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==Background== |
==Background== |
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The [[Baluchistan States Union]] was formed on 3 October 1952 with three neighboring states. The region was de facto independent from August 12, 1947 to March 27, 1948 before being acceded to Pakistan on March 27, 1948.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ambreen |first1=Afia |title= Accession of Kalat|url=https://nation.com.pk/13-Apr-2019/accession-of-kalat |publisher=[[Nation (website)|Nation]] |access-date= |language=en |date=12 April 2019}}</ref> |
The [[Baluchistan States Union]] was formed on 3 October 1952 with three neighboring states. The region was de facto independent from August 12, 1947 to March 27, 1948 before being acceded to Pakistan on March 27, 1948.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ambreen |first1=Afia |title= Accession of Kalat|url=https://nation.com.pk/13-Apr-2019/accession-of-kalat |publisher=[[Nation (website)|Nation]] |access-date= |language=en |date=12 April 2019}}</ref> Ahmar Mustikhan claimed in an opinion peice that the [[Khan of Kalat]] wanted to accede to India in order to avoid Pakistan from occupying his state, though [[Nehru]] declined the offer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mustikhan |first1=Ahmar |title= Did Nehru reject Baloch ruler's accession request?|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/nehru-baloch-conflict-india-pakistan-army-kashmir-british/story/1/2825.html|publisher= dailyo |access-date= |language=en |date=2015-03-28}}</ref> |
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Balochistan's Princely State status was formalized through by being leased or ceded during Colonial reign in the Indian Subcontinent. Kalat, the region that would come to be known as a province within Pakistan. Despite this final decree, the Khan of Kalat had declared independence in 1947 prior to its accession in 1948.<ref>{{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-74499-8 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, Struggle for Pakistan|2014}} |page=72}}: "Equally notorious was his high-handed treatment of the state of Kalat, whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action."</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samad |first1=Yunas |author-link=Yunas Samad |title=Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan |journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=52 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=293–320 |doi=10.1080/14662043.2014.894280 |s2cid=144156399 |ref={{sfnref|Samad, Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan|2014}}}}: "When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch-Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre's response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan. By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela, Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states, which promptly merged with Pakistan, the State of Kalat became landlocked and reduced to a fraction of its size. Thus Ahmed Yar Khan |
Balochistan's Princely State status was formalized through by being leased or ceded during Colonial reign in the Indian Subcontinent. Kalat, the region that would come to be known as a province within Pakistan. Despite this final decree, the Khan of Kalat had declared independence in 1947 prior to its accession in 1948.<ref>{{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-74499-8 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, Struggle for Pakistan|2014}} |page=72}}: "Equally notorious was his high-handed treatment of the state of Kalat, whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action."</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samad |first1=Yunas |author-link=Yunas Samad |title=Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan |journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=52 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=293–320 |doi=10.1080/14662043.2014.894280 |s2cid=144156399 |ref={{sfnref|Samad, Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan|2014}}}}: "When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch-Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre's response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan. By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela, Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states, which promptly merged with Pakistan, the State of Kalat became landlocked and reduced to a fraction of its size. Thus Ahmed Yar Khan decided to sign the instrument of accession on 27 March 1948, which immediately led to the brother of the Khan, Prince Abdul Karim raising the banner of revolt in July 1948, starting the first of the Baloch insurgencies."</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Harrison |first=Selig S. |author-link=Selig S. Harrison |title=In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLnCAAAAIAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=978-0-87003-029-1 |ref={{sfnref|Selig Harrison, In Afghanistan's Shadow|1981}} |page=24}}: "Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration, touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat.... it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened."</ref> |
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The accession process was generally a straightforward procedural process for India and Pakistan. This procedural trend however was not the case in the Princely states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], whose ruler opted for independence but decided to accede to India following an invasion by Pakistan-based forces |
The accession process was generally a straightforward procedural process for India and Pakistan. This procedural trend however was not the case in the Princely states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], whose ruler opted for independence but decided to accede to India in exchange for military assistance from India following an invasion by Pakistan-based forces,<ref>{{cite book|last=Bajwa|first=Kuldip Singh|title=Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspectiv|year=2003|publisher=Hari-Anand Publications Limited|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bREjE5yXNMC&q=dogra+1948+tribal+pakistan+invasion&pg=PA21|isbn=9788124109236}}</ref> Hyderabad State, whose ruler opted for independence in 1947, followed a year later by the military invasion by Indian forces and annexation of the state to India, Junagarh, whose ruler acceded to Pakistan, but was annexed by India,<ref name="Pande2011">{{cite book|author=Aparna Pande|title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPWrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|date=16 March 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-81893-6|pages=31–}}</ref> and in Balochistan, in which voting rights and provincial agency was forfeit or made null.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58|author1=Pervaiz I Cheema|author2=Manuel Riemer|date=22 August 1990|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-20942-2|pages=60–}}</ref> |
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The Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote."<ref name="rafisheikh">{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Salman Rafi |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977 |date=2018 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-02068-8}}</ref> The then president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Muhammad Ali Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."<ref name="rafisheikh" /> Following the referendum, the Khan of Kalat, on 22 June 1947, received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan."<ref name="rafisheikh" /> This has brought into question whether an actual vote took place in the town hall "and that the announcement in favour of accession was secured through sheer manipulation."<ref name="rafisheikh" /> Under the orders of Pakistan prime minister Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan, Balochistan was forcibly occupied on March 22, 1948. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussein |first1=Altaf |title= Pakistan military invaded and occupied Balochistan: Altaf Hussain|newspaper=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pakistan-military-invaded-and-occupied-balochistan-altaf-hussain-118090501292_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date= |language=en |date=September 5, 2018}}</ref> |
The Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote."<ref name="rafisheikh">{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Salman Rafi |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977 |date=2018 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-02068-8}}</ref> The then president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Muhammad Ali Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."<ref name="rafisheikh" /> Following the referendum, the Khan of Kalat, on 22 June 1947, received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan."<ref name="rafisheikh" /> This has brought into question whether an actual vote took place in the town hall "and that the announcement in favour of accession was secured through sheer manipulation."<ref name="rafisheikh" /> Under the orders of Pakistan prime minister Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan, Balochistan was forcibly occupied on March 22, 1948. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussein |first1=Altaf |title= Pakistan military invaded and occupied Balochistan: Altaf Hussain|newspaper=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pakistan-military-invaded-and-occupied-balochistan-altaf-hussain-118090501292_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date= |language=en |date=September 5, 2018}}</ref> |
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Pakistani human rights activist, Waseem Altaf |
Pakistani human rights activist, Waseem Altaf claims that, "On orders emanating from Mr Jinnah, Balochistan was forcibly annexed to Pakistan on 28th March 1948 when on 27th March 1948, Lt Colonel Gulzar of the 7th Baluch Regiment under GOC Major General Mohammad Akbar Khan invaded the Khanate of Kalat. General Akbar escorted the Khan of Kalat to Karachi and forced him to sign on the instrument of accession while Pakistan Navy's destroyers reached Pasni and Jiwani."<ref name="RSN Singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=RSN |title=Indian Defence Review Jul-Sep 2017 (32.3) |date= 2017 |publisher=[[Lancer Publishers LLC]] |isbn=9781940988320}}</ref> |
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Political scientist Salman Rafi Sheikh, in locating the origins of the [[insurgency in Balochistan]], says "that Balochistan's accession to Pakistan was, as against the officially projected narrative, not based upon consensus, nor was support for Pakistan overwhelming. What this manipulation indicates is that even before formally becoming a part of Pakistan, Balochistan had fallen prey to political victimization.<ref name="rafisheikh" /> |
Political scientist Salman Rafi Sheikh, in locating the origins of the [[insurgency in Balochistan]], says "that Balochistan's accession to Pakistan was, as against the officially projected narrative, not based upon consensus, nor was support for Pakistan overwhelming. What this manipulation indicates is that even before formally becoming a part of Pakistan, Balochistan had fallen prey to political victimization.<ref name="rafisheikh" /> |
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Revision as of 07:14, 14 September 2021
The Instrument of Accession was the legal decree upon which Princely States, the tributaries to the British Indian Empire, was annexed into the new states of Pakistan and India.
The Instrument of Accession was a legal document first introduced by the Government of India Act 1935 and used in 1947 to enable each of the rulers of the princely states under British India to be joined with the newly born nations of India and Pakistan as a result of the Partition of British India.
Background
The Baluchistan States Union was formed on 3 October 1952 with three neighboring states. The region was de facto independent from August 12, 1947 to March 27, 1948 before being acceded to Pakistan on March 27, 1948.[1] Ahmar Mustikhan claimed in an opinion peice that the Khan of Kalat wanted to accede to India in order to avoid Pakistan from occupying his state, though Nehru declined the offer.[2]
Balochistan's Princely State status was formalized through by being leased or ceded during Colonial reign in the Indian Subcontinent. Kalat, the region that would come to be known as a province within Pakistan. Despite this final decree, the Khan of Kalat had declared independence in 1947 prior to its accession in 1948.[3][4][5]
The accession process was generally a straightforward procedural process for India and Pakistan. This procedural trend however was not the case in the Princely states of Jammu and Kashmir, whose ruler opted for independence but decided to accede to India in exchange for military assistance from India following an invasion by Pakistan-based forces,[6] Hyderabad State, whose ruler opted for independence in 1947, followed a year later by the military invasion by Indian forces and annexation of the state to India, Junagarh, whose ruler acceded to Pakistan, but was annexed by India,[7] and in Balochistan, in which voting rights and provincial agency was forfeit or made null.[8]
The Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote."[9] The then president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Muhammad Ali Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."[9] Following the referendum, the Khan of Kalat, on 22 June 1947, received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan."[9] This has brought into question whether an actual vote took place in the town hall "and that the announcement in favour of accession was secured through sheer manipulation."[9] Under the orders of Pakistan prime minister Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan, Balochistan was forcibly occupied on March 22, 1948. [10]
Pakistani human rights activist, Waseem Altaf claims that, "On orders emanating from Mr Jinnah, Balochistan was forcibly annexed to Pakistan on 28th March 1948 when on 27th March 1948, Lt Colonel Gulzar of the 7th Baluch Regiment under GOC Major General Mohammad Akbar Khan invaded the Khanate of Kalat. General Akbar escorted the Khan of Kalat to Karachi and forced him to sign on the instrument of accession while Pakistan Navy's destroyers reached Pasni and Jiwani."[11]
Political scientist Salman Rafi Sheikh, in locating the origins of the insurgency in Balochistan, says "that Balochistan's accession to Pakistan was, as against the officially projected narrative, not based upon consensus, nor was support for Pakistan overwhelming. What this manipulation indicates is that even before formally becoming a part of Pakistan, Balochistan had fallen prey to political victimization.[9]
See also
References
- ^ Ambreen, Afia (12 April 2019). "Accession of Kalat". Nation.
- ^ Mustikhan, Ahmar (2015-03-28). "Did Nehru reject Baloch ruler's accession request?". dailyo.
- ^ Jalal, Ayesha (2014), The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics, Harvard University Press, p. 72, ISBN 978-0-674-74499-8: "Equally notorious was his high-handed treatment of the state of Kalat, whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action."
- ^ Samad, Yunas (2014). "Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 52 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1080/14662043.2014.894280. S2CID 144156399.: "When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch-Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre's response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan. By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela, Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states, which promptly merged with Pakistan, the State of Kalat became landlocked and reduced to a fraction of its size. Thus Ahmed Yar Khan decided to sign the instrument of accession on 27 March 1948, which immediately led to the brother of the Khan, Prince Abdul Karim raising the banner of revolt in July 1948, starting the first of the Baloch insurgencies."
- ^ Harrison, Selig S. (1981), In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, p. 24, ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1: "Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration, touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat.... it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened."
- ^ Bajwa, Kuldip Singh (2003). Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspectiv. New Delhi: Hari-Anand Publications Limited. ISBN 9788124109236.
- ^ Aparna Pande (16 March 2011). Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India. Taylor & Francis. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-1-136-81893-6.
- ^ Pervaiz I Cheema; Manuel Riemer (22 August 1990). Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-349-20942-2.
- ^ a b c d e Sheikh, Salman Rafi (2018). The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-02068-8.
- ^ Hussein, Altaf (September 5, 2018). "Pakistan military invaded and occupied Balochistan: Altaf Hussain". Business Standard India. Business Standard.
- ^ Singh, RSN (2017). Indian Defence Review Jul-Sep 2017 (32.3). Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9781940988320.