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m removed citing outside source because Wikipedia already has a defined outline of what a "security" is
Move "Notable Cases" section as subheading to concerns for Investors, as it follows more logically from that, as opposed to penny stocks in general. This article is already heavily biased against microcap stocks and so to imply that all microcaps are the subject of "cases" is a bit over the top
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In the United States, the SEC and the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]] (FINRA) have specific rules to define and regulate the sale of penny stocks.
In the United States, the SEC and the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]] (FINRA) have specific rules to define and regulate the sale of penny stocks.


==Concerns for investors==
==Concerns for Investors==
There are inherent concerns that individuals should be aware of when investing in penny stocks, namely the lack of information that often exists surrounding the companies offering said stocks. The lack of public reporting mixed with a thin market is often the perfect recipe for [[Market manipulation|stock manipulation]] via [[stock promoter]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author=SEC|date=2005-01-11|title=Pump&Dump.con|url=https://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/pump.htm|access-date=2006-11-21|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref> A common practice is for these individuals to purchase large quantities of stock and then utilize promoters to artificially inflate the sub-penny stock’s share price, through false and misleading information. When the liquidity and price increase the manipulator will sell their stock, this is called a "[[pump and dump]]" scheme which is a form of [[microcap stock fraud]].
There are inherent concerns that individuals should be aware of when investing in penny stocks, namely the lack of information that often exists surrounding the companies offering said stocks. The lack of public reporting mixed with a thin market is often the perfect recipe for [[Market manipulation|stock manipulation]] via [[stock promoter]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author=SEC|date=2005-01-11|title=Pump&Dump.con|url=https://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/pump.htm|access-date=2006-11-21|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref> A common practice is for these individuals to purchase large quantities of stock and then utilize promoters to artificially inflate the sub-penny stock’s share price, through false and misleading information. When the liquidity and price increase the manipulator will sell their stock, this is called a "[[pump and dump]]" scheme which is a form of [[microcap stock fraud]].


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The expanding use of the Internet and personal communication devices has made penny stock scams easier to perpetrate.<ref>{{cite news|author=Harry Domash|date=2000-06-12|title=Internet Makes Scams Easy|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/06/12/BU11242.DTL|access-date=2006-06-15}}</ref> Since the Securities & Exchange Commission allowed for the use of social media outlets like Twitter to disclose public information in lieu of press services, many fraudsters have set up accounts to take advantage of this higher level of traffic on social media,<ref>{{cite web |title=SEC Says Social Media OK for Company Announcements if Investors Are Alerted |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2013-2013-51htm |website=SEC.gov |publisher=U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> giving investors another thing to consider when searching for viable sources of information.
The expanding use of the Internet and personal communication devices has made penny stock scams easier to perpetrate.<ref>{{cite news|author=Harry Domash|date=2000-06-12|title=Internet Makes Scams Easy|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/06/12/BU11242.DTL|access-date=2006-06-15}}</ref> Since the Securities & Exchange Commission allowed for the use of social media outlets like Twitter to disclose public information in lieu of press services, many fraudsters have set up accounts to take advantage of this higher level of traffic on social media,<ref>{{cite web |title=SEC Says Social Media OK for Company Announcements if Investors Are Alerted |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2013-2013-51htm |website=SEC.gov |publisher=U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> giving investors another thing to consider when searching for viable sources of information.


==Notable cases==
===Notable Cases===
The [[American Mafia|Mafia]] had infiltrated Wall Street by the 1970s.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/testimony/ts142000.htm|title=SEC Testimony: Organized Crime on Wall Street (R. Walker)|website=www.sec.gov|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> In the 1980s Lorenzo Formato conducted penny-stock manipulations.<ref name=autogenerated3/><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-08/business/fi-1942_1_penny-stock|title=Witness Tells of Mob Influence in Penny Stocks|first=From Associated|last=Press|date=8 September 1989|access-date=14 November 2018|via=LA Times}}</ref> Formato testified in Congressional hearings that during the years he promoted and sold penny stocks, he was involved in [[organized crime]], and testified to rampant penny [[stock manipulation]] by organized crime.<ref name=autogenerated3/><ref name=autogenerated2/> The Congressional hearings led to passage of the Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990.<ref name=autogenerated3/>
The [[American Mafia|Mafia]] had infiltrated Wall Street by the 1970s.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/testimony/ts142000.htm|title=SEC Testimony: Organized Crime on Wall Street (R. Walker)|website=www.sec.gov|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> In the 1980s Lorenzo Formato conducted penny-stock manipulations.<ref name=autogenerated3/><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-08/business/fi-1942_1_penny-stock|title=Witness Tells of Mob Influence in Penny Stocks|first=From Associated|last=Press|date=8 September 1989|access-date=14 November 2018|via=LA Times}}</ref> Formato testified in Congressional hearings that during the years he promoted and sold penny stocks, he was involved in [[organized crime]], and testified to rampant penny [[stock manipulation]] by organized crime.<ref name=autogenerated3/><ref name=autogenerated2/> The Congressional hearings led to passage of the Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990.<ref name=autogenerated3/>


Revision as of 05:29, 9 July 2021

Penny stocks are common shares of small public companies that trade for less than one dollar per share. [1]

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) uses the term "Penny stock" to refer to a security, a financial instrument which represents a given financial value, issued by small public companies that trade at less than $5 per share. Penny stocks are priced over-the-counter, rather than on the trading floor.  The term "penny stock" refers to shares that, prior to the SEC's reclassification, traded for "pennies on the dollar".

In 1934, when the United States government passed the Securities Exchange Act to regulate any and all transactions of securities between parties which are "not the original issuer",[2] the SEC at the time disclosed that equity securities which trade for less than $5 per share could not be listed on any national stock exchange or index.

Over-the-counter exchanges that list penny stocks include, the OTC Bulletin Board (which is a facility of FINRA) or OTC Link LLC (which is owned by OTC Markets Group, Inc., formerly known as Pink OTC Markets Inc.). Penny stocks can also trade on securities exchanges, including foreign securities exchanges. Penny stocks can include the securities of certain private companies with no active trading market.[3]

When considering penny stocks, investors and experts in the field recognize the low market price of shares and its correlation to low market capitalization. Market capitalization or "market cap" is the total dollar market value of all of a company’s outstanding securities.

Since penny stocks are inexpensive, investors often buy large quantities of shares without spending much money. This tendency makes the penny stock market volatile. Volatility is “a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for a given security or market index.[4] Typically, the higher the volatility, the greater the risk in investing in said securities. Transversally, the lower the volatility, the "safer" the investment is. Volatility can be also understood as the frequency of large changes in the value of a given security in either direction. This is directly correlated to the price action of a security which, when talking about penny stocks, can change more rapidly than that of a large-cap stock.

The volatile nature of penny stocks also leaves these companies open to potential "manipulation" by stock promoters and pump and dump schemes. Oftentimes, investors are led to believe that the ability to purchase large quantities of shares at low prices will result in greater returns, which makes them more susceptible.

Prosecutors and the Federal Bureau of Investigation say that fraud is widespread in the penny stock market.[5][6][7] Even though the penny stock companies are small, the scams that involve them can be for tens of millions of dollars.[6]

The penny stock market has little liquidity, so holders of shares in penny stock companies often find it difficult to cash out of positions.[8]

In the United States, the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) have specific rules to define and regulate the sale of penny stocks.

Concerns for Investors

There are inherent concerns that individuals should be aware of when investing in penny stocks, namely the lack of information that often exists surrounding the companies offering said stocks. The lack of public reporting mixed with a thin market is often the perfect recipe for stock manipulation via stock promoters.[9] A common practice is for these individuals to purchase large quantities of stock and then utilize promoters to artificially inflate the sub-penny stock’s share price, through false and misleading information. When the liquidity and price increase the manipulator will sell their stock, this is called a "pump and dump" scheme which is a form of microcap stock fraud.

On April 3, 2017, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reported on a story in which penny stock fraud was the focal point of the piece. According to the article, California resident Zirk de Maison was found guilty of conducting a "pump and dump" scheme, during the course of which de Maison and his associates convinced large groups of investors to purchase shares of companies that he had set up as shell organizations.[10]

From 2008 to 2013, de Maison created five small public companies which, unbeknownst to the investing public, did no actual business and had no legitimate assets. Once he set these companies up, he offered public shares of the company’s penny stocks for investors to purchase.[10]

According to the FBI investigation, de Maison would use fictitious names to convince investors to purchase shares of his shell companies, thus driving up the price of his shares and giving the illusion that investors were realizing profit. Once these prices went up, de Maison and his original conspirators would then liquidate their shares at the stock's highest level, and this mass selling caused the shares to drop dramatically, leaving investors with near-worthless shares.[11]

In more sophisticated versions of the fraud, individuals or organizations buy millions of shares, then use newsletter websites, chat rooms, stock message boards, fake press releases, or e-mail blasts to drive up interest in the stock.[12] Very often, the perpetrator will claim to have "inside" information about impending news to persuade the unwitting investor to quickly buy the shares. When buying pressure pushes the share price up, the rise in price entices more people to believe the hype and to buy shares as well. Eventually the manipulators doing the "pumping" end up "dumping," when they sell their holdings.[13]

The expanding use of the Internet and personal communication devices has made penny stock scams easier to perpetrate.[14] Since the Securities & Exchange Commission allowed for the use of social media outlets like Twitter to disclose public information in lieu of press services, many fraudsters have set up accounts to take advantage of this higher level of traffic on social media,[15] giving investors another thing to consider when searching for viable sources of information.

Notable Cases

The Mafia had infiltrated Wall Street by the 1970s.[16] In the 1980s Lorenzo Formato conducted penny-stock manipulations.[16][17] Formato testified in Congressional hearings that during the years he promoted and sold penny stocks, he was involved in organized crime, and testified to rampant penny stock manipulation by organized crime.[16][17] The Congressional hearings led to passage of the Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990.[16]

By 1989, American investors were being cheated out of at least $2 billion a year by schemes involving penny stocks.[17]

Mob activity on Wall Street reportedly increased in the 1990s. On February 10, 1997, The New York Times reported that "Mafia crime families are switching increasingly to white collar crimes" with a focus on "small Wall Street brokerage houses."[16]

In May 1997, an FBI sting operation led to charges against Louis Malpeso Jr., a reported Colombo crime family associate, for conspiring to commit securities fraud with stock broker Joseph DiBella and Robert Cattogio to inflate the price of a penny stock, First Colonial Ventures. All three defendants pled guilty.[16]

Another example of an activity that skirts the borderline between legitimate promotion and hype is the case of LEXG. Lithium Exploration Group's market capitalization soared to over $350 million after an extensive direct mail campaign. The promotion drew upon the legitimate growth in production and use of lithium, while touting Lithium Exploration Group's position within that sector. According to the company's December 31, 2010 form 10-Q (filed within months of the direct mail promotion), LEXG was a lithium company without assets. Its revenues and assets at that time were zero.[18] Subsequently, the company did acquire lithium production/exploration properties, and addressed concerns raised in the press.[19]

The "pump and dump" tactic is also known as a supernova and, unlike regular stocks, penny stocks usually move on momentum of the price action.

One of the biggest penny stock operators in the 1950s was Tellier & Co.[20] In the 1980s, major penny stock brokerages included Blinder Robinson (nicknamed "Blind'em and rob'em",[21][22] First Jersey Securities, Rooney Pace,[23] and Stuart-James.[24] Major penny stock brokerages operating in the 1990s included Stratton Oakmont, Sterling Foster, A.S. Goldmen, and Hanover Sterling.[16]

Regulation

In the United States, regulators have defined a penny stock as a security that meets a number of specific standards. The criteria include price, market capitalization, and minimum shareholder equity. Securities traded on a national stock exchange, regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory designation as a penny stock,[25] since it is thought that exchange-traded securities are less vulnerable to manipulation.[26] Therefore, Citigroup (NYSE:C) and other NYSE-listed securities which traded below $1.00 during the market downturn of 2008–09, while properly regarded as "low-priced" securities, were not technically "penny stocks".

Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through rules and regulations enforced by the SEC and FINRA, the genesis of this control is found in State securities law. The State of Georgia was the first state to codify a comprehensive penny stock securities law.[27] Secretary of State Max Cleland, whose office enforced State securities laws,[28] was a principal proponent of the legislation. Representative Chesley V. Morton, the only stockbroker in the Georgia General Assembly at the time, was principal sponsor of the bill in the House of Representatives. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in U.S. District Court,[29] and the statute became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations.

These regulations proved effective in closing or greatly restricting broker/dealers, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm.[30]

References

  1. ^ Penny stock definition oxford Dictionary
  2. ^ "Securities Exchange Act of 1934". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  3. ^ "SEC.gov | Penny Stock Rules". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  4. ^ Kuepper, Justin. "Volatility". Investopedia. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  5. ^ Eaglesham, Jean. "Mob-Busting Informant Resurfaces in SEC Probe". Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  6. ^ a b Eaglesham, Jean. "Inside One of the U.S.'s Biggest-Ever Investment-Fraud Stings". Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  7. ^ Friedrichs, David O. (25 June 2009). Trusted Criminals: White Collar Crime In Contemporary Society. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0495600824. Retrieved 14 November 2018 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Davis, Blayne (25 August 2015). "Former Mob Snitch All But Indicted". Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  9. ^ SEC (2005-01-11). "Pump&Dump.con". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
  10. ^ a b "Penny Stock Fraud Nets Millions". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  11. ^ "Eight people sentenced to prison for penny-stock fraud that resulted in $39 million loss to investors". www.justice.gov. 2017-01-31. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  12. ^ Staff Writer. "The $400 million buyout hoax that fooled many". Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  13. ^ FINRA (2012). "Spams and Scams". Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  14. ^ Harry Domash (2000-06-12). "Internet Makes Scams Easy". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-06-15.
  15. ^ "SEC Says Social Media OK for Company Announcements if Investors Are Alerted". SEC.gov. U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g "SEC Testimony: Organized Crime on Wall Street (R. Walker)". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  17. ^ a b c Press, From Associated (8 September 1989). "Witness Tells of Mob Influence in Penny Stocks". Retrieved 14 November 2018 – via LA Times.
  18. ^ "Lithium Exploration Group: Beware of Mailmen Bearing Gifts". Seeking Alpha. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  19. ^ "Lithium Exploration Group Inc". New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  20. ^ "Con Artist Hall of Infamy : Walter Tellier". archive.pixelettestudios.com. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  21. ^ https://moneyweek.com/economy/people/602382/great-frauds-in-history-meyer-blinders-blind-em-rob-em
  22. ^ Douglas Martin (2004-03-04). "Meyer Blinder, Penny Stock King, Dies at 82 New York Times March 4, 2004". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2019-01-15.
  23. ^ "SEC Settlement : Rooney Pace Halting Securities Business Los Angeles Times November 17, 1987". Articles.latimes.com. 1987-11-17. Retrieved 2019-01-15.
  24. ^ Penny Stock Dealer Stuart-James, Executives, Appeal Sanctions Associated Press October 9, 1996
  25. ^ Taylor, J. Lynn. "SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 17 CFR Part 240" (PDF). Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  26. ^ "SEC Charges Eight Participants in Penny Stock Manipulation Ring". SEC. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  27. ^ Darden, Stan (20 March 1990). "Georgia to OK Tough Law for Penny Stocks". LA Times. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  28. ^ "1/3/14: Commissioner enters Order in Georgia Commerce Bancshares, Inc.'s fairness proceeding under O.C.G.A. §10-5-11(9)". Ga. SoS. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  29. ^ "GEORGIA LAW WON'T HURT BROKERS, JUDGE RULES". Deseret News. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  30. ^ HENRIQUES, DIANA B (16 February 2003). "Penny-Stock Fraud, From Both Sides Now". New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
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