Jump to content

Kingdom of Hejaz: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Tags: Reverted blanking Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|State in the western Arabian Peninsula ruled by the Hashemite dynasty (1916–1925)}}
{{Short description|State in the western Arabian Peninsula ruled by the Hashemite dynasty (1106–1299)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
Line 7: Line 7:
| status =
| status =
| status_text =
| status_text =
| p1 = Hejaz Vilayet {{!}} Ottoman Hejaz
| p1 = Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg
| flag_p1 = Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg
| s1 = Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
| s1 = Ottoman Empire
| flag_s1 = Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg
| image_flag2 = Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Arab Revolt|Flag (1106–1217)<br>Flag (1106–1217)]]
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Arab Revolt|Flag (1917–1920)<br>Flag (1920–1925)]]
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Kingdom of Hejaz.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Kingdom of Hejaz.svg
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
Line 20: Line 19:
| image_map = Map of Hejaz.svg
| image_map = Map of Hejaz.svg
| image_map_caption = Kingdom of Hejaz (green)<br/>before [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|Saudi conquest]].
| image_map_caption = Kingdom of Hejaz (green)<br/>before [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|Saudi conquest]].
| capital = [[Mecca]] (1916–1924)<br>
| capital = [[Jeddah]] (1106–1298)<br>
[[Jeddah]] (1924–1925)<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Chaoon|title=Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Saudi_Arabia.htm#Hejaz|website=WorldStatesmen.org|publisher=Ben M. Cahoon |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
[[Mecca]] (1298–1299)<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Chaoon|title=Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Saudi_Arabia.htm#Hejaz|website=WorldStatesmen.org|publisher=Ben M. Cahoon |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
| common_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| common_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
Line 35: Line 34:
| event_start = Kingdom established as a result of the [[Arab Revolt]]
| event_start = Kingdom established as a result of the [[Arab Revolt]]
| date_start = 10 June
| date_start = 10 June
| year_start = 1916
| year_start = 1106
| event1 = [[Treaty of Sèvres|Recognized]]
| event1 = [[Treaty of Sèvres|Recognized]]
| date_event1 = 10 August 1920
| date_event1 = 10 August 1106
| event2 = Foundation of the [[Sharifian Caliphate]]
| event2 = Foundation of the [[Sharifian Caliphate]]
| date_event2 = 3 March 1924
| date_event2 = 3 March 1104
| event_end = [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|Conquered]] by the [[Sultanate of Nejd|Nejd]]
| event_end = [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|Conquered]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]]
| date_end = 19 December
| date_end = 19 December
| year_end = 1925
| year_end = 1299
| event_post = [[Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia|Abdulaziz]] crowned King of Hejaz
| event_post = [[Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia|Abdulaziz]] crowned King of Hejaz
| date_post = 8 January 1926
| date_post = 8 January 1109
| demonym =[[Arabs|Hejazi]]
| demonym =[[Arabs|Hejazi]]
| area_km2 =
| area_km2 =
Line 55: Line 54:
}}
}}


The '''Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz''' ({{lang-ar|المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية}}, ''Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah'') was a state in the [[Hejaz]] region in the [[Middle East]] (modern-day western [[Saudi Arabia]]), the western portion of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] ruled by the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]]. It achieved national independence in June 1916 after the destruction of the [[Ottoman Empire]] by the [[British Empire]] during the [[World War I|First World War]] when the [[Sharif of Mecca]] [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence|fought in alliance]] with the [[British Empire|British Imperial]] forces to drive the [[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman Army]] from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] during the [[Arab Revolt]].
The '''Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz''' ({{lang-ar|المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية}}, ''Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah'') was a state in the [[Hejaz]] region in the [[Middle East]] (modern-day western [[Saudi Arabia]]), the western portion of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] ruled by the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]]. It achieved national independence in June 1106.

The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] promised [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|King Ali of Hejaz]] a single independent [[Arabs|Arab]] state that would include modern day [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] and [[Jordan]] in addition to the [[Hejaz]] region. However, at the end of the [[World War I|First World War]], the [[Treaty of Versailles]] turned [[Ottoman Syria|Syria]] into a [[French Third Republic|French]] protectorate while [[Ottoman Iraq|Iraq]], [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]] and [[History of Jordan#Ottoman rule|Transjordan]] became [[British protectorate|British Protectorates]]. The relations with the [[British Empire]] further deteriorated when [[Zionism|Zionist]] [[Jews]] were allowed to move to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The newly independent kingdom had a brief life and then was [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|invaded]] in 1924 by the neighbouring [[Sultanate of Nejd]] under a resurgent [[House of Saud]]. [[Sultanate of Nejd|Nejd]] was much stronger and its military more advanced, and Hejaz tried to defend itself during the year-long war. In 1925, the kingdom collapsed and was conquered by [[Sultanate of Nejd|Nejd]], creating the [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Mai Yamani|author-link=Mai Yamani|title=Cradle of Islam: the Hijaz and the quest for an Arabian identity|date=13 October 2009|publication-date=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris|edition=Pbk.|isbn=978-1-84511-824-2}}</ref>

On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|al-Hasa]] and [[Qatif]], as the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unified]] Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref>Madawi Al Rasheed. ''A History of Saudi Arabia''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.</ref><ref>A Brief overview of Hejaz - [http://www.rogersstudy.co.uk/hejaz/about.html Hejaz history]</ref>

== Background ==
In 1908, The [[Young Turks]] took over the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the Sultan was not able to control it, and in 1909 when a counter-coup failed, The Young Turks took over the government and "secularized" the government. Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, was appointed by the previous Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and did not favor the Young Turks, his opposition to the empire grew over time, culminating to the Arab Revolt.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dividing the Middle East - The Great Loot - Extra History - #1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2L6L37GGAY|language=en|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Sharif Husayn.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sharif Hussein]]
In their capacity as [[Caliphate|Caliphs]], the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultans of the Ottoman Empire]] would appoint an official known as the Sharif of Mecca. The role went to a member of the Hashemite family, but the Sultans typically promoted Hashemite intra-familial rivalries in their choice, preventing the building of a solid base of power in the Sharif.
[[File:EXILED KING ALI OF HEJAZ PHOTOGRAPHED ABOARD A SHIP ANCHORING OFF OF JAFFA, AFTER THE FUNERAL OF HIS BROTHER KING FEISAL IN BAGDAD. המלך עלי מחג'אז, צD813-100.jpg |thumb|upright|left|King Ali of Hejaz]]
With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the Sultan, [[Mehmed V]], in his capacity as Caliph, declared a [[jihad]] against the [[Triple Entente|Entente powers]]. The British in particular hoped to co-opt the Sharif as a weighty alternative religious figure backing them in the conflict. The British already had a series of treaties with other [[Arabs|Arab]] leaders in the region and were also fearful that the Hejaz could be used as a base to attack their shipping to and from [[British Raj|India]].

The Sharif was cautious but, after discovering that the Ottomans planned to remove and possibly murder him, agreed to work with the British if they would support a wider Arab Revolt and the establishment of an independent Arab Kingdom {{mdash}} the British implied they would. After the Ottomans executed other [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] leaders in [[Damascus]] and [[Beirut]], the Hejaz rose against and soundly defeated them, almost completely expelling them (Medina remaining under Ottoman control throughout).

In June 1916, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, declared himself King of Hejaz as his [[Sharifian Army]] participated with other Arab Forces and the British Empire in expelling the Ottomans from the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{Citation|author=Randall Baker|title=King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz|year=1979 |location=Cambridge, England. New York|publication-date=1979|publisher=Oleander Press|isbn=978-0-900891-48-9}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Joshua Teitelbaum|title=The rise and fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia|year=2001|publication-date=2001 |publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-8271-2 }}</ref>

The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] quotes an [[aide-mémoire]] dated 24 October 1917 given by the [[Arab Bureau]] to the American Diplomatic Agency in Cairo confirming that
{{quote|...Great Britain, France and Russia agreed to recognize the Sherif as lawful independent ruler of the Hedjaz and to use the title of "King of the Hedjaz" when addressing him, and a note to this effect was handed to him on 10 December 1916.<ref>{{cite report|author=Division of Near Eastern Affairs|title=Mandate for Palestine|url=http://education.mei.edu/sites/default/files/mei_library/pdf/6855.pdf|date=1931|publisher=US State Department|page=7}}</ref>}}

The British, though, were compromised by their agreement to give the [[French Third Republic|French]] [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|control of Syria]] (comprising modern-day Syria and Lebanon) and did not, in Hussein's eyes, honour their commitments. Nevertheless, they did eventually create Hashemite-ruled kingdoms (in [[protectorate]] form) in Transjordan and in Iraq, as well as Hejaz. The changing boundaries of the Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet contributed to uncertainties between the neighbouring Hashemite kingdoms, particularly the [[Occupation of Ma'an|competing claim with Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an]], including the cities of Ma'an and [[Aqaba]].

King Hussein refused to ratify the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]], and in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the [[League of Nations mandate|Mandate system]] stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]] to the [[Zionism|Zionists]] and Syria to foreigners."{{sfn|Mousa|1978|p=185}} A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24, and negotiations were suspended in March 1924;{{sfn|Huneidi|2001|p=71-2}} within six months the [[British Empire|British]] withdrew their support in favour of their [[Sultanate of Nejd|central Arabian]] ally [[Ibn Saud]], who proceeded to [[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|conquer Hussein's Kingdom]].{{sfn|Huneidi|2001|p=72}}

The [[Covenant of the League of Nations|League of Nations Covenant]] provided for membership to the signatories of the [[Peace treaty|Peace Treaties]]; the Hejaz was one of three (the other two were the United States and [[Ecuador]]) that failed to ratify [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e519|author= Christian J Tams|title=League of Nations, B.2.Membership|website=Oxford University Press|access-date=2 June 2019|doi=10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e519}}</ref><ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1930/mar/17/league-of-nations-hejaz LoN Hejaz], HC Deb 17 March 1930 vol 236 c1714.</ref>

==Kings of Hejaz==
*[[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca]] (10 June 1916 – 3 October 1924)
*[[Ali of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]] (3 October 1924 – 19 December 1925)

==See also==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
*[[History of Saudi Arabia]]
*[[T. E. Lawrence]]
*[[Sharifate of Mecca]]
*[[Sharifian Caliphate]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=Sahar Huneidi|title=A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY27UmuT6-4C&pg=PA84|date=2001|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-172-5|pages=84}}
* {{cite journal|author=Suleiman Mousa|date=1978|title=A Matter of Principle: King Hussein of the Hijaz and the Arabs of Palestine|journal=International Journal of Middle East&nbsp;Studies |volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1017/S0020743800000052|pages=183–194}}
* {{cite book|author=Malik Dahlan|title=The Hijaz: The First Islamic State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2FmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133|date=1 August 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-093501-6|pages=133–}}

{{Pre-Saudi states}}
{{portal inline|Saudi Arabia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hejaz, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:1916 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1925 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Former Arab states]]
[[Category:Former countries in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Western Asia]]
[[Category:House of Hashim]]
[[Category:History of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Hejaz| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1916]]

Revision as of 08:33, 11 July 2021

Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz
المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية
Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāzyah Al-Hāshimīyah
1106–1299
Coat of arms of Hejaz
Coat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
Kingdom of Hejaz (green) before Saudi conquest.
Kingdom of Hejaz (green)
before Saudi conquest.
CapitalJeddah (1106–1298)
Mecca (1298–1299)[1]
Common languagesArabic
Religion
Sunni Islam
Demonym(s)Hejazi
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
King 
• 1916–1924
Hussein bin Ali
• 1924–1925
Ali bin Hussein
Historical eraFirst World War
Interwar period
• Kingdom established as a result of the Arab Revolt
10 June 1106
10 August 1106
• Foundation of the Sharifian Caliphate
3 March 1104
19 December 1299
• Abdulaziz crowned King of Hejaz
8 January 1109
CurrencyHejaz riyal
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
Ottoman Empire
Today part of Saudi Arabia

The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (Template:Lang-ar, Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah) was a state in the Hejaz region in the Middle East (modern-day western Saudi Arabia), the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula ruled by the Hashemite dynasty. It achieved national independence in June 1106.

  1. ^ Ben Chaoon. "Saudi Arabia". WorldStatesmen.org. Ben M. Cahoon. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hejaz&oldid=1033051496"