 2 0 18 February 2021 [69]
 Turkey 166 0 3 February 2021 [70][71][42][72]
 France 219 0 4 February 2021 [42][73]
 Canada 17,881 0 7 February 2021 [42][74][75][76]
 Argentina 230 0 8 February 2021 [77][42]
 Portugal 148 0 11 February 2021 [78][79][80][42]
 Belgium 1,333 0 16 February 2021 [42]
 French Guiana 225 0 16 February 2021 [42]
 Spain 635 0 16 February 2021 [42]
  Switzerland 153 0 16 February 2021 [42]
 Mexico 814 0 28 January 2021 [42]
 Sweden 68 0 20 February 2021 [81][42]
 United Kingdom 155 0 28 February 2021 [42][82][83][84][85]
 India 2 0 17 February 2021 [86]
 Australia 5 0 6 March 2021 [42]
 Romania 5 0 8 March 2021 [87][42]
 Sint Maarten 1 0 10 March 2021 [42]
 Philippines 2 0 13 March 2021 [88][89]
 New Zealand 7 0 18 March 2021 [42]
 Slovenia 4 0 21 March 2021 [42]
 Uruguay 112 0 22 March 2021 [90]
 Chile 975 0 24 March 2021 [91][42]
 Paraguay 53 0 25 March 2021 [92][42]
 Aruba 96 0 29 March 2021 [42]
 Luxembourg 43 0 30 March 2021 [42]
 Jordan 5 0 4 April 2021 [42]
 Costa Rica 32 0 11 April 2021 [42]
 Suriname 106 0 11 April 2021 [42]
 Ecuador 27 0 14 April 2021 [42]
 Singapore 8 0 16 April 2021 [42]
 Norway 4 0 24 February 2021 [42]
 Poland 5 0 13 April 2021 [42]
 Thailand 1 0 5 April 2021 [42]
 Guyane 1 0 3 May 2021 [42]
 Bangladesh 1 0 3 May 2021 [42]
 China 2 0 10 May 2021 [42]
 Lithuania 3 0 10 May 2021 [42]
 Curacao 6 0 24 April 2021 [42]
 Malta 22 0 18 April 2021 [42]
 Austria 17 0 15 April 2021 [42]
 Trinidad and Tobago 14 0 23 April 2021 [93][94][95]
 Haiti 46 0 15 May 2021 [42]
 Cayman Islands 1 0 17 June 2021 [42]
 Bolivia 10 0 19 March 2021 [42]
 Czech Republic 9 0 21 April 2021 [42]
 Dominican Republic 4 0 11 March 2021 [42]
 Israel 9 0 11 April 2021 [42]
 Venezuela 17 0 10 February 2021 [42]
 Taiwan 4 0 20 February 2021 [42]
  World
Total: 62 countries		 Total: 52,078 Total: 0 Total as of 27 June 2021

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Other names include:
    – 20J/501Y.V3
    – Variant of Concern 202101/02 (VOC-202101/02)[2]
    – Bolsonaro variant[3][4]
    – Brazilian variant or Brazil variant[5][6][7]

References

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  2. ^ Public Health England (27 February 2021). "Variants: distribution of cases data". GOV.UK. Retrieved 27 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Michele, Caputo (8 March 2021). "A variante Bolsonaro". www.gazetadopovo.com.br. Gazeta Do Povo Newspaper. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  4. ^ de Waal, Merijn (4 May 2021). "Zuid-Amerika leert: de pandemie is nog lang niet over. Integendeel" [South America learns: the pandemic is far from over. On the contrary.]. NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Netherlands. Retrieved 26 June 2021. De socialistische leider Nicolás Maduro wijt dit geheel aan de Braziliaanse virusmutatie, die hij graag „de Bolsonaro-variant" noemt..." ("Socialist leader Nicolás Maduro attributes this entirely to the Brazilian virus mutation, which he likes to refer to as "the Bolsonaro variant"...)
  5. ^ "Covid-19: Brazil virus already in UK 'not variant of concern', scientist says". www.bbc.com. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  6. ^ "COVID-19: Virologist says Brazilian coronavirus variant detected in UK is not the one 'of concern'". news.sky.com. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Faria, Nuno R.; Claro, Ingra Morales (12 January 2021). "Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings". Virological. Retrieved 23 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Newey, Sarah (12 January 2021). "Third concerning coronavirus variant should be a 'wake up call' to the world, experts warn". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  9. ^ a b Covid-19 Genomics UK Consortium (15 January 2021). "COG-UK Report on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of interest in the UK" (PDF). www.cogconsortium.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Japan finds new coronavirus variant in travelers from Brazil". Japan Today. Japan. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  11. ^ "Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". www.who.int. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
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  17. ^ Vinícius Bonetti Franceschi; et al. (26 January 2021). "Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Esteio, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". medrxiv. doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.21249906. Retrieved 7 March 2021. These lineages have already formed new sublineages. B.1.1.248 has evolved in N.1 (USA lineage), N.2 (French), N.3 (Argentinian), and N.4 (Chilean). Furthermore, B.1.1.248 has evolved in P.1 (Manaus lineage associated with a constellation of Spike mutations like B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 (Faria et al. 2021)) and P.2 (Rio de Janeiro lineage found in this study).
  18. ^ "PANGO lineages Lineage B.1.1.248". cov-lineages.org. Retrieved 26 February 2021. Brazilian lineage [B.1.1.248] reassigned B.1.1.28
  19. ^ Marlúcia Seixas (25 January 2021). "Fiocruz Amazon confirms reinfection by a new variation of the Sars-CoV-2". Fiocruz Amazon. Fiocruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.
  20. ^ "PANGO lineages Lineage P.2". cov-lineages.org. Retrieved 28 January 2021. P.2...Alias of B.1.1.28.2, Brazilian lineage
  21. ^ "P.1 report". cov-lineages.org. Retrieved 8 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ Danner, Chas (25 January 2021). "What We Know About the New P.1 Strain of the Coronavirus". nymag.com. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  23. ^ a b Carolina M. Voloch; et al. (1 March 2021). "Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" (PDF). Journal of Virology (JVI). doi:10.1128/JVI.00119-21. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  24. ^ a b Voloch, Carolina M.; et al. (2020). "Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Figure 5" (Document). pp. 2020.12.23.20248598. doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598. {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |access-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Nascimento, Valdinete; Souza, Victor (25 February 2021). "COVID-19 epidemic in the Brazilian state of Amazonas was driven by long-term persistence of endemic SARS-CoV-2 lineages and the recent emergence of the new Variant of Concern P.1" (Document). Research Square. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-275494/v1. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |access-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  26. ^ Andreoni, Manuela; Londoño, Ernesto; Casado, Leticia (3 March 2021). "Brazil's Covid Crisis Is a Warning to the Whole World, Scientists Say - Brazil is seeing a record number of deaths, and the spread of a more contagious coronavirus variant that may cause reinfection". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  27. ^ Zimmer, Carl (1 March 2021). "Virus Variant in Brazil Infected Many Who Had Already Recovered From Covid-19 - The first detailed studies of the so-called P.1 variant show how it devastated a Brazilian city. Now scientists want to know what it will do elsewhere". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  28. ^ Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DS, Mishra S, et al. (21 May 2021). "Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil". Science. 372 (6544): 815–821. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..815F. doi:10.1126/science.abh2644. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 8139423. PMID 33853970.
  29. ^ Souza, William; Amorim, Mariene; Sesti-Costa, Renata; Coimbra, Lais; Toledo-Teixeira, Daniel (1 March 2021). "Levels of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage P.1 Neutralization by Antibodies Elicited after Natural Infection and Vaccination". The Lancet. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3793486. S2CID 233861963. SSRN 3793486. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  30. ^ Garcia-Beltran, Wilfredo; Lam, Evan; Denis, Kerri (18 February 2021). "Circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity". medrxiv. doi:10.1101/2021.02.14.21251704. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  31. ^ Corum, Jonathan; Zimmer, Carl (24 February 2021). "Coronavirus Variants and Mutations (Section: The P.1 Lineage)". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  32. ^ Paola CR, Tiago G, Anna Carolina DP, Luciana A, Renata SL, et al. (11 March 2021). "A potential SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest (VOI) harboring mutation E484K in the Spike protein was identified within lineage B.1.1.33 circulating in Brazil". virological.org. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  33. ^ News, CNN Philippines (18 February 2021). "DOH confirms new COVID-19 mutations in Central Visayas". Retrieved 2 May 2021. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  34. ^ "Rede Corona-ômica.BR-MCTI informa possível nova variante da COVID-19 no interior de SP com mutação também encontrada na variante indiana". gov.br (in Portuguese). 4 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  35. ^ G1 São Carlos e Araraquara (25 May 2021). "Nova variante do coronavírus P.4 é identificada no interior de São Paulo, diz pesquisador da Unesp". g1.globo.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Sant’Anna, Fernando Hayashi; Muterle Varela, Ana Paula; Prichula, Janira; Comerlato, Juliana; Comerlato, Carolina Baldisserotto; Roglio, Vinicius Serafini; et al. (20 April 2021). "Emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage P.4.1 and massive spread of P.2 in South Brazil" (Document). doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.21255429. {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |access-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)
  37. ^ "Supplementary Table 1 Acknowledgement Table GISAID" (PDF). virological.org. GISAID. 14 January 2021. p. 10. Retrieved 14 January 2021. EPI_ISL_792680, EPI_ISL_792681, EPI_ISL_792682, EPI_ISL_792683 - Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka, Kentaro Itokawa, Rina Tanaka, Masanori Hashino, Makoto Kuroda
  38. ^ "INS: variante brasilera tiene una amplia circulación en varios distritos de Lima" [INS: Brazilian variant has a wide circulation in several districts of Lima] (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Salud (Perú). 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  39. ^ @INS_Peru (7 April 2021). "INS: Rastreamiento de las variantes de preocupación del SARS-CoV-2 en el Perú - Por departamentos" [INS: Tracking of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in Peru - By department] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 April 2021 – via Twitter.
  40. ^ "Brief report: New Variant Strain of SARS-CoV-2 Identified in Travelers from Brazil" (PDF) (Press release). Japan: NIID (National Institute of Infectious Diseases). 12 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  41. ^ "新たなコロナ変異種を確認 ブラジルから入国の4人" [New coronavirus Mutation Confirmed in 4 people from Brazil]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). Japan. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2021. 厚生労働省は10日、ブラジルから羽田空港に2日に到着した10～40代の男女4人が、新型コロナウイルスでこれまで確認されていないタイプの変異種に感染していたと発表した。国内での変異種への感染確認は計34人になった (The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare announced on the 10th that four men and women in their teens and 40s who arrived at Haneda Airport from Brazil on the 2nd were infected with a type of mutation that had not been confirmed so far with the new coronavirus.)
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb "PANGO Lineages - B.1.28". cov-lineages.org. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  43. ^ Biernath, André (14 January 2021). "Coronavirus: qué se sabe sobre la nueva variante encontrada en Brasil (y que llegó a Japón)" [Coronavirus: what is known about the new variant found in Brazil (and that reached Japan)]. BBC Brasil (in Spanish). Sao Paulo. Retrieved 18 January 2021. Los científicos analizaron el material genético de 31 muestras de pacientes con covid-19 en la ciudad de Manaos... ...De ellos, 13 individuos (el 42% del total) presentaban justamente ese nuevo linaje del virus. Scientists analyzed the genetic material of 31 samples from patients with covid-19 in the city of Manaus... ...Of them, 13 individuals (42% of the total) presented precisely this new lineage of the virus.
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