Fourth UK television service

This article is about proposals in the 1960s and 1970s for a second UK commercial television network, sometimes referred to as "ITV2". For the digital television channel, see ITV2.

In the 1960s and 1970s, an envisioned fourth UK television service was popularly referred to as ITV2, before the launch of Channel 4 (and its Welsh counterpart, S4C) in November 1982.

History

During the established 1954 Act, plans for independent television to consist of two or more channels in a given area were discussed its first inception, where ways of allowing the component companies to compete directly with one another were considered. When the first broadcasts went on the air in September 1955, there was not enough frequency space allocated for television, leading to the approach whereby each company was allotted a part of the country (or in the larger areas a period of the seven-day week, weekdays or weekend):

Franchise awarded	Regional area	Programme company	Service date
26 October 1954	London (Mondays to Fridays)	Associated-Rediffusion[a]	22 September 1955
	London (Saturdays and Sundays)	Associated Television[b]	24 September 1955
	Midlands (Mondays to Fridays)[c]		17 February 1956
21 September 1955	Midlands (Saturdays and Sundays)[c]	ABC Weekend TV[d]	18 February 1956
26 October 1954	North of England (Mondays to Fridays)[c]	Granada Television	3 May 1956
21 September 1955	North of England (Saturdays and Sundays)[c]	ABC Weekend TV[d]	5 May 1956
30 May 1956	Central Scotland	Scottish Television	31 August 1957
26 October 1956	South Wales and West of England	Television Wales and the West[e]	14 January 1958
22 July 1957	South of England (includes South East England from 31 January 1960)	Southern Television	30 August 1958
13 December 1957	North East England	Tyne Tees Television	15 January 1959
25 June 1958	East of England (includes Lincolnshire and East Riding of Yorkshire from 20 December 1965)	Anglia Television	27 October 1959
10 November 1958	Northern Ireland (includes Derry, Tyrone and Fermanagh from 18 February 1963)	Ulster Television	31 October 1959
16 December 1959	South West England	Westward Television	29 April 1961
5 May 1960	Anglo-Scottish border (includes Isle of Man from 26 March 1965)	Border Television	1 September 1961
2 August 1960	North East Scotland	Grampian Television	30 September 1961
28 March 1960[f]	Channel Islands	Channel Television	1 September 1962
6 June 1961	West and North Wales	Wales (West and North) Television/Teledu Cymru[g]	14 September 1962

This arrangement had not seen as ideal and the Independent Television Authority (was also admitted as an active member of the European Broadcasting Union on 1 January 1960) along with the regional companies continually pushed the government for capacity to license a second set of franchises.

When transmissions began on 625-line ultra high frequency in the early 1960s, the General Post Office were afforded the task of allocating each transmitter region with a set of frequencies that would provide maximum coverage and minimal interference; this provided capacity for four television channels, allowing one each for the existing BBC (later became BBC1) and ITV services already carried on 405-line very high frequency, one for the new BBC2 (from 20 April 1964) and a fourth for future allocations. By 1968, the ITA considered this sufficiently likely that the new franchises (such as Harlech, Yorkshire, Thames and LWT) were awarded for the next ten-year period they included a clause that allowed the licence to be revoked and reconsidered if "ITV2" became a reality.

The term "ITV2" became popular as "ITV" itself grew in popularity for this station, which had previously been referred to as "Independent Television" or "Commercial Television". In anticipation of the second network, it was common for television sets with push-button controls manufactured during the 1960s and 1970s with these channels labelled BBC1, BBC2, ITV1 and ITV2.

During late 1969, the ITA started broadcasting officially in colour (except in the Channel Islands until 27 July 1976) although it was available across the entire network:

Regional area	Programme company	Colour service date
Midlands	Associated Television[h]	15 November 1969
North West England	Granada Television
Yorkshire (includes Lincolnshire and northern parts of Norfolk from 30 July 1974)	Yorkshire Television[i]
London (Fridays from 7.00pm to Sundays)[k]	London Weekend Television[j]
London (Mondays to Fridays until 7.00pm)[k]	Thames Television[l]	17 November 1969
South and South East England	Southern Television[h]	13 December 1969
Central Scotland	Scottish Television
Wales and West of England	Harlech Television[m]	4 April 1970
North East England (includes North Yorkshire from 1 January 1974)	Tyne Tees Television	17 July 1970
Northern Ireland	Ulster Television	14 September 1970
East of England (includes Lincolnshire and East Riding of Yorkshire until 30 July 1974)	Anglia Television	1 October 1970
South West England	Westward Television[h]	22 May 1971
Anglo-Scottish border and Isle of Man[n]	Border Television	1 September 1971
North East Scotland	Grampian Television	30 September 1971

The issue was a sensitive political point: the Labour Party of the 1950s and 1960s had traditionally been against many on the left of the party wanted to see all commercial television abolished, advocating instead for an expansion of the BBC (which was not acted upon, most likely due to cost). The following Conservative government, and advocates of commercial broadcasting were also slow to act in implementing a new network after Edward Heath's victory in the general election on 18 June 1970, instead concentrating on Independent Local Radio when the Sound Broadcasting Act received royal assent on 12 July 1972, and the Independent Television Authority accordingly changed its name to the Independent Broadcasting Authority on the same day.

On 3 February 1977, the Annan Committee on the Future of Broadcasting made its recommendations including the establishment of a fourth independent television channel, the establishment of the Broadcasting Complaints Commission and an increase in independent production. With the approach of the 1979 general election (on 3 May), both the Conservatives and Labour included plans for a fourth channel in their election manifestos. Labour favoured an Open Broadcasting Authority community service aimed at minority groups, while the Conservatives' plan was for the channel to be given to ITV. Both main parties also pledged to launch a separate Welsh language television service for Wales, and suggested except for an occasional opt-out that the service should be the same as offered in the rest of the United Kingdom. This led to acts of civil disobedience including refusals to pay the television licence fee, and sit-ins used for both the BBC and HTV studios with some attacks on various transmitters for the Welsh-speaking areas.

On 17 September 1980, the government reversed its position on a separate Welsh language service for Wales as following opposition from the public and politicians including a threat from the former president of Plaid Cymru, Gwynfor Evans to go on hunger strike and the idea was given the green light, this led to the establishment of the Welsh Fourth Channel Authority. Later on 1 January 1981, the Channel Four Television Company is established to providing the service for England, Scotland and Northern Ireland, as well as the Welsh language channel will be although it will broadcast some English programmes during off-peak hours.

The two resultant services – Channel 4 and S4C – began in November 1982, it could be said that this new network was long-awaited "ITV2" in all but name, as it was operated and regulated by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (which later became the Independent Television Commission from 1 January 1991). It was funded by ITV and then had a substantial amount of content produced by the major companies until 31 December 1992:

Service name	Advertising managed by ITV regional companies	Launch date (and time)
S4C[o]	HTV Wales (includes Welsh advertisements)[p]	Monday 1 November 1982 (at 6.00pm)
Channel 4	Thames[q] LWT Anglia TVS[q] Channel TV TSW[q] HTV West[p] Central Granada Yorkshire Tyne Tees[r] Border STV[s] Grampian[s] Ulster (with Irish-related content)[t]	Tuesday 2 November 1982 (at 4.45pm)

On 1 January 1993, Channel 4 became an independent statutory corporation and under the terms of the Broadcasting Act 1990 was now also allowed to sell its own airtime. Under the Act, ITV agreed to fund Channel 4 if total advertising revenue fell below 14%. The network also made a payment of £38 million to ITV under terms of its funding formula.

It was not until 16 years after the launch of Channel 4 (and S4C) that the name "ITV2" was used for a new digital network on 7 December 1998, but only in England and Wales (followed by S2 in Scotland and TV You in Northern Ireland from 1999) to operate a single service with no regional content. On 11 August 2001, the channel renamed as ITV1 originally inspired by British-made television sets with label number buttons during the 1960s and 1970s, until reverts back to its old name during the rebrand effect on 14 January 2013.

See also

• Toddlers' Truce
• Pilkington Committee on Broadcasting
• Colour Strike
• Broadcasting Act 1980
• Timeline of ITV
• Timeline of Channel 4
• Timeline of television in Wales

Sources

Notes

1. ^a From 6 April 1964, the name Associated-Rediffusion was dropped in favour of its new branding – Rediffusion Television (or simply also known as Rediffusion, London) – to reflect cultural changes and output altered accordingly.
2. ^b On 8 October 1955, the franchise were successfully sued by the cinema chain Associated British Picture Corporation (also owned its film distribution company which later became Elstree Studios) has decided to rename this network avoiding confusion with the weekend service that started broadcasting between February and May 1956.
3. ^c Up until 29 July 1968, the North of England region separates into two new smaller areas – North West and Yorkshire – as well as weekend franchises (include ABC also serving in the Midlands) were abolished, and replaced by seven-day contractors used for ATV, Granada and YTV.
4. ^d The franchise was originally called Kemsley-Winnick Television on 26 October 1954 to provide a weekend service for Midlands and North of England, but the consortium withdrew their financial exposure until its new contract chosen by Associated Broadcasting Company awarded on 21 September 1955 shortly before ITV started.
5. ^e On 21 June 1967, TWW loses its licence to the Harlech Consortium (led by David Ormsby-Gore) was unsuccessfully fought decision throughout the press, and ITA remained legally entitled to remove the contract at any time for some reason.
6. ^f The ITA has awarded their contract to provide in the Channel Islands (under its British crown dependency) as they pointed out when the established 1954 Act does not include provision with a result to operate an ITV service there, it would have to be permitted by means of extending the Act with an Order in Council.
7. ^g As from 26 January 1964, WWN stops broadcasting after going bankrupt and later absorbed by TWW, offering a generous package from WWN's shareholders in order to gain control of the territory and kept Teledu Cymru name on air until 1968.
8. ^h On 28 December 1980, the IBA has announced for three new franchises will commence from 1 January 1982 as the Midlands area splits into two and dual regions were also created. ATV re-awarded its contract although there are several conditions attached, including more content and increased production facilities to rename itself as Central Independent Television. Southern lost its licence with the favour of TVS (originally called South & South East Communications) and Westward also loses its licence completely to be replaced by TSW before ended up going on the air on 11 August 1981, but continued to use the name until 31 December of that year.
9. ^i Between 28 February and 13 June 1967, several national and regional newspapers carrying advertisements requested by ITA's new seven-day programme contractors for the eastern half of the Pennines area was first awarded to Telefusion (created by the Blackpool-based rental chain), then later merged to another applicant which took the name Yorkshire Television that replaces Granada on weekdays and ABC for weekends. The station began broadcasting on 29 July 1968 from its new purpose-built studios at Kirkstall Road in Leeds was officially opened by the Duchess of Kent.
10. ^j ATV lost the weekend licence to David Frost's London Television Consortium which been expected that ABC would take over the franchise before starts broadcasting on 2 August 1968, and because to this day is the start of technicians' strike forces ITV off the air for several weeks although manage to launch a temporary service with no regional variations.
11. ^k Beginning in 1982, the Friday handover hours for Thames and LWT is moved from 7.00pm to the earlier time of 5.15pm. On 8 January 1993, it was changed to an regular 5.40pm slot after programmes were also used for the new weekday contractor Carlton Television, which remained on air until 25 October 2002 before operates a full seven-day service with its single branding three days later.
12. ^l On 19 December 1967, Rediffusion and ABC asked to form a joint company for London's weekday franchise in attempt to keep the network as a new name controlled by ABC which owns 51%, while Rediffusion also owned 49%. The service started broadcasting on 30 July 1968 and its first week on air disrupted by sporadic strike action.
13. ^m Prior to 4 March 1968, TWW ceases broadcasting shortly before its contract was due to expire, selling the final months of airtime to Harlech Television. However the new contractor is not yet ready to go on air, so the ITA provides an interim service takes over the franchise just two months ahead for the planned date of 20 May.
14. ^n On 24 July 2009, the coverage was transferred from Border to Granada following digital switchover in the Isle of Man.
15. ^o From 1 November 1998, S4C launched a separate Welsh-only digital service broadcasts 12 hours every day (which later extended to 22 hours) with some output exclusive to this network, while the analogue service continued with Channel 4 programmes until it was ceased on 31 March 2010, after the transmitters were fully switched off as the last one to close was Wenvoe.
16. ^p On 28 June 1997, HTV is fully taken over by United News & Media also backed with two regional contractors – Anglia Television and Meridian Broadcasting – for £370 million. As from 2 July 2001, it was later sold by Carlton Communications (owners of London's weekday franchise, which includes Central and Westcountry on 6 September 1999) to comply with competition laws resulted in a break-up for the majority of production facilities, broadcast licence and hence its advertising revenues before merging with Granada to create a single company for England and Wales called ITV plc on 2 February 2004.
17. ^q On 16 October 1991, the three regional companies – Thames, TVS and TSW – to lose their licences when the ITC conduct a auction whereby contracts would be given to the highest bidder, subject to fulfilling an 'quality threshold' within the business plan was a subjective evaluation whether could afford its programmes and also to pay amounts for each bid, ahead before the new franchises – Carlton, Meridian and Westcountry – to be replaced at midnight from 1 January 1993, also changes the system of licence allocation now legally known as Channel 3.
18. ^r On 2 September 1996, Tyne Tees Television became Channel 3 North East which retains the company name although this unpopular branding was scrapped and returned to the airwaves on 9 March 1998.
19. ^s On 11 June 1997, Scottish Television buys Grampian for £105 million as the company became SMG.
20. ^t By 19 October 2015, UTV Media announces that it will sell the franchise with its brand name to ITV plc for £100 million as subject to regulatory approval, and the sale was finally completed on 29 February 2016.