President of the Republic (Spain): Difference between revisions

President of the Republic
*Presidente de la República*
President of the Republic; Presidente de la República;
	Republican coat of arms
	Manuel Azaña
Style	Su Excelencia
Precursor	King of Spain
Formation	14 April 1931
First holder	Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Final holder	Manuel Azaña
Abolished	3 March 1939
Succession	Francoist dictatorship

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Revision as of 05:13, 3 September 2021

President of the Republic (Template:Lang-es) was the title of the head of state during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). The office was based on the model of the Weimar Republic, then still in power in Germany, and a compromise between the French and American presidential systems.^[1]

The "Republican Revolutionary Committee" set up by the Pact of San Sebastián (1930),^[2] considered the "central event in the opposition to the monarchy of Alfonso XIII",^[3] and headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, eventually became the first provisional government of the Second Republic, with Alcalá-Zamora named President of the Republic on 11 December 1931.

Note that Spain is one of the democracies (see President of the Council for the full list of countries) where the term 'president' must be used with care, as it does not solely refer to the head of state but to several distinct offices: President of the Republic for some historical heads of state; President of the Government for the head of the executive; President of the Senate for the speaker of the upper parliamentary chamber, etcetera. This has led to some confusion in countries where the term president refers solely to the head of state, such as the United States: several incidents involved high-profile American politicians calling the Spanish head of government "President," including George W. Bush in 2001,^[4] Jeb Bush in 2003,^[5] and most recently, Donald Trump in September 2017.^[6] With Spain a constitutional monarchy since 1975, the current monarch is head of state.

First Spanish Republic (1873–74)

Following the abdication of Amadeo I on 10 February 1873, the short-lived First Republic (1873–74) had four heads of state (officially, Presidents of the Executive Power): Estanislao Figueras, Pi i Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, and Emilio Castelar.

	Name	Term start	Term end	Political Party
Executive Power of the First Republic.^[7] Presidents:
	Estanislao Figueras	12 February 1873	11 June 1873	Democratic Federal Republican Party
	Francesc Pi i Margall	11 June 1873	18 July 1873	Democratic Federal Republican Party
	Nicolás Salmerón	18 July 1873	7 September 1873	Progressive Party
	Emilio Castelar	7 September 1873	3 January 1874	Republican Possibilist Party

On the eve of the pronunciamiento. (coup d'état) of 3 January 1874, General Pavia sent for Francisco Serrano y Domínguez take to the leadership. Serrano took the title of president of the executive and he continued at the end of December 1874 when the Bourbons were restored by another pronunciamiento.

Image	Name	Term start	Term end
	Francisco Serrano y Domínguez	3 January 1874	30 December 1874

Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)

Following the abdication of Alfonso XIII on 14 April 1931, there was no official head of state, meaning that the Prime Minister was, in effect, the highest office in the land. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora assumed the new role of President of the Republic, the effective head of state, after the approval of the new Constitution in December 1931. Manuel Azaña remained as Prime Minister, head of the government, until 12 September 1933.

Presidents (Prime Ministers) of the Provisional Government of the Republic

	Name	Term start	Term end	Political Party
File:Niceto Alcalá Zamora, presidente de la II República Española.jpg	Niceto Alcalá-Zamora	14 April 1931	14 October 1931	Liberal Republican Right
	Manuel Azaña	14 October 1931	11 December 1931	Republican Action

Presidents of the Republic

	Name	Term start	Term end	Political Party
File:Niceto Alcalá Zamora, presidente de la II República Española.jpg	Niceto Alcalá-Zamora	11 December 1931	7 April 1936	Liberal Republican Right
	Diego Martínez Barrio (interim)	7 April 1936	11 May 1936	Republican Union (Popular Front)
	Manuel Azaña	11 May 1936	3 March 1939	Republican Left (Popular Front)

With Franco's victory imminent, a National Council of Defense was established to negotiate a peace settlement with the Nationalists. By this point, Franco effectively had military control of the whole country.

Presidents of the National Council of Defense (Republican Zone)

	Name	Term start	Term end	Political Party
	Segismundo Casado López (interim)	4 March 1939	13 March 1939	Military
	José Miaja Menant	13 March 1939	27 March 1939	Military

Fall of the Republic

On 27 February 1939, after both France and the United Kingdom had recognised Franco's military victory, President Manuel Azaña, exiled in France, resigned. The following week, the so-called Casado's Coup against Prime Minister Negrín's government^[8] led to the creation of the National Defence Council which attempted, unsuccessfully to negotiate terms, with Franco breaking off talks motu proprio.^[9] Following Franco's final offensive at the end of March 1939, the Republic fell.

Presidents of the Spanish Republic in exile (1939–1977)

Name	Term start	Term end	Political Party
Diego Martínez Barrio (Official interim successor of Azaña for being president of the Congress and an important figure for most of the non-communist anti-Franco forces but for his enmity with Juan Negrín he did not take office until 1945).	4 March 1939	17 August 1945	Republican Union (Popular Front)
Juan Negrín (Prime Minister in the exile until the proclamation as president of Diego Martínez Barrio, who dismissed him).	31 March 1939^[10]^[11]	17 August 1945	Republican Union (Popular Front)
Diego Martínez Barrio	17 August 1945	1 January 1962	Republican Union (Popular Front)
Luis Jiménez de Asúa	11 February 1962	16 November 1970	PSOE (Popular Front)
José Maldonado González	November 1970	1 July 1977	Republican Left (Popular Front)

Timeline

References

^ Payne, Stanley G. (1993) Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936, pp. 62–3. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ Conversi, Daniele (2000) The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation, p. 38. University of Nevada Press. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ Preston, Paul (2002) Revolution and War in Spain, 1931–1939, p. 192. Routledge. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "Joint Press Conference with President George W. Bush and President Jose Maria Aznar" The White House. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "Jeb Bush slips on Spanish history" CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "Donald Trump's tweet on Mariano Rajoy's visit to the United States". Twitter. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ The official name of " Executive Power " between 1868 and 1874, designates a transitory and undefined authority without a constitutional configuration.
^ "War in Spain: Casado's Coup" TIME. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ (in Spanish) "Segismunco [sic] Casado: el final de una guerra" ABC. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ Herrerín López, Ángel (2007), El dinero del exilio: Indalecio Prieto y las pugnas de posguerra (1939-1947), Siglo XXI de España Editores, pág.3
^ Romero Samper, Milagrosa (2005), La oposición durante el franquismo, Encuentro, pág.91

[1] Payne, Stanley G. (1993) Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936, pp. 62–3. Univ of Wisconsin Press. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[2] Conversi, Daniele (2000) The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation, p. 38. University of Nevada Press. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[3] Preston, Paul (2002) Revolution and War in Spain, 1931–1939, p. 192. Routledge. Google Books. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[4] "Joint Press Conference with President George W. Bush and President Jose Maria Aznar" The White House. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[5] "Jeb Bush slips on Spanish history" CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[6] "Donald Trump's tweet on Mariano Rajoy's visit to the United States". Twitter. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.

[ejecutivo-7] The official name of " Executive Power " between 1868 and 1874, designates a transitory and undefined authority without a constitutional configuration.

[8] "War in Spain: Casado's Coup" TIME. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[9] (in Spanish) "Segismunco [sic] Casado: el final de una guerra" ABC. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[10] Herrerín López, Ángel (2007), El dinero del exilio: Indalecio Prieto y las pugnas de posguerra (1939-1947), Siglo XXI de España Editores, pág.3

[11] Romero Samper, Milagrosa (2005), La oposición durante el franquismo, Encuentro, pág.91

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+{{Short description|Spanish title for the head of state during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)}}
 {{redirect-distinguish|President of Spain|Prime Minister of Spain}}
 {{Infobox official post

v t e Presidents of Spain
Spanish Republic (1873–1874)	Estanislao Figueras^ Francesc Pi i Margall^ Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso^ Emilio Castelar y Ripoll^ Francisco Serrano^
Spanish Republic (1931–1939)	Niceto Alcalá-Zamora^^ Manuel Azaña^^ Niceto Alcalá-Zamora Diego Martínez Barrio^^ Manuel Azaña Diego Martínez Barrio^^ Segismundo Casado^^^ José Miaja^^^
Spanish Republic in exile (1939–1977)	Álvaro de Albornoz^^ Diego Martínez Barrio Luis Jiménez de Asúa José Maldonado González
^President of the Executive Power ^^Acting head of state ^^^Interim head of state