Carla J. Shatz

Carla J. Shatz
Alma mater	Radcliffe College, University College London, Harvard University
Known for	Role of neuronal activity in maturation of brain circuits
Awards	Society for Neuroscience Young Investigator Award (1985) American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992) National Academy of Sciences (1995) American Philosophical Society (1997) National Academy of Medicine (1999) Society for Neuroscience Gerard Prize (2011) Fellow of the Royal Society (2011) Gruber Prize (2015) Champalimaud Foundation Vision Award (2016) Kavli Prize in Neuroscience (2016)
Scientific career
Institutions	Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stanford University Harvard University University of California, Berkeley
Doctoral advisors	David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel
Other academic advisors	Pasko Rakic

Carla J. Shatz (born 1947) is an American neurobiologist and an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine.

She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard. Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's Department of Neurobiology. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.

Career

Shatz graduated from Radcliffe College in 1969 with a B.A. in chemistry. She received an M.Phil. in Physiology from the University College London in 1971 on a Marshall Scholarship. In 1976, she received a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard Medical School, where she studied with the Nobel laureates David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. From 1976 to 1978 she obtained postdoctoral training with Pasko Rakic in the department of neuroscience, Harvard Medical School.

In 1978, Shatz moved to Stanford University, where she began her studies of the development of the mammalian visual system in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, where she became a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator in 1994.

During 1994-1995, she was president of the Society for Neuroscience and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001. From 2000 until 2007, she was the chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology. Notably, she was the first woman to chair this department. She loved Stanford but says, "I couldn't turn it down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."

She also helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging. Shatz was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship, holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is The Catherine Holman Johnson Director of Stanford Bio-X at Stanford University. She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2011.

Research

Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain development. She found that the spontaneous activity of neurons in utero is critical for the formation of precise and orderly neural connections in the central nervous system. She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the retina can alter gene expression and the strength of synaptic connections. In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified Class I MHC molecules as important in neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.

Shatz is credited with coining the sentence summarizing the Hebbian theory: "Cells that fire together, wire together." Although a similar phrase might first have appeared in print in Siegrid Löwel's Science article in January, 1992, Shatz had been using it in lectures for a number of years before. In her September 1992 Scientific American article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."

Awards

Shatz's honors include:

• 1985 Society for Neuroscience Young Investigator Award
• 2006 Gill Prize presented by the Indiana University Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences
• 2011 Gerard Prize from the Society for Neuroscience
• 2013 The Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Developmental Psychobiology
• Silvo Conte Award from the National Foundation for Brain Research
• Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health and Education
• Alcon Award for Outstanding Contributions to Vision Research
• Bernard Sachs Award from the Child Neurology Society
• 2016 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience
• Weizmann Women & Science Award

She has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Philosophical Society.

In 1997, she was invited by President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning.

In 2011, she was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London.

In 2015, she was awarded the Gruber prize in Neuroscience, and in 2016 the Champalimaud Foundation Vision Award. She will receive the Harvey Prize for 2017 from the Technion in June 2018 in Israel.

Major publications

• Sretavan, David; Shatz, Carla J (1984). "Prenatal development of individual retinogeniculate axons during the period of segregation". Nature. 308 (5962): 845–8. Bibcode:1984Natur.308..845S. doi:10.1038/308845a0. PMID 6201743. S2CID 4347611.
• McConnell, S; Ghosh, A; Shatz, C (1989). "Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex". Science. 245 (4921): 978–82. Bibcode:1989Sci...245..978M. doi:10.1126/science.2475909. PMID 2475909.
• Ghosh, Anirvan; Antonini, Antonella; McConnell, Susan K; Shatz, Carla J (1990). "Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections". Nature. 347 (6289): 179–81. Bibcode:1990Natur.347..179G. doi:10.1038/347179a0. PMID 2395469. S2CID 4352240.
• Meister, M; Wong, R; Baylor, D; Shatz, C (1991). "Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina". Science. 252 (5008): 939–43. Bibcode:1991Sci...252..939M. doi:10.1126/science.2035024. PMID 2035024.
• Ghosh, A; Shatz, C (1992). "Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns". Science. 255 (5050): 1441–3. Bibcode:1992Sci...255.1441G. doi:10.1126/science.1542795. PMID 1542795.
• Wong, R. O. L; Chernjavsky, A; Smith, S. J; Shatz, C. J (1995). "Early functional neural networks in the developing retina". Nature. 374 (6524): 716–8. Bibcode:1995Natur.374..716W. doi:10.1038/374716a0. PMID 7715725. S2CID 4250192.
• Katz, L. C; Shatz, C. J (1996). "Synaptic Activity and the Construction of Cortical Circuits". Science. 274 (5290): 1133–8. Bibcode:1996Sci...274.1133K. doi:10.1126/science.274.5290.1133. PMID 8895456. S2CID 644224.
• Penn, A. A; Riquelme, Patricio A; Feller, Marla B; Shatz, Carla J (1998). "Competition in Retinogeniculate Patterning Driven by Spontaneous Activity". Science. 279 (5359): 2108–12. Bibcode:1998Sci...279.2108P. doi:10.1126/science.279.5359.2108. PMID 9516112.
• Catalano, S. M; Shatz, Carla J (1998). "Activity-Dependent Cortical Target Selection by Thalamic Axons". Science. 281 (5376): 559–62. Bibcode:1998Sci...281..559C. doi:10.1126/science.281.5376.559. PMID 9677198.
• Stellwagen, David; Shatz, Carla J; Feller, Marla B (1999). "Dynamics of Retinal Waves Are Controlled by Cyclic AMP". Neuron. 24 (3): 673–85. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81121-6. PMID 10595518. S2CID 9100941.
• Huh, G. S; Boulanger, L. M; Du, H; Riquelme, P. A; Brotz, T. M; Shatz, C. J (2000). "Functional Requirement for Class I MHC in CNS Development and Plasticity". Science. 290 (5499): 2155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.2155H. doi:10.1126/science.290.5499.2155. PMC 2175035. PMID 11118151.
• Lam, Dominic Man-Kit; Shatz, Carla J., eds. (1991). Development of the Visual System. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-12154-5.
• Stellwagen, D; Shatz, C.J (2002). "An Instructive Role for Retinal Waves in the Development of Retinogeniculate Connectivity". Neuron. 33 (3): 357–67. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00577-9. PMID 11832224. S2CID 18391176.
• Kanold, P. O; Kara, Prakash; Clay Reid, R; Shatz, Carla J (2003). "Role of Subplate Neurons in Functional Maturation of Visual Cortical Columns". Science. 301 (5632): 521–5. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..521K. doi:10.1126/science.1084152. PMID 12881571. S2CID 14622652.
• Boulanger, Lisa M; Shatz, Carla J (2004). "Immune signalling in neural development, synaptic plasticity and disease". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (7): 521–31. doi:10.1038/nrn1428. PMID 15208694. S2CID 30265572.
• Tagawa, Yoshiaki; Kanold, Patrick O; Majdan, Marta; Shatz, Carla J (2005). "Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 8 (3): 380–8. doi:10.1038/nn1410. PMID 15723060. S2CID 2721355.
• Kanold, Patrick O; Shatz, Carla J (2006). "Subplate Neurons Regulate Maturation of Cortical Inhibition and Outcome of Ocular Dominance Plasticity". Neuron. 51 (5): 627–38. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.008. PMID 16950160. S2CID 16254437.
• Syken, J; Grandpre, Tadzia; Kanold, Patrick O; Shatz, Carla J (2006). "PirB Restricts Ocular-Dominance Plasticity in Visual Cortex". Science. 313 (5794): 1795–800. Bibcode:2006Sci...313.1795S. doi:10.1126/science.1128232. PMID 16917027. S2CID 1860730.
• Majdan, Marta; Shatz, Carla J (2006). "Effects of visual experience on activity-dependent gene regulation in cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 9 (5): 650–9. doi:10.1038/nn1674. PMID 16582906. S2CID 8094888.
• Goddard, C. A; Butts, D. A; Shatz, C. J (2007). "Regulation of CNS synapses by neuronal MHC class I". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (16): 6828–33. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.6828G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702023104. JSTOR 25427468. PMC 1871870. PMID 17420446.
• Butts, Daniel A; Kanold, Patrick O; Shatz, Carla J (2007). "A Burst-Based "Hebbian" Learning Rule at Retinogeniculate Synapses Links Retinal Waves to Activity-Dependent Refinement". PLOS Biology. 5 (3): e61. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050061. PMC 1808114. PMID 17341130.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Atwal, J. K; Pinkston-Gosse, J; Syken, J; Stawicki, S; Wu, Y; Shatz, C; Tessier-Lavigne, M (2008). "PirB is a Functional Receptor for Myelin Inhibitors of Axonal Regeneration". Science. 322 (5903): 967–70. Bibcode:2008Sci...322..967A. doi:10.1126/science.1161151. PMID 18988857. S2CID 206514359.
• McConnell, M. J; Huang, Y. H; Datwani, A; Shatz, C. J (2009). "H2-Kb and H2-Db regulate cerebellar long-term depression and limit motor learning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (16): 6784–9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6784M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902018106. JSTOR 40482174. PMC 2672503. PMID 19346486.
• Kanold, Patrick O; Kim, Yoon A; Grandpre, Tadzia; Shatz, Carla J (2009). "Co-regulation of ocular dominance plasticity and NMDA receptor subunit expression in glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 knock-out mice". The Journal of Physiology. 587 (12): 2857–67. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171215. PMC 2718245. PMID 19406876.
• Shatz, Carla J (2009). "MHC Class I: An Unexpected Role in Neuronal Plasticity". Neuron. 64 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.044. PMC 2773547. PMID 19840547.
• McKellar, Claire E; Shatz, Carla J (2009). "Synaptogenesis in Purified Cortical Subplate Neurons". Cerebral Cortex. 19 (8): 1723–37. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn194. PMC 2705692. PMID 19029062.
• Datwani, Akash; McConnell, Michael J; Kanold, Patrick O; Micheva, Kristina D; Busse, Brad; Shamloo, Mehrdad; Smith, Stephen J; Shatz, Carla J (2009). "Classical MHCI Molecules Regulate Retinogeniculate Refinement and Limit Ocular Dominance Plasticity". Neuron. 64 (4): 463–70. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.10.015. PMC 2787480. PMID 19945389.
• Adelson, Jaimie D; Barreto, George E; Xu, Lijun; Kim, Taeho; Brott, Barbara K; Ouyang, Yi-Bing; Naserke, Thorsten; Djurisic, Maja; Xiong, Xiaoxing; Shatz, Carla J; Giffard, Rona G (2012). "Neuroprotection from Stroke in the Absence of MHCI or PirB". Neuron. 73 (6): 1100–7. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.020. PMC 3314229. PMID 22445338.
• William, C. M; Andermann, M. L; Goldey, G. J; Roumis, D. K; Reid, R. C; Shatz, C. J; Albers, M. W; Frosch, M. P; Hyman, B. T (2012). "Synaptic Plasticity Defect Following Visual Deprivation in Alzheimer's Disease Model Transgenic Mice". Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (23): 8004–11. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5369-11.2012. PMC 3493160. PMID 22674275.
• Kim, T; Vidal, G. S; Djurisic, M; William, C. M; Birnbaum, M. E; Garcia, K. C; Hyman, B. T; Shatz, C. J (2013). "Human LilrB2 Is a β-Amyloid Receptor and Its Murine Homolog PirB Regulates Synaptic Plasticity in an Alzheimer's Model". Science. 341 (6152): 1399–404. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1399K. doi:10.1126/science.1242077. PMC 3853120. PMID 24052308.
• Djurisic, M; Vidal, G. S; Mann, M; Aharon, A; Kim, T; Ferrao Santos, A; Zuo, Y; Hubener, M; Shatz, C. J (2013). "PirB regulates a structural substrate for cortical plasticity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (51): 20771–6. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11020771D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321092110. PMC 3870667. PMID 24302763.
• Lee, Hanmi; Brott, Barbara K; Kirkby, Lowry A; Adelson, Jaimie D; Cheng, Sarah; Feller, Marla B; Datwani, Akash; Shatz, Carla J (2014). "Synapse elimination and learning rules co-regulated by MHC class I H2-Db". Nature. 509 (7499): 195–200. Bibcode:2014Natur.509..195L. doi:10.1038/nature13154. PMC 4016165. PMID 24695230.

External links

• "Carla Shatz". Nasonline.org. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
• "Carla Shatz - Stanford Medicine Profiles". Med.stanford.edu. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
• "University of Pittsburgh Science2006". 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 23 December 2017.