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Coordinates: 32°14′31″N 87°47′22″W / 32.24194°N 87.78944°W / 32.24194; -87.78944
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After the [[American Civil War]], the economy continued to be based on agriculture. In the transition to free labor, many [[freedmen]] turned to [[sharecropping]] or tenant farming as a way to establish some independence. They did not want to work in white-controlled field gangs.<ref name="marheritage"/>
After the [[American Civil War]], the economy continued to be based on agriculture. In the transition to free labor, many [[freedmen]] turned to [[sharecropping]] or tenant farming as a way to establish some independence. They did not want to work in white-controlled field gangs.<ref name="marheritage"/>


The county population began to diminish rapidly during and after [[World War II]]. People left the farms for [[manufacturing]] jobs elsewhere, particularly with the wartime buildup of the defense industry on the West Coast.<ref name="marheritage"/> The movement of blacks out of Mississippi and other parts of the Deep South was considered part of their [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], by which 5 million African Americans left the South from 1940 to 1970. In addition to seeking jobs, they sought better conditions than the disfranchisement and [[Jim Crow]] oppression they faced in Alabama and other states of the South.
The county population began to diminish rapidly during and after [[World War II]]. People left the farms for [[manufacturing]] jobs elsewhere, particularly with the wartime buildup of the defense industry on the West Coast.<ref name="marheritage"/> The movement of African Americans out of Alabama and other parts of the Deep South was considered part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], by which 5 million left the South from 1940 to 1970. In addition to seeking jobs, they sought better conditions than the disfranchisement and [[Jim Crow]] oppression they faced in Alabama and other states of the South.


Most of the former cotton fields were gradually converted to pastures for [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s, developed into [[tree plantation]]s for timber and paper production, or transformed into commercial ponds for farming grain-fed [[catfish]].<ref name="marheritage"/> Beginning in the 1960s, industry began to move into the area. The work force was employed in [[paper mill]]s, [[Sawmill|lumber mills]], and [[chemical plant]]s.<ref name="marheritage"/>
Most of the former cotton fields were gradually converted to pastures for [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s, developed into [[tree plantation]]s for timber and paper production, or transformed into commercial ponds for farming grain-fed [[catfish]].<ref name="marheritage"/> Beginning in the 1960s, industry began to move into the area. The work force was employed in [[paper mill]]s, [[Sawmill|lumber mills]], and [[chemical plant]]s.<ref name="marheritage"/>

Revision as of 00:44, 25 July 2021

Marengo County
County
Marengo County Courthouse in Linden
Marengo County Courthouse in Linden
Map of Alabama highlighting Marengo County
Location within the U.S. state of Alabama
Map of the United States highlighting Alabama
Alabama's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 32°14′31″N 87°47′22″W / 32.241944444444°N 87.789444444444°W / 32.241944444444; -87.789444444444
Country United States
State Alabama
FoundedFebruary 6, 1818
Named forBattle of Marengo[1]
SeatLinden
Largest cityDemopolis
Area
 • Total
983 sq mi (2,550 km2)
 • Land977 sq mi (2,530 km2)
 • Water5.8 sq mi (15 km2)  0.6%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total
21,027
 • Estimate 
(2020)
18,733
 • Density21/sq mi (8.3/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district7th
Websitemarengocountyal.com
  • County Number 48 on Alabama Licence Plates

Marengo County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 21,027.[2] The largest city is Demopolis and the county seat is Linden.[1] It is named in honor of Battle of Marengo near Turin, Italy, where French leader Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Austrians on June 14, 1800.

History

Marengo County was created by the Alabama Territorial legislature on February 6, 1818, from land acquired from the Choctaw Indians by the Treaty of Fort St. Stephens on October 24, 1816.[3] Like the other Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast, the Choctaw were largely forced west of the Mississippi River during the period of Indian Removal conducted by the federal government.

The county was named to commemorate Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Marengo over Austrian armies on June 14, 1800.[1] This name was chosen in honor of the first European settlers, Bonapartists exiled from France after Napoleon's downfall. In 1817 a number of French settled the area around Demopolis. They were trying to develop a Vine and Olive Colony.[3][4] Other ethnic French who settled here were refugees from the colony of Saint-Domingue, where enslaved Africans and free people of color had routed Napoleon's troops and many white colonists, and declared independence in 1804. They renamed the territory as Haiti, the second republic in the western hemisphere.

The county seat was originally known as the Town of Marengo, but in 1823 the name was changed to Linden.[1] Linden is a shortened version of Hohenlinden, scene of the Battle of Hohenlinden, a French victory in Bavaria on December 3, 1800 during Napoleon's campaign.[1] County courthouse fires occurred in 1848 and 1965. Each time most of the court records were saved, as they were in a protected vault.[1]

Barney's Upper Place, an I-house in Putnam that was built in 1833.

Situated in Alabama's Black Belt and having a naturally rich soil, the county was developed by planters for numerous cotton plantations, dependent on the labor of large gangs of enslaved African Americans.[3] The enslaved black population comprised the majority of the county decades before the American Civil War. In 1860 the population consisted of 24,409 slaves, 6761 free whites (including 944 slave owners), and one "free person of color," for a total combined population of 31,171.[5] At this time there were 778 plantations and farms in the county.[5]

The fourth-oldest Jewish congregation in Alabama, B'nai Jeshurun, was established in Demopolis in 1858 by immigrants and migrants from other Southern cities.[6]

After the American Civil War, the economy continued to be based on agriculture. In the transition to free labor, many freedmen turned to sharecropping or tenant farming as a way to establish some independence. They did not want to work in white-controlled field gangs.[3]

The county population began to diminish rapidly during and after World War II. People left the farms for manufacturing jobs elsewhere, particularly with the wartime buildup of the defense industry on the West Coast.[3] The movement of African Americans out of Alabama and other parts of the Deep South was considered part of the Great Migration, by which 5 million left the South from 1940 to 1970. In addition to seeking jobs, they sought better conditions than the disfranchisement and Jim Crow oppression they faced in Alabama and other states of the South.

Most of the former cotton fields were gradually converted to pastures for cattle and horses, developed into tree plantations for timber and paper production, or transformed into commercial ponds for farming grain-fed catfish.[3] Beginning in the 1960s, industry began to move into the area. The work force was employed in paper mills, lumber mills, and chemical plants.[3]

Geography

Gaineswood (built 1843–61), a National Historic Landmark in Demopolis.
Dayton Town Hall (built 1858) in Dayton. On the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage.

Marengo County is situated in the west-central area of the state.[1] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 983 square miles (2,550 km2), of which 977 square miles (2,530 km2) is land and 5.8 square miles (15 km2) (0.6%) is water.[7] The entire western county border is formed by the Tombigbee River and a small northwestern portion is formed by the Black Warrior River.

Major highways

Adjacent counties

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18202,933—
18307,700162.5%
184017,264124.2%
185027,83161.2%
186031,17112.0%
187026,151−16.1%
188030,89018.1%
189033,0957.1%
190038,31515.8%
191039,9234.2%
192036,065−9.7%
193036,4261.0%
194035,736−1.9%
195029,494−17.5%
196027,098−8.1%
197023,819−12.1%
198025,0475.2%
199023,084−7.8%
200022,539−2.4%
201021,027−6.7%
2020 (est.)18,733[8]−10.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[9]
1790–1960[10] 1900–1990[11]
1990–2000[12] 2010–2020[2]

As of the 2010 census, there were 21,027 people living in the county. 51.7% were Black or African American, 46.4% White, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% of some other race and 0.8% of two or more races. 1.7% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

In 2000 there were 22,539 people, 8,767 households, and 6,277 families living in the county. The population density was 23 people per square mile (9/km2). There were 10,127 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 51.71% Black or African American, 47.28% White, 0.08% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. 0.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 8,767 households, out of which 34.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.40% were married couples living together, 19.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.40% were non-families. 26.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.50% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 26.00% from 25 to 44, 22.90% from 45 to 64, and 14.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 88.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $27,025, and the median income for a family was $35,475. Males had a median income of $36,053 versus $19,571 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,308. About 22.20% of families and 25.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.70% of those under age 18 and 25.30% of those age 65 or over.

According to the New York Times, by 2017, the rural Black Belt (called that for its soil) that stretches across the middle of the state is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly African-American. These counties include Dallas, Lowndes, Marengo and Perry."[13]

Education

For the 2014-15 school year, the Marengo County School District is operating three K–12 schools, one each in Dixons Mills, Sweet Water. and Thomaston.[14] One former county school in the Demopolis area was closed by the school board following the 2013-14 school year. Demopolis and Linden have city-run school systems, the Demopolis City School District and Linden City Schools.[15]

Culture

Events

Places of interest

Marengo County is home to the Alabama Rural Heritage Center and Chickasaw State Park. The Tombigbee River and Black Warrior River form portions of the western and northern county borders and provide recreational opportunities. Marengo County has 28 sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places, one of which is also a National Historic Landmark.[20] Additionally, 19 sites are listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage.[21]

Government

Like the rest of the Black Belt, Marengo County leans Democratic. However, it often produces narrow margins for winning candidates; no presidential candidate has won more than 54% of the vote in Marengo since Richard Nixon in 1972. In 2020, Donald Trump lost the county by only 105 votes.

Presidential elections results
Marengo County vote
by party in presidential elections [22]
Year GOP Dem Others
2020 49.0% 5,343 50.3% 5,448 0.6% 69
2016 47.6% 5,233 51.1% 5,615 1.3% 146
2012 46.2% 5,336 53.4% 6,167 0.4% 40
2008 48.1% 5,516 51.7% 5,926 0.3% 29
2004 50.9% 5,255 48.8% 5,037 0.3% 30
2000 48.8% 4,690 50.4% 4,841 0.8% 77
1996 43.2% 4,013 52.7% 4,899 4.1% 382
1992 39.8% 4,470 50.1% 5,632 10.2% 1,142
1988 48.6% 4,241 50.5% 4,402 0.9% 82
1984 51.5% 5,261 47.1% 4,811 1.4% 141
1980 41.9% 4,048 53.6% 5,178 4.5% 434
1976 43.9% 3,841 54.0% 4,731 2.1% 183
1972 65.1% 5,156 33.4% 2,645 1.6% 125
1968 5.0% 457 38.0% 3,479 57.0% 5,218
1964 82.3% 3,677 17.7% 789
1960 44.3% 1,235 51.5% 1,436 4.3% 120
1956 33.1% 1,009 60.9% 1,858 6.1% 185
1952 43.2% 1,362 56.8% 1,790 0.0% 0
1948 3.5% 67 96.6% 1,876
1944 4.8% 89 94.7% 1,746 0.5% 9
1940 3.0% 70 96.9% 2,284 0.1% 2
1936 1.4% 33 98.5% 2,287 0.0% 1
1932 2.3% 50 95.5% 2,097 2.3% 50
1928 28.4% 752 71.6% 1,898 0.0% 0
1924 1.4% 17 98.4% 1,243 0.2% 3
1920 3.0% 42 97.0% 1,370 0.0% 0
1916 1.3% 19 98.6% 1,491 0.1% 2
1912 0.6% 9 97.9% 1,386 1.5% 21
1908 5.5% 78 93.2% 1,333 1.4% 20
1904 4.6% 56 94.7% 1,149 0.7% 9

Communities

Jefferson Methodist Church (built 1856) in Jefferson. On the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Jefferson Historic District.
Lyon Hall (built 1853) in Demopolis. On the National Register of Historic Places.

Cities

Towns

Census-designated places

Unincorporated communities

Ghost town

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Alabama Counties: Marengo County". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  2. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Marengo County Heritage Book Committee. The Heritage of Marengo County, Alabama, pages 1-4. Clanton, Alabama: Heritage Publishing Consultants, 2000. ISBN 1-891647-58-X
  4. ^ Smith, Winston. Days of Exile: The Story of the Vine and Olive Colony in Alabama, page 9. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: W. B. Drake and Son, 1967.
  5. ^ a b "Census Data for the Year 1860". Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Archived from the original on May 6, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  6. ^ "Alabama". Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities. Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
  7. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  8. ^ "County Population Totals: 2010-2020". Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  9. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  10. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  11. ^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 24, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  12. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  13. ^ Martin, Jonathan; Blinder, Alan (December 12, 2017). "Alabama Senate Race Between Roy Moore and Doug Jones Ends With More Controversy".
  14. ^ "Schools". Marengo County Schools. School In Sites. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
  15. ^ "Marengo County". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Demopolis". Alabama Tourism Department - Official Web Site. Archived from the original on November 24, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
  17. ^ "Faunsdale Biker Rally - Alabama's wildest biker event". Bama Rides. April 26, 2008. Archived from the original on August 19, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
  18. ^ "Annual Faunsdale Crawfish Festival". Alabama Tourism Department - Official Web Site. Archived from the original on November 25, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
  19. ^ "Rural Heritage Day & Pepper Jelly Festival, 2nd". Alabama Tourism Department - Official Web Site. Archived from the original on November 24, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
  20. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  21. ^ "The Alabama Register of Landmarks & Heritage" (PDF). preserveala.org. Alabama Historical Commission. May 31, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  22. ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Retrieved November 21, 2016.

32°14′31″N 87°47′22″W / 32.24194°N 87.78944°W / 32.24194; -87.78944

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