Chaouacha: Difference between revisions
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The '''Chaouacha''' (or '''Chawasha''') were an indigenous people of [[Louisiana]], likely related to the [[Chitimacha]], best known in history for being the victims of a massacre in retaliation for the [[Natchez revolt]] against French colonists in which they had had no part. When first described, they lived on the east bank of the [[Mississippi River]], just south of [[New Orleans]]. In 1699, they were reported to be allied with the Ouacha/[[Washa]] and the [[Opelousa]].<ref>{{cite report|last1=Hunter|first1=Donald G.|last2=Pearson|first2=Charles E.|last3=Reeves|first3=Sally K.|title=An Archaeological Survey of Golden Ranch Plantation, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana|date=1988|publisher=Coastal Environments Inc.|location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana|url=https://core.tdar.org/document/138996/archaeological-survey-of-golden-ranch-plantation-lafourche-parish-louisiana|page=31}}</ref> |
The '''Chaouacha''' (or '''Chawasha''') were an indigenous people of [[Louisiana]], likely related to the [[Chitimacha]], best known in history for being the victims of a massacre in retaliation for the [[Natchez revolt]] against French colonists in which they had had no part. When first described, they lived on the east bank of the [[Mississippi River]], just south of [[New Orleans]]. In 1699, they were reported to be allied with the Ouacha/[[Washa]] and the [[Opelousa]].<ref>{{cite report|last1=Hunter|first1=Donald G.|last2=Pearson|first2=Charles E.|last3=Reeves|first3=Sally K.|title=An Archaeological Survey of Golden Ranch Plantation, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana|date=1988|publisher=Coastal Environments Inc.|location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana|url=https://core.tdar.org/document/138996/archaeological-survey-of-golden-ranch-plantation-lafourche-parish-louisiana|page=31}}</ref> |
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In December 1729, following an attack by the [[Natchez people|Natchez]] on [[Fort Rosalie]] the prior month, colonists feared a widespread Indian rebellion or, even worse, a combined Native American and slave revolt. The governor of Louisiana, [[Étienne |
In December 1729, following an attack by the [[Natchez people|Natchez]] on [[Fort Rosalie]] the prior month, colonists feared a widespread Indian rebellion or, even worse, a combined Native American and slave revolt. The governor of Louisiana, [[Étienne Perier (governor)|Étienne Perier]], ordered a force of [[slavery|enslaved]] Africans to massacre the Chaouacha community,<ref name="EnglebertTeasdale2013">{{cite book|last=Balvay|first=Arnaud|title=French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630-1815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snY2pDoJHMsC&pg=PA7|year=2013|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=East Lansing, Michigan|isbn=978-1-60917-360-9|pages=138–158|chapter=The French and the Natchez: A Failed Encounter|editor1-last=Englebert|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Teasdale|editor2-first=Guillaume}}</ref> rewarding the men by freeing them from slavery.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Free Blacks in a Slave Society: New Orleans, 1718–1812|last=Ingersoll|first=Thomas N.|date=April 1991|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=48|number=2|page=177|doi=10.2307/2938067}}</ref> At least seven Chaouacha men were killed and a number of women and children were captured and taken to New Orleans. Survivors from the tribe petitioned Perier to release the prisoners, as the tribe was not involved in the Natchez revolt, which he did.<ref name="Din1999">{{cite book|last=Din|first=Gilbert C.|title=Spaniards, Planters, and Slaves: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763-1803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Op0LNYcABwC&pg=PA16|year=1999|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, Texas|isbn=978-0-89096-904-5|pages=15–16}}</ref> |
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Perier reported to his superiors that he had destroyed the Chaouacha, but there is evidence the tribe remained distinct until the late 1700s before assimilating into other tribes.<ref name="Din1999" /> An 1802 mention by French colonist Baudry de Lozières describes them as "Tchaouachas: Reduced to 40 warriors. A wandering indolent and lazy nation, settled near the French in 1712. Corn is the only assistance one can expect of them."<ref name="Swanton1911">{{cite book|last=Swanton|first=John Reed|authorlink=John R. Swanton|title=Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtFh6CwE7T0C&pg=PA301|year=1911|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|page=301}}</ref> |
Perier reported to his superiors that he had destroyed the Chaouacha, but there is evidence the tribe remained distinct until the late 1700s before assimilating into other tribes.<ref name="Din1999" /> An 1802 mention by French colonist Baudry de Lozières describes them as "Tchaouachas: Reduced to 40 warriors. A wandering indolent and lazy nation, settled near the French in 1712. Corn is the only assistance one can expect of them."<ref name="Swanton1911">{{cite book|last=Swanton|first=John Reed|authorlink=John R. Swanton|title=Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtFh6CwE7T0C&pg=PA301|year=1911|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|page=301}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 14:31, 20 July 2021
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Extinct as a tribe | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Louisiana | |
| Languages | |
| possbily dialect of Chitimacha | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chitimacha |
The Chaouacha (or Chawasha) were an indigenous people of Louisiana, likely related to the Chitimacha, best known in history for being the victims of a massacre in retaliation for the Natchez revolt against French colonists in which they had had no part. When first described, they lived on the east bank of the Mississippi River, just south of New Orleans. In 1699, they were reported to be allied with the Ouacha/Washa and the Opelousa.[1]
In December 1729, following an attack by the Natchez on Fort Rosalie the prior month, colonists feared a widespread Indian rebellion or, even worse, a combined Native American and slave revolt. The governor of Louisiana, Étienne Perier, ordered a force of enslaved Africans to massacre the Chaouacha community,[2] rewarding the men by freeing them from slavery.[3] At least seven Chaouacha men were killed and a number of women and children were captured and taken to New Orleans. Survivors from the tribe petitioned Perier to release the prisoners, as the tribe was not involved in the Natchez revolt, which he did.[4]
Perier reported to his superiors that he had destroyed the Chaouacha, but there is evidence the tribe remained distinct until the late 1700s before assimilating into other tribes.[4] An 1802 mention by French colonist Baudry de Lozières describes them as "Tchaouachas: Reduced to 40 warriors. A wandering indolent and lazy nation, settled near the French in 1712. Corn is the only assistance one can expect of them."[5]
References
- ^ Hunter, Donald G.; Pearson, Charles E.; Reeves, Sally K. (1988). An Archaeological Survey of Golden Ranch Plantation, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana (Report). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Coastal Environments Inc. p. 31.
- ^ Balvay, Arnaud (2013). "The French and the Natchez: A Failed Encounter". In Englebert, Robert; Teasdale, Guillaume (eds.). French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630-1815. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 138–158. ISBN 978-1-60917-360-9.
- ^ Ingersoll, Thomas N. (April 1991). "Free Blacks in a Slave Society: New Orleans, 1718–1812". The William and Mary Quarterly. 48 (2): 177. doi:10.2307/2938067.
- ^ a b Din, Gilbert C. (1999). Spaniards, Planters, and Slaves: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763-1803. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-89096-904-5.
- ^ Swanton, John Reed (1911). Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 301.