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== Description == |
== Description == |
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The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> As of 2017, the missile system has a range of about 120 kilometres at an altitude of 8 kilometres, with a speed of 2.3-2.5 [[Mach number|Mach]].<ref name=drdo /> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title= |
The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile [[Propulsion|propulsion system]] that includes a thrust modulated [[Air-augmented rocket|ducted rocket]] with a reduced smoke [[nozzle]]-less missile [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]].<ref name=drdo>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=DRDO Annual Report 2017|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/ebooks/drdo-annual-report-2017/mobile/index.html#p=91|journal=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|pages=79}}</ref> The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.<ref name="drdo" /> The system utilises a [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuelled]] air-breathing [[ramjet]] engine.<ref name="pib2" /><ref name="thbl" /><ref name="et" /> As of 2017, the missile system has a range of about 120 kilometres at an altitude of 8 kilometres, with a speed of 2.3-2.5 [[Mach number|Mach]].<ref name=drdo /> As per [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an [[oxidiser]]. Unlike [[solid-propellant rocket]], the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shankhyaneel|date=2021-03-05|title=DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-successfully-tests-sfdr-technology-in-a-bid-to-develop-long-range-missiles-101614947414299.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="et" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|title=DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay|website=FORCE India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050829/http://forceindia.net/feature-report/big-boost/|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> |
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Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" /> |
Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="pib2" /> However, the technology can also be applied to [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name="et" /> |
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* SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This test demonstrated a nozzle-less booster for the first time in India.<ref name=pib1>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=31 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the missile had failed to activate the second [[ramjet]] engine stage during the test.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms|title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-02|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> |
* SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This test demonstrated a nozzle-less booster for the first time in India.<ref name=pib1>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179682|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=31 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that the missile had failed to activate the second [[ramjet]] engine stage during the test.<ref name="et">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-tastes-only-partial-success-in-ramjet-test/articleshow/64423073.cms|title=India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-06-02|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> |
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*The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired [[Mach number]].<ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> |
*The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired [[Mach number]].<ref name=pib2>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=188278|title=Successful Flight Test of SFDR|date=8 February 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> |
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* DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur on 5 March 2021. "All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations," DRDO officials said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-technology-in-odisha-chandipur/728485|title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in |
* DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur on 5 March 2021. "All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations," DRDO officials said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/drdo-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-solid-fuel-ducted-ramjet-technology-in-odisha-chandipur/728485|title=DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur|date=5 March 2021|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 22:59, 5 July 2021
| Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet | |
|---|---|
_missile_being_tested_on_8_February_2019.jpg) SFDR based missile during its second flight | |
| Type | Missile Propulsion System |
| Place of origin | India |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Defence Research and Development Organization |
| References | [1][2] |
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) is a missile propulsion system currently being developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation of India. The project aims to develop critical technologies required in the propulsion systems of future Indian long range air-to-air missiles.[3]
Description
The Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet is a missile propulsion system that includes a thrust modulated ducted rocket with a reduced smoke nozzle-less missile booster.[2] The thrust modulation in the system is achieved using a hot gas flow controller.[2] The system utilises a solid fuelled air-breathing ramjet engine.[1][4][5] As of 2017, the missile system has a range of about 120 kilometres at an altitude of 8 kilometres, with a speed of 2.3-2.5 Mach.[2] As per International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), this kind of propulsion system drastically enhances the range with higher average speed. The missiles which use such system are also able to carry larger payload due to absence of an oxidiser. Unlike solid-propellant rocket, the Ramjet takes up oxygen from the atmosphere during flight.[6][5][7]
Officially, the technology is being developed to power future Indian air-to-air missiles.[1] However, the technology can also be applied to surface-to-air missiles.[5]
In its current form, the SFDR-based missile first requires to be boosted into a high-altitude trajectory to simulate aircraft-launch conditions. Subsequently, the nozzle-less booster fires up and guides the missile through its desired trajectory.[1]
Development
The development of the SFDR started in 2013 and envisaged a five-year deadline to begin actual demonstrations.[4] The missile is being developed primarily by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) and Research Centre Imarat (RCI) in Hyderabad.[4] High Energy Material Research Laboratory (HEMRL) developed the nozzle-less booster while the ramjet engine is being developed with Russian assistance.[5][8] Ground-based testing of the missile started in 2017.[2]
Testing
- SFDR was tested for the first time on 30 May 2018. This test demonstrated a nozzle-less booster for the first time in India.[9] The Economic Times reported that the missile had failed to activate the second ramjet engine stage during the test.[5]
- The second test of the missile occurred on 8 February 2019, where its ramjet engine was successfully tested. The missile finally touched the ground after achieving the desired Mach number.[1]
- DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur on 5 March 2021. "All subsystems, including the ground booster motor, performed as per our expectations," DRDO officials said.[10]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e "Successful Flight Test of SFDR". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "DRDO Annual Report 2017". Defence Research and Development Organisation: 79. 2017.
- ^ https://m.timesofindia.com/india/sfdr-missile-propulsion-system-successfully-tested/amp_articleshow/81350920.cms
- ^ a b c Somasekhar, M. (10 February 2019). "India successfully tests Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet propelled missile". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Pubby, Manu (2 June 2018). "India tastes only partial success in Ramjet test". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ^ Sarkar, Shankhyaneel (5 March 2021). "DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology in a bid to develop long-range missiles". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "DRDO's Project SFDR proves that solid propellants are here to stay". FORCE India. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ Kulkarni, Sushant (5 March 2021). "DRDO successfully tests SFDR technology for missiles". The Indian Express. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Successful Flight Test of SFDR". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ^ "DRDO conducts successful flight test of Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology in Odisha's Chandipur". Times Now. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to DRDO Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet.