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The role of the Blue Police in the collaboration with the Nazis is difficult to assess as a whole, and is often a matter of dispute<ref name="Piotrowski">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Tadeusz Piotrowski]] | coauthors = | title =Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... | year =1997 | editor = | pages =108-110 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =McFarland & Company | location = | id =ISBN 0-7864-0371-3| url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0786403713&id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&ots=0IkRP4SH2_&dq=Blue+Police+Poland&sig=Z7PTKUbBMbkEFTbfZexAGgetjgE#PPA110,M1 | format = | accessdate = }} See also [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm review]</ref>. On one side up to thirty percent of the police personnel belonged to Polish [[underground resistance]] organization [[Armia Krajowa]]<ref name="Paczkowski-2">Paczkowski (op.cit., [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0271023082&id=WoKQWem2yl4C&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=Blue+Police+Poland&sig=vajOBIBsbx6RYJ24eRN86w_21CY#PPA60,M1 p.60]) cites 10% of policemen and 20% of officers</ref>, mostly in the counter-intelligence of the Home Army and the [[Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa]]<ref name="PWN">{{pl icon}} {{cite encyclopedia | year = 2005 | title = Policja Polska Generalnego Gubernatorstwa | encyclopedia =Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN | url= http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3959423 | publisher = [[Państwowe Wydawnictwa Naukowe]] | location = Warsaw | id = }}</ref>. Some authors underline that the Blue Police followed German orders reluctantly <ref name="Paulsson">{{en icon}} |
The role of the Blue Police in the collaboration with the Nazis is difficult to assess as a whole, and is often a matter of dispute<ref name="Piotrowski">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Tadeusz Piotrowski]] | coauthors = | title =Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... | year =1997 | editor = | pages =108-110 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =McFarland & Company | location = | id =ISBN 0-7864-0371-3| url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0786403713&id=A4FlatJCro4C&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&ots=0IkRP4SH2_&dq=Blue+Police+Poland&sig=Z7PTKUbBMbkEFTbfZexAGgetjgE#PPA110,M1 | format = | accessdate = }} See also [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm review]</ref>. On one side up to thirty percent of the police personnel belonged to Polish [[underground resistance]] organization [[Armia Krajowa]]<ref name="Paczkowski-2">Paczkowski (op.cit., [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0271023082&id=WoKQWem2yl4C&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=Blue+Police+Poland&sig=vajOBIBsbx6RYJ24eRN86w_21CY#PPA60,M1 p.60]) cites 10% of policemen and 20% of officers</ref>, mostly in the counter-intelligence of the Home Army and the [[Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa]]<ref name="PWN">{{pl icon}} {{cite encyclopedia | year = 2005 | title = Policja Polska Generalnego Gubernatorstwa | encyclopedia =Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN | url= http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3959423 | publisher = [[Państwowe Wydawnictwa Naukowe]] | location = Warsaw | id = }}</ref>. Some authors underline that the Blue Police followed German orders reluctantly <ref name="Paulsson">{{en icon}} |
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{{cite book | author =Gunnar S. Paulsson | coauthors = | title =The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies | year =2004 | editor = | pages =118 | chapter =The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw | chapterurl = | publisher =Routledge | location =London | id =ISBN 0415275091 | url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN041527513X&id=7xC5wNo0edoC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Blue+Police+Poland&sig=BcLlPy6seaz_N6t708FM_4bOStg#PPA118,M1 | format = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Piotrowski"/> and that the officers had little choice but to obey the orders or face death<ref name="Hempel"/>. It is also often underlined that the Blue Police did often disobey German orders or even acted against them<ref name="Piotrowski"/>. On the other hand the police did take part in [[łapanka|street roundups]] and in the destruction of the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]<ref name="Ringelblum"/>, as well as numerous |
{{cite book | author =Gunnar S. Paulsson | coauthors = | title =The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies | year =2004 | editor = | pages =118 | chapter =The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw | chapterurl = | publisher =Routledge | location =London | id =ISBN 0415275091 | url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN041527513X&id=7xC5wNo0edoC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=Blue+Police+Poland&sig=BcLlPy6seaz_N6t708FM_4bOStg#PPA118,M1 | format = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Piotrowski"/> and that the officers had little choice but to obey the orders or face death<ref name="Hempel"/>. It is also often underlined that the Blue Police did often disobey German orders or even acted against them<ref name="Piotrowski"/>. On the other hand the police did take part in [[łapanka|street roundups]] and in the destruction of the [[Warsaw Ghetto]]<ref name="Ringelblum"/>, as well as the numerous executions of Poles, both of Polish and Jewish ancestry<ref name="Piotrowski"/>. |
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==Notes and references== |
==Notes and references== |
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Revision as of 14:57, 25 January 2007
The Blue Police, more correctly translated as The Navy-Blue Police (Template:Lang-pl, name originating from the colour of their uniforms) was the popular name of the collaborationist Polish police in the General Government during the Second World War. It was created by Nazi-Germany as an auxiliary paramilitary unit with the goal of executing law and order in occupied Poland. Initially used to deal with purely criminal activities, it was later used to also prevent smuggling and against the Polish Jewish population in the Ghettos. Similar police organizations existed in the all of the occupied countries. It was officially disbanded by the PKWN on August 27, 1944[1][2].
In 1939, General Governor Hans Frank, ordered the mobilization of the pre-war Polish police to the German service. The policemen were to report for duty or face arrest[3]. According to the German plan the police force was to consist of twelve thousand officers, but the actual number of its cadre was much lower[4][5]. However, some sources put the numbers as high as 14,300[6].
The Blue Police had no autonomy, and all of its high ranking officers came from the ranks of German police (Kriminalpolizei). It served the role of an auxiliary force, along with the police force guarding seats of administration (Schutzpolizei), Railway Police (Bahnschutz), Forest Police (Forstschutz) and Border Police (Grenzschutz)[7]. However, as the force was primarily a continuation of the pre-war police forces, it also relied largely on pre-war regulations and laws, a situation that was accepted both by the Nazis and by the legitimate Polish authorities[8]. The latter saw the existence of the Blue Police as a necessity. The Blue Police consisted primarily of Poles, with some Ukrainians, mostly in the eastern parts of General Government[8].
The role of the Blue Police in the collaboration with the Nazis is difficult to assess as a whole, and is often a matter of dispute[9]. On one side up to thirty percent of the police personnel belonged to Polish underground resistance organization Armia Krajowa[10], mostly in the counter-intelligence of the Home Army and the Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa[11]. Some authors underline that the Blue Police followed German orders reluctantly [12][9] and that the officers had little choice but to obey the orders or face death[8]. It is also often underlined that the Blue Police did often disobey German orders or even acted against them[9]. On the other hand the police did take part in street roundups and in the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto[6], as well as the numerous executions of Poles, both of Polish and Jewish ancestry[9].
Notes and references
- In-line:
- ^ Template:En icon Abraham J. Edelheit (1991). A World in Turmoil: An Integrated Chronology of the Holocaust and World War II. Greenwood Press. p. 311. ISBN 0313282188.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|chapterurl=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Andrzej Burda (1976). Polskie prawo państwowe. Warsaw: Państwowe Ẇydawnictwa Naukowe. p. 127.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Adam Hempel (1987). Policja granatowa w okupacyjnym systemie administracyjnym Generalnego Gubernatorstwa: 1939-1945. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych. p. 83.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Tadeusz Wroński (1974). Kronika okupowanego Krakowa. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. pp. 235–240.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Template:En icon Andrzej Paczkowski (2003). The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. Penn State Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-271-02308-2.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|chapterurl=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Template:En icon Emanuel Ringelblum (1992). Joseph Kermish (ed.). Polish-Jewish Relations During the Second World War. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0810109638.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Template:Pl icon Andrzej Daszkiewicz. Ruch oporu w regionie Beskidu Niskiego: 1939-1944. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa MON. pp. 9–10.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b c Template:Pl icon Adam Hempel (1990). Pogrobowcy klęski: rzecz o policji "granatowej" w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie 1939-1945. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 435. ISBN 8301092912.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b c d Template:En icon Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... McFarland & Company. pp. 108–110. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) See also review - ^ Paczkowski (op.cit., p.60) cites 10% of policemen and 20% of officers
- ^ Template:Pl icon "Policja Polska Generalnego Gubernatorstwa". Encyklopedia Internetowa PWN. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwa Naukowe. 2005.
- ^ Template:En icon
Gunnar S. Paulsson (2004). "The Demography of Jews in Hiding in Warsaw". The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. London: Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 0415275091.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help)