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'''Illyrology''' or '''Illyrian studies''' is [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisiplinary]] [[academic field]] of [[sciences]] which focuses on scientific study of [[Illyria]] and [[Illyrians]] and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of [[ancient history]] and [[archaeology]]. A practitioner of the discipline is called ''Illyrologist.'' His duty is to investigate the range of ancient Illyrian history, culture, art, [[Illyrian language|language]], [[Illyrian armorials|heraldry]], [[Illyrian coinage|numizmatic]], [[Illyrian religion|mythology]], economics, ethics, etc. from c. 1000 BC up to the end of Roman rule around the 5th century. |
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'''Stem cell therapy for macular degeneration''' is the use of stem cells to heal, replace dead or damaged cells of the macula in the retina. Stem cell based therapies using bone marrow stem cells as well as retinal pigment epithelial transplantation are being studied.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = John S, Natarajan S, Parikumar P, Shanmugam PM, Senthilkumar R, Green DW, Abraham SJ | title = Choice of Cell Source in Cell-Based Therapies for Retinal Damage due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review | journal = Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 2013 | pages = 1–9 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23710332 | pmc = 3654320 | doi = 10.1155/2013/465169 }}</ref> A number of trials have occurred in humans with encouraging results.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carr AJ, Smart MJ, Ramsden CM, Powner MB, da Cruz L, Coffey PJ | title = Development of human embryonic stem cell therapies for age-related macular degeneration | journal = Trends in Neurosciences | volume = 36 | issue = 7 | pages = 385–95 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23601133 | doi = 10.1016/j.tins.2013.03.006 | s2cid = 1007033 }}</ref> |
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== Background == |
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Since 2003, researchers have successfully transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. "Sheets of retinal cells used by the team are harvested from aborted fetuses, which some people find objectionable." When these sheets are transplanted over the damaged [[cornea]], the stem cells stimulate renewed repair, eventually restore vision.<ref>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=15535 Fetal tissue restores lost sight] MedicalNewsToday. 28 October 2004</ref> The latest such development was in June 2005, when researchers at the [[Queen Victoria Hospital]] of [[Sussex, England|Sussex]], England were able to restore the sight of forty people using the same technique. The group, led by [[Sheraz Daya]], was able to successfully use adult stem cells obtained from the patient, a relative, or even a [[cadaver]]. Further rounds of trials are ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/southern_counties/4495419.stm|title=Stem cells used to restore vision|date=28 April 2005|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[ |
* [[Illyria]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Illyrians]] |
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* [[Macular degeneration]] |
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* [[Gene therapy of the human retina]] |
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== Bibliography == |
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* Atala, A. Human embryonic stem cells: early hints on safety and efficacy. Lancet 379, 689–690 (2012). |
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* Bharti, K. et al. Developing cellular therapies for retinal degenerative diseases. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 1191–1202 (2014). |
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* Bhutto, I. & Lutty, G. Understanding age-related macular degeneration (AMD): relationships between the photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch’s membrane/choriocapillaris complex. Mol. Aspects Med. 33, 295–317 (2012). |
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* Carr, A.J. et al. Development of human embryonic stem cell therapies for age-related macular degeneration. Trends Neurosci. 36, 385–395 (2013). |
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* Haruta, M. et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of pigment epithelial cells differentiated from primate embryonic stem cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 1020–1025 (2004). |
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* Mandai, M. et al. Autologous induced stem-cell-derived retinal cells for macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 1038–1046 (2017). |
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* Muthiah, M.N. et al. Adaptive optics imaging shows rescue of macula cone photoreceptors. Ophthalmology 121, 430–431.e3 (2014). |
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* Nazari, H. et al. Stem cell based therapies for age-related macular degeneration: The promises and the challenges. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 48, 1–39 (2015). |
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* Rosenfeld, P.J. et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 1419–1431 (2006). |
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* Schwartz, S.D. et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt’s macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies. Lancet 385, 509–516 (2015). |
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* Vugler, A. et al. Elucidating the phenomenon of HESC-derived RPE: anatomy of cell genesis, expansion and retinal transplantation. Exp. Neurol. 214, 347–361 (2008). |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist|3}} |
{{reflist|3}} |
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{{Wiktionary|Illyrology}} |
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Revision as of 08:41, 15 September 2021
Illyrology or Illyrian studies is interdisiplinary academic field of sciences which focuses on scientific study of Illyria and Illyrians and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology. A practitioner of the discipline is called Illyrologist. His duty is to investigate the range of ancient Illyrian history, culture, art, language, heraldry, numizmatic, mythology, economics, ethics, etc. from c. 1000 BC up to the end of Roman rule around the 5th century.
See also
References
Look up Illyrology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.