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[[Monarch Watch]] provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monarchwatch.org/index.html|title=Monarch Watch|work=monarchwatch.org|access-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref> Efforts to restore falling monarch butterfly populations by establishing [[Butterfly gardening|butterfly garden]]s and monarch migratory "waystations" require particular attention to the target species' food preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain their food plants.<ref>(1) {{cite web|last1=Borders|first1=Brianna|last2=Lee–Mӓder|first2=Eric|year=2014|url=https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/Documents/R2ES/Pollinators/8-Milkweeds_Handbook_XerSoc_June2014.pdf|title=Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production|work=Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities|pages=21–95|location=[[Portland, Oregon]]|publisher=[[Xerces Society|The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation]]|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704050023/https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/Documents/R2ES/Pollinators/8-Milkweeds_Handbook_XerSoc_June2014.pdf|archive-date=July 4, 2021|url-status=live}}<br />(2) {{cite journal|first1=Thomas D.|last1=Landis|first2=R. Kasten|last2=Dumroese|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|title=Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat|journal=International Plant Propagators’ Society, Combined Proceedings (2014)|year=2015|volume=64|pages=299-307|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083021/https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2021|url-status=live|via=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[United States Forest Service]]}}</ref>
[[Monarch Watch]] provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monarchwatch.org/index.html|title=Monarch Watch|work=monarchwatch.org|access-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref> Efforts to restore falling monarch butterfly populations by establishing [[Butterfly gardening|butterfly garden]]s and monarch migratory "waystations" require particular attention to the target species' food preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain their food plants.<ref>(1) {{cite web|last1=Borders|first1=Brianna|last2=Lee–Mӓder|first2=Eric|year=2014|url=https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/Documents/R2ES/Pollinators/8-Milkweeds_Handbook_XerSoc_June2014.pdf|title=Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production|work=Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities|pages=21–95|location=[[Portland, Oregon]]|publisher=[[Xerces Society|The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation]]|access-date=July 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704050023/https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/Documents/R2ES/Pollinators/8-Milkweeds_Handbook_XerSoc_June2014.pdf|archive-date=July 4, 2021|url-status=live}}<br />(2) {{cite journal|first1=Thomas D.|last1=Landis|first2=R. Kasten|last2=Dumroese|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|title=Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat|journal=International Plant Propagators’ Society, Combined Proceedings (2014)|year=2015|volume=64|pages=299-307|access-date=July 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308083021/https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2021|url-status=live|via=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[United States Forest Service]]}}</ref>


For example, where it grows in the [[Great Plains#Southern Great Plains|southern Great Plains]] and in the western United States, monarchs reproduce on ''A. viridis'', especially when its foliage is soft and fresh. Because monarch reproduction peaks in those areas in late summer and early fall when [[Senescence|scenescent]] milkweed foliage is old and tough, ''A. viridis'' needs to be mowed or cut back in July to assure that it will be regrowing rapidly when monarch reproduction reaches its peak.<ref>{{cite book|author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|author-link=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|url=http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/180186.aspx|title=Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies|year=2020|lccn=2020935714|isbn=9780309481328|oclc=1229163481|doi=10.17226/25693|pages=79–80|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|id=[[National Cooperative Highway Research Program|National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCRHP)]] Research Report 942|access-date=July 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729123529/http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/180186.aspx|archive-date=July 29, 2020|url-status=live|quote='''''Could roadside mowing stimulate milkweed growth and support monarch breeding?''''' Limited research in eastern North America has shown that spring or summer mowing can promote new growth and extend the availability of milkweed plants for monarch breeding. Mowing may stimulate growth of some milkweed species, particularly those that spread through rhizomes like common milkweed (''A. syriaca'') and showy milkweed (''A. speciosa''). Summer (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in more monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. Summer (July) mowing and burning can increase green antelopehorn milkweed (''A. viridis'') availability in the late summer and early fall in the Southern Great Plains, whereas in areas without mowing, the milkweed has [[Senescence|senesced]] by August. In the West, showy milkweed will regrow after summer mowing and continue to support monarch breeding (Stephanie McKnight, personal observation). However, more research is needed in other areas to determine the optimal timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not only milkweed but also nectar plants. It is also unknown if the benefit of additional milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality caused by summer mowing. The benefits are likely greater in areas that primarily have breeding monarchs in the spring and fall and where the dominant species of milkweed spread by rhizomes. ''Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015''}}</ref>
For example, where it grows in the [[Great Plains#Southern Great Plains|southern Great Plains]] and in the western United States, monarchs reproduce on ''A. viridis'', especially when its foliage is soft and fresh. Because monarch reproduction peaks in those areas in late summer and early fall when [[Senescence|scenescent]] milkweed foliage is old and tough, ''A. viridis'' needs to be mowed or cut back in July to assure that it will be regrowing rapidly when monarch reproduction reaches its peak.<ref>{{cite book|author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|author-link=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|url=http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/180186.aspx|title=Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies|year=2020|lccn=2020935714|isbn=9780309481328|oclc=1229163481|doi=10.17226/25693|pages=79–80|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[National Academies Press]]|id=[[National Cooperative Highway Research Program|National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCRHP)]] Research Report 942|access-date=July 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729123529/http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/180186.aspx|archive-date=July 29, 2020|url-status=live|quote='''''Could roadside mowing stimulate milkweed growth and support monarch breeding?''''' Limited research in eastern North America has shown that spring or summer mowing can promote new growth and extend the availability of milkweed plants for monarch breeding. Mowing may stimulate growth of some milkweed species, particularly those that spread through rhizomes like common milkweed (''A. syriaca'') and showy milkweed (''A. speciosa''). Summer (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in more monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. Summer (July) mowing and burning can increase green antelopehorn milkweed (''A. viridis'') availability in the late summer and early fall in the Southern Great Plains, whereas in areas without mowing, the milkweed has [[Senescence|senesced]] by August. In the West, showy milkweed will regrow after summer mowing and continue to support monarch breeding (Stephanie McKnight, personal observation). However, more research is needed in other areas to determine the optimal timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not only milkweed but also nectar plants. It is also unknown if the benefit of additional milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality caused by summer mowing. The benefits are likely greater in areas that primarily have breeding monarchs in the spring and fall and where the dominant species of milkweed spread by rhizomes. ''Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015''}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 02:16, 13 July 2021

Asclepias viridis

Apparently Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Asclepias
Species:
A. viridis
Binomial name
Asclepias viridis
Walter

Asclepias viridis is a species of milkweed, a plant in the dogbane family known by the common names green milkweed, green antelopehorn and spider milkweed.[1][2] The Latin word viridis means green. The plant is native to the south central and southeastern United States, as well as to the southeastern portion of the western United States.[3]

A. viridis is a perennial forb with alternately arranged leaves. The inflorescence is an umbel of white flowers with purplish centers.[1] Its root system is a taproot,[4] like that of butterfly weed (A. tuberosa).

A. viridis grows on many types of soil. It is common in overgrazed pasture land and roadsides.[1] Like some other milkweed species, A. viridis is a host plant for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus).[5]

Monarch Watch provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants.[6] Efforts to restore falling monarch butterfly populations by establishing butterfly gardens and monarch migratory "waystations" require particular attention to the target species' food preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain their food plants.[7]

For example, where it grows in the southern Great Plains and in the western United States, monarchs reproduce on A. viridis, especially when its foliage is soft and fresh. Because monarch reproduction peaks in those areas in late summer and early fall when scenescent milkweed foliage is old and tough, A. viridis needs to be mowed or cut back in July to assure that it will be regrowing rapidly when monarch reproduction reaches its peak.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c Davis, Lee (May 31, 2006). "Plant guide for Green Milkweed: Asclepias viridis Walt." (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  2. ^ (1) Taylor, David. "Green Antelopehorn (Asclepias viridis)". Plant of the Week. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
    (2) Borders, Brianna, The Xerces Society; Casey, Allen, USDA-NRCS Missouri; Row, John M., USDA-NRCS Kansas; Wynia, Rich, USDA-NRCS Kansas; King, Randy, USDA-NRCS Arkansas; Jacobs, Alayna, USDA-NRCS Arkansas; Taylor, Chip, Monarch Watch; Mader, Eric, The Xerces Society (June 24, 2013). Walls, Hailey, The Xerces Society; Rich, Kaitlyn, The Xerces Society (eds.). "Asclepias viridis Green antelopehorn" (PDF). Pollinator Plants of the Central United States: Native Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    (3) "Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; September 19, 2015 suggested (help)
  3. ^ "Asclepias viridis: Spider Milkweed". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; September 19, 2015 suggested (help)
  4. ^ "Asclepias viridis". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin.
  5. ^ Van Hook, T. and M. P. Zalucki. (1991). Oviposition by Danaus plexippus (Nymphalidae: Danainae) on Asclepias viridis in northern Florida.[permanent dead link‍] Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45(3) 215-21.
  6. ^ "Monarch Watch". monarchwatch.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  7. ^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mӓder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 21–95. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators’ Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 299–307. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service.
  8. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020). Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. 79–80. doi:10.17226/25693. ISBN 9780309481328. LCCN 2020935714. OCLC 1229163481. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCRHP) Research Report 942. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Could roadside mowing stimulate milkweed growth and support monarch breeding? Limited research in eastern North America has shown that spring or summer mowing can promote new growth and extend the availability of milkweed plants for monarch breeding. Mowing may stimulate growth of some milkweed species, particularly those that spread through rhizomes like common milkweed (A. syriaca) and showy milkweed (A. speciosa). Summer (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in more monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. Summer (July) mowing and burning can increase green antelopehorn milkweed (A. viridis) availability in the late summer and early fall in the Southern Great Plains, whereas in areas without mowing, the milkweed has senesced by August. In the West, showy milkweed will regrow after summer mowing and continue to support monarch breeding (Stephanie McKnight, personal observation). However, more research is needed in other areas to determine the optimal timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not only milkweed but also nectar plants. It is also unknown if the benefit of additional milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality caused by summer mowing. The benefits are likely greater in areas that primarily have breeding monarchs in the spring and fall and where the dominant species of milkweed spread by rhizomes. Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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