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== Production ==
== Production ==
Before production started, the director spent two and a half years researching the Colombian Amazon. They discovered a part of the jungle in the north west that had not yet been heavily affected by tourism or commerce and after gaining permission from the local community, they decided on the location.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Adam |last=Woodward |url=https://lwlies.com/articles/embrace-of-the-serpent-ciro-guerra-heart-of-darkness/ |title=Tropical malady – making a film in the heart of darkness |magazine=[[Little White Lies (magazine)|Little White Lies]] |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> The pre-production and shooting took place over the course of three months with the help of around 40 people from outside the Amazon and 60 people from indigenous communities within the Amazon. The director extensively collaborated with the community and invited them to participate and collaborate both in front and behind the camera. To avoid any problems caused by the harsh environment, the indigenous people taught the crew how to work with the jungle and performed rituals for spiritual protection. There were no accidents or illnesses and the shooting ran smoothly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wd7k74/embrace-of-the-serpent-is-a-violent-psychedelic-film-about-the-colonization-of-the-amazon|title='Embrace of the Serpent' Is a Violent, Psychedelic, Film About the Colonisation of the Amazon|last=Salas|first=Camilo|date=8 January 2016|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> Additionally, Guerra let the indigenous people translate the script, during which they redrafted parts to make it more accurate.<ref name="Alphaville">{{cite journal |last=Berghahn |first=Daniela |title=Encounters with Cultural Difference: Cosmopolitanism and Exoticism in ''Tanna'' (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, 2015) and ''Embrace of the Serpent'' (Ciro Guerra, 2015) |url=http://www.alphavillejournal.com/Issue14/ArticleBerghahn.pdf |journal=Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media |number=14 |pages=16–40 |date=Winter 2017}}</ref>
Before production started, the director spent two and a half years researching the Colombian Amazon. They discovered a part of the jungle in the north west that had not yet been heavily affected by tourism or commerce and after gaining permission from the local community, they decided on the location.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Adam |last=Woodward |url=https://lwlies.com/articles/embrace-of-the-serpent-ciro-guerra-heart-of-darkness/ |title=Tropical malady – making a film in the heart of darkness |magazine=[[Little White Lies (magazine)|Little White Lies]] |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> The pre-production and shooting took place over the course of three months with the help of around 40 people from outside the Amazon and 60 people from indigenous communities within the Amazon. The director extensively collaborated with the community and invited them to participate and collaborate both in front and behind the camera. To avoid any problems caused by the harsh environment, the indigenous people taught the crew how to work with the jungle and performed rituals for spiritual protection. There were no accidents or illnesses and the shooting ran smoothly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wd7k74/embrace-of-the-serpent-is-a-violent-psychedelic-film-about-the-colonization-of-the-amazon|title='Embrace of the Serpent' Is a Violent, Psychedelic, Film About the Colonisation of the Amazon|last=Salas|first=Camilo|date=8 January 2016|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref> Additionally, to improve accuracy, Indigenous individuals worked with Guerra to translate and rewrite parts of the script.<ref name="Alphaville">{{cite journal |last=Berghahn |first=Daniela |title=Encounters with Cultural Difference: Cosmopolitanism and Exoticism in ''Tanna'' (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, 2015) and ''Embrace of the Serpent'' (Ciro Guerra, 2015) |url=http://www.alphavillejournal.com/Issue14/ArticleBerghahn.pdf |journal=Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media |number=14 |pages=16–40 |date=Winter 2017}}</ref>


[[File:Cerros de Mavecure (Guainía, Colombia).JPG|thumb|Cerro Mono and Cerro Pajarito, in the [[Cerros de Mavecure|Mavicure Hills]], which feature in the film.]]
[[File:Cerros de Mavecure (Guainía, Colombia).JPG|thumb|Cerro Mono and Cerro Pajarito, in the [[Cerros de Mavecure|Mavicure Hills]], which feature in the film.]]

Revision as of 02:06, 2 September 2021

Embrace of the Serpent
Theatrical poster
Directed byCiro Guerra
Written byCiro Guerra
Jacques Toulemonde Vidal
Based onTheodor Koch-Grunberg and Richard Evans Schultes (diaries)
Produced byCristina Gallego
Starring
  • Jan Bijvoet
  • Nilbio Torres
  • Antonio Bolívar
CinematographyDavid Gallego
Edited byEtienne Boussac
Music byNascuy Linares
Production
companies
  • Buffalo Films
  • Buffalo Producciones
  • Caracol Televisión
  • Ciudad Lunar Producciones
  • Dago García Producciones
  • MC Producciones
  • Nortesur Producciones
Distributed byDiaphana Films
Release dates
  • 15 May 2015 (2015-05-15) (Cannes)
  • 21 May 2015 (2015-05-21) (Colombia)
[1]
Running time
125 minutes
CountriesColombia
Venezuela
Argentina
LanguagesCubeo
Huitoto
Ticuna
Wanano
Spanish
Portuguese
German
Catalan
Latin
English
Budget$1.4 million[2]
Box office$3.4 million[3]

Embrace of the Serpent (Template:Lang-es) is a 2015 Colombian internationally co-produced adventure drama film directed by Ciro Guerra, and written by Guerra and Jacques Toulemonde Vidal. Shot almost entirely in black and white, the film follows two journeys made thirty years apart by the indigenous shaman Karamakate in the Colombian Amazonian jungle, one with Theo, a German ethnographer, and the other with Evan, an American botanist, both of whom are searching for the rare plant yakruna. It was inspired by the travel diaries of Theodor Koch-Grünberg and Richard Evans Schultes, and dedicated to lost Amazonian cultures.

Embrace of the Serpent was premiered on 15 May 2015 during the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Art Cinema Award. The film was released in Colombia on 21 May 2015, and worldwide over the course of the following twelve months. It has received universal acclaim from critics, who praised the cinematography and the story's theme, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and way of life by white colonialism. It has won numerous awards, including the Alfred P. Sloan Prize at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival, the Grand Jury Prize for Best Picture at the 2017 Riviera International Film Festival, and seven awards at the 3rd Platino Awards to recognise the best Ibero-American films of 2015, including the Platino Award for Best Ibero-American Film. In 2016 the film was submitted as Colombia's entry for the category of Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards and was included among the final five nominees, becoming the first Colombian film ever to receive a nomination for an Academy Award.

Plot

The film tells two stories thirty years apart, both featuring Karamakate, an Amazonian shaman and last survivor of his tribe. He travels with two scientists, firstly with the German Theo von Martius in 1909 and then with an American named Evan in 1940, to look for the rare yakruna, a (fictional) sacred plant.[4]

Theo, an ethnographer from Tübingen who has already been residing in the Amazon for several years, is very sick and is travelling by canoe with his field notes and a westernised local named Manduca whom he had saved from enslavement on a rubber plantation. Karamakate prolongs his life, blasting white powder called "the sun's semen" (possibly a hallucinogenic made from virola[5]) up his nose, but is reluctant to become involved with a westerner and refuses his money. Theo is searching for yakruna as the only cure for his disease and the three set off in the canoe to search for it.

Many years later an American botanist, Evan, paddles up to a much older Karamakate who has apparently forgotten the customs of his own people. Evan says he is hoping to complete Theo's quest and Karamakate does assist, again reluctantly, saying his knowledge is spent. Evan has a book of Theo's final trek, which his aide had sent back to Europe, as he did not survive the jungle. The book includes an image of Karamakate, which he refers to as his chullachaqui, a native term for hollow spirit. Karamakate agrees to help him only when Evan describes himself as someone who has devoted himself to plants, although Evan's real purpose is actually to secure disease-free rubber trees, since the United States' supplies of rubber from South East Asia had dwindled due to the Japanese wartime advance.

Both expeditions feature a Spanish Catholic Mission by the side of an Amazon tributary, run in 1909 by a sadistic, lone Spanish priest who beats orphan boys for any "pagan" behaviour, and in 1940 by a delusional Brazilian figure who believes he is the Messiah. He only trusts the visitors when he believes they are the Biblical Magi, but Karamakate wins his respect when he heals his wife. By now the children of 1909 have grown into disturbed and violent acolytes.

In 1909, we are left with Theo, sick and having fled the Mission, arriving at a frontier post just about to be invaded by Colombian soldiers during the Amazon rubber boom, where the sacred yakruna is being abused by drunken men, and cultivated, against local traditions. Karamakate is furious and destroys it. In 1940, Karamakate does show Evan the origin of the plant in striking denuded dome-shaped mountains (Cerros de Mavecure), allegedly the home of yakruna. He reveals one yakruna flower that is on the last plant – he has destroyed all the others – and prepares it for Evan. The preparation, being hallucinogenic, aids Evan in undergoing a superconscious experience. While most of the film is in black-and-white, a part of this experience is shown in colour to signify its intensity. The film ends with a transformed Evan remaining enamoured by a group of butterflies.

Cast

In Cineaste magazine, the film's writer and director Ciro Guerra noted how the process of finding an actor who can successfully communicate the film's narrative was considered to be a difficult task. After his attempt in reaching out to a variety of indigenous people, it had come to his attention that the older generation were completely detached from the time depicted within the film. Through watching a film over 10 years ago in a workshop with the Ministry of Culture, Guerra was able to find the perfect actor, Nilbio Torres. Torres's two minute presence in the short film had a great impact on Guerra, encouraging him to pursue appointing him the role of Karamakate as "There was nobody else that could play this guy. He's one of the last Ocaina people remaining. There's only about sixteen of them left."[6]

The chemistry between the two explorers was undoubtedly a perfect fit for the film. Richard Evans Schultes was an admired figure by many, he also had an eerie side to him that Guerra wanted to delve further into. Therefore, by pairing him with Brionne Davis, it highlighted the parallels between the two characters. The two actors spent a lot of time with another during the production of the film the relationship between the two strengthened greatly. Davis's virtuous presentation is made use of and then subverted as a means of playing with the audience's emotions and trust, a key feature prevalent throughout the film.[citation needed]

The cast are as follows:

  • Nilbio Torres as Young Karamakate
  • Antonio Bolívar as Old Karamakate
  • Jan Bijvoet [nl] as Theo
  • Brionne Davis as Evan
  • Luigi Sciamanna as Gaspar
  • Yauenkü Migue as Manduca
  • Nicolás Cancino as Anizetto

Themes

The film explores the representation of the first people nations of the Amazon. In the film multiple languages are spoken: Ocaina (which is most frequently spoken), Ticuna, Bora, Andoque, Yucuna (Jukuna), and Muinane.[citation needed] The indigenous peoples are shown to have suffered at the hands of colonizers, and Colombian film critic and author Pedro Adrián Zuluaga states that Guerra highlights this by "shooting peripheric geographies... and bringing to the centre of the narrative an unavoidable contradiction between progress and tradition".[7] Daniela Berghahn, a professor of film studies at the University of London, notes how through time-lapse, Guerra highlights the pillaging of the Amazon rain forest by conquistadors, missionaries and rubber barons, and also the enslavement and degradation of the indigenous peoples, who were converted to Christianity — the character Manduca is both enslaved and Westernised — at the cost of their traditions and beliefs. The black and white cinematography bears similarity to the daguerreotype photography of early twentieth century explorers who initially documented the Amazon and inspired the film.[8]

Production

Before production started, the director spent two and a half years researching the Colombian Amazon. They discovered a part of the jungle in the north west that had not yet been heavily affected by tourism or commerce and after gaining permission from the local community, they decided on the location.[9] The pre-production and shooting took place over the course of three months with the help of around 40 people from outside the Amazon and 60 people from indigenous communities within the Amazon. The director extensively collaborated with the community and invited them to participate and collaborate both in front and behind the camera. To avoid any problems caused by the harsh environment, the indigenous people taught the crew how to work with the jungle and performed rituals for spiritual protection. There were no accidents or illnesses and the shooting ran smoothly.[10] Additionally, to improve accuracy, Indigenous individuals worked with Guerra to translate and rewrite parts of the script.[8]

Cerro Mono and Cerro Pajarito, in the Mavicure Hills, which feature in the film.

Embrace of the Serpent was filmed in the Amazonía region of Colombia. Seven weeks were spent filming in the Department of Vaupés, and one week in the Department of Guainía.[11] Location details include:

Crew

  • Ciro Guerra – director, screenwriter
  • Jacques Toulemonde – screenwriter
  • Cristina Gallego – producer
  • David Gallego – cinematographer
  • Carlos E. García – sound designer, re-recording mixer, additional music composer
  • Angélica Perea  – production designer
  • Catherine Rodriguez – costume designer
  • Andrés Barrientos – acting coach
  • Etienne Boussac  – editor
  • Nascuy Linares – music composer

Soundtrack

The soundtrack album of the movie was released by Plaza Major Company on 22 January 2016 and contains nine songs composed by Nascuy Linares.[12] The film also features The Creation by Joseph Haydn.

Track listing

No.TitleLength
1."Embrace of the Serpent (Theme)"1:59
2."Trance (Trance Aereo)"1:59
3."Dantesque Celebration (Fiesta Dantesca)"2:29
4."Acoutic River (Tema Brújula)"3:17
5."Dudamel: Let the Children Play (End)"1:41
6."Dudamel: Let the Children Play (Isla y Páramo)"1:44
7."Dudamel: Let the Children Play – Sarabande (Based on a Theme by George Frideric Handel)"2:02
8."Dudamel: Let the Children Play (Arpegios)"0:50
9."Dudamel: Let the Children Play (Minor)"1:44

Reception

Critical response

The film has received universal acclaim from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 96% approval rating, based on 145 reviews, with an average score of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "As rich visually as it is thematically, Embrace of the Serpent offers a feast of the senses for film fans seeking a dose of bracing originality".[13] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating, the film has a score of 82 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[14]

Indiewire's Jessica Kiang awarded the film an A rating, calling it "a soulful, strange and stunning discovery". She also described the character of Karamakate as "an immaculate portrait of the unfathomable loneliness and crushing survivor's guilt that comes with being the last of one's kind".[15] Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as "a visually mesmerizing exploration of man, nature and the destructive powers of colonialism" and compared it to Miguel Gomes' Tabu (2012). He also praised the black-and-white cinematography and the sound design which he said "makes the jungle truly come alive".[16] Justin Chang of Variety gave a positive review of the film. He wrote: "At once blistering and poetic, not just an ethnographic study but also a striking act of cinematic witness...". About the parallel narrative he wrote it "delivers a fairly comprehensive critique of the destruction of indigenous cultures at the hands of white invaders".[17] Will Lawrence of Empire awarded the film four stars out of five and said that "though inspired by real-life journals, Guerra's film transports us into the realm of the mystical and surreal".[18] Video essayist Kogonada voted for the film on Sight & Sound magazine's poll for best film of 2015, stating that "Embrace of the Serpent is a mesmerizing feat of cinema. Guerra had me at frame one."[19]

Response from the indigenous community

The film was well received by the Amazonian community featured in the film. A special screening was held in the jungles of Colombia, in a makeshift cinema. With tribal people from all over the area showing up, not everyone could be seated. After the film finished, they asked for it to be shown again. Although the film was celebrated, director Ciro Guerra did stress that the film should not be used as an attempt to share traditional knowledge of the tribes, as what you see in the film "is an imagined Amazon because the real Amazon doesn't fit in one film".[20]

Accolades

The film was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival[21] where it won the Art Cinema Award.[22] The film won the Golden Apricot at the 2015 Yerevan International Film Festival, Armenia, for Best Feature Film; the Special Jury Award at the Odessa Film Festival, and the Spondylus Trophy at the Lima Film Festival.

The Governor of the Guainía Department decorated Ciro Guerra with the Order of the Inírida Flower for "exalting the respect and value of the indigenous populations, likewise giving the Department recognition for tourism and culture".[23]

The film was announced as Colombia's submission for the 2016 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film,[24] and was selected among the final five contenders, being the first Colombian film to be nominated for the award.[25]

Award / Film Festival Category Result
Academy Awards[26] Best Foreign Language Film Nominated
Australian Film Critics Association[27] Best International Film (Foreign Language) Nominated
Cannes Film Festival[28] Art Cinema Award Won
Hamptons International Film Festival[29] Golden Starfish for Narrative Feature − Honorable Mention Won
Independent Spirit Awards[30] Best International Film Nominated
India International Film Festival[31] Golden Peacock Award Won
Lima Film Festival[32] Best Fiction Featured Film Won
Mar del Plata International Film Festival[33] Golden Ástor Won
Munich Film Festival Best International Film Nominated
Odessa International Film Festival[34] International Competition Program - Special Jury Mention Won
Pacific Meridian International Film Festival Special Jury Award Won
Rotterdam International Film Festival Dioraphte Award Won
San Sebastián International Film Festival Best Latin-American Film Nominated
Sundance Film Festival[35] Alfred P. Sloan Prize Won
Yerevan International Film Festival[36] Golden Apricot Award Won
Riviera International Film Festival[37] Grand Jury Prize for Best Picture Won
Jury Prize for Best Director Nominated

Top ten lists

In The Observer Mark Kermode included Embrace of the Serpent in his top ten list of best films of 2016.[38] Embrace of the Serpent is ranked 2nd in Rotten Tomatoes' Best-Reviewed Foreign Language Movies 2016,[39] and 23rd in the Top 100 Movies of 2016 list.[40] It also was named the 12th best film of 2016 by Esquire.[41] Sight & Sound ranked it 21st with seven votes.[42]

Some other top ten lists in which Embrace of the Serpent was listed are:[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ "En mayo, cosecha de estrenos colombianos en la pantalla grande". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 8 May 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  2. ^ "'Este es el momento del cine colombiano': Ciro Guerra". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 14 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  3. ^ "Embrace of the Serpent (2016)". Box Office Mojo.
  4. ^ Hoffman, Jordan (17 February 2016). "Embrace of the Serpent review – dreamlike exploration of the Amazon's imperialist pollution". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  5. ^ Pratt, Christina (1 June 2007). An Encyclopedia of Shamanism – Volume 2: N–Z. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 423. ISBN 978-1-40421-141-4.
  6. ^ Guillén, Michael (Spring 2016). "Embrace of the Serpent: An Interview with Ciro Guerra". Cineaste. Vol. 41, no. 2. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  7. ^ Zuluaga, Pedro Adrián; Munoz, Gabriella (December 2018). "Contemporary Colombian cinema: the splintered mirror of a country". Senses of Cinema (89). Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  8. ^ a b Berghahn, Daniela (Winter 2017). "Encounters with Cultural Difference: Cosmopolitanism and Exoticism in Tanna (Martin Butler and Bentley Dean, 2015) and Embrace of the Serpent (Ciro Guerra, 2015)" (PDF). Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media (14): 16–40.
  9. ^ Woodward, Adam (8 June 2016). "Tropical malady – making a film in the heart of darkness". Little White Lies. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  10. ^ Salas, Camilo (8 January 2016). "'Embrace of the Serpent' Is a Violent, Psychedelic, Film About the Colonisation of the Amazon". Vice. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  11. ^ Ramos, Nick (9 May 2016). "EXCLUSIVE: Embrace of the Serpent Star on Making Film". MoreMentum. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  12. ^ "'Embrace of the Serpent' Soundtrack Announced". Film Music Reporter. 12 January 2016.
  13. ^ "Embrace of the Serpent (El Abrazo de la Serpiente)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  14. ^ "Embrace of the Serpent". Metacritic. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  15. ^ Kiang, Jessica (17 May 2015). "Cannes Review: 'Embrace Of The Serpent' Is A Soulful, Strange And Stunning Discovery". IndieWire. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  16. ^ Mintzer, Jordan (15 May 2015). "'Embrace of the Serpent' ('El abrazo de la serpiente'): Cannes Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  17. ^ Chang, Justin (2 June 2015). "Film Review: 'Embrace of the Serpent'". Variety. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  18. ^ Lawrence, Will (July 2016). "Review: Embrace of the Serpent". Empire. p. 52.
  19. ^ Kogonada (27 November 2015). "kogonada | The best films of 2015". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  20. ^ Mathiesen, Karl (8 June 2016). "Embrace of the Serpent star: 'My tribe is nearly extinct'". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  21. ^ Chang, Justin (21 April 2015). "Cannes: Directors' Fortnight Unveils 2015 Lineup". Variety. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  22. ^ Ford, Rebecca (22 May 2015). "Cannes: 'Embrace of the Serpent' Tops Directors' Fortnight Awards". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  23. ^ "Sitio web del Departamento de Guainía". guainia.gov.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ Mango, Agustin (17 September 2015). "Oscars: Colombia Selects 'Embrace of the Serpent' for Foreign-Language Category". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  25. ^ Ford, Rebecca (14 January 2016). "Oscar Nominations: The Complete List". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  26. ^ "Oscar Nominations: The Complete List". 14 January 2016.
  27. ^ "The 2017 AFCA Awards". Australian Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  28. ^ "2015 Awards". Austin Film Critics Association. 30 December 2015.
  29. ^ "HIFF 2015: Awards". Hamptons International Film Festival. 12 October 2015.
  30. ^ "'Carol,' 'Spotlight,' 'Beasts of No Nation' Lead Spirit Awards Nominations". Film Independent. 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  31. ^ "BEST FILM" (PDF). International Film Festival of India, GO. 2015.
  32. ^ "El Festival de Cine de Lima premió a "El abrazo de la serpiente" y homenajeó a Herzog". EFE (in Spanish). Agencia EFE, S.A. 16 August 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  33. ^ "Y los ganadores son..." Festival Internacional de Cine de Mar de la Plata. 2015.
  34. ^ "Awards Winners 2015". Odessa International Film Festival. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  35. ^ "Sundance: The Birth of a Nation Sweeps Top Prizes". Variety. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  36. ^ "Awards and Juries". YEREVAN INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  37. ^ "Riviera International Film Festival". Vogue Italia. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  38. ^ Kermode, Mark (4 December 2016). "Mark Kermode: best films of 2016". The Observer. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  39. ^ "Best-Reviewed Foreign Language Movies 2016". Rotten Tomatoes.
  40. ^ "Top 100 Movies of 2016". Rotten Tomatoes.
  41. ^ Schager, Nick (30 November 2016). "The 25 Best Movies of 2016 (So Far)". Esquire.
  42. ^ "The best films of 2016". British Film Institute. 2 December 2016.
  43. ^ Dietz, Jason (5 December 2016). "Best of 2016: Film Critic Top Ten Lists". Metacritic.
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