Jump to content

Oryol: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°E / 52.96861; 36.06944
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Zaxcord (talk | contribs)
34 edits
m →History: removed links from section headings
Zaxcord (talk | contribs)
34 edits
m copyedit of history section, plus reordering of category boxes
Line 105: Line 105:


=== Kievan Rus ===
=== Kievan Rus ===
While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the [[Oka River]] and [[Orlik River]]s as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the [[Principality of Chernigov]]. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the [[Zvenigorod]] district of the [[Karachev]] Principalinsty. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The city was soon abandoned by its population, after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the [[Golden Horde]]. The territory became a part of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the 16th century.
While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the [[Oka River]] and [[Orlik River]]s as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the [[Principality of Chernigov]]. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the [[Zvenigorod]] district of the [[Karachev]] Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The city was soon abandoned by its population after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the [[Golden Horde]]. The territory became a part of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the 16th century.


=== Tsardom of Russia ===
=== Tsardom of Russia ===
[[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV Vasilyevich]] decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566, for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} The fortress was built quickly, with work starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. [[False Dmitry I]] and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; [[Ivan Bolotnikov]] in 1606; [[False Dmitry II]] camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish intervention sacked it in 1611 and 1615; the population fled after the second sacking and moved to [[Mtsensk]]. Orlovsky Uyezd nonetheless continued to exist on paper.
[[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV Vasilyevich]] decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566 for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} The fortress was built starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. [[False Dmitry I]] and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; [[Ivan Bolotnikov]] in 1606; [[False Dmitry II]] camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish forces sacked it in 1611 and 1615. While the population fled after the second sacking and moved to [[Mtsensk]], the Orlovsky Uyezd continued to exist administratively.


Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and was taken apart in the early 18th century.
Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and taken apart in the early 18th century.


=== Russian Empire ===
=== Russian Empire ===
Line 121: Line 121:


=== Soviet Union ===
=== Soviet Union ===
Oryol was once again moved between different [[oblast]]s in the 1920s and 1930s (at first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then [[Central Black Earth Region]] between 1928 and 1934, finally in [[Kursk Oblast]]), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.
Oryol was once again moved between different [[oblast]]s in the 1920s and 1930s: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then [[Central Black Earth Region]] between 1928 and 1934, finally in [[Kursk Oblast]]), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.


The [[Oryol Prison]] was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. [[Christian Rakovsky]], [[Maria Spiridonova]], [[Olga Kameneva]] and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on [[Joseph Stalin]]'s orders in the [[Medvedev Forest massacre]] outside Oryol.
The [[Oryol Prison]] was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. [[Christian Rakovsky]], [[Maria Spiridonova]], [[Olga Kameneva]] and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on [[Joseph Stalin]]'s orders in the [[Medvedev Forest massacre]] outside Oryol.


During the German-Soviet war, Oryol was occupied by the [[2nd Panzer Army|Guderian's Panzer group]] of the [[Wehrmacht]] on October 3, 1941, burst from the south-west.
During the German-Soviet war, Oryol was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht]] on October 7, 1941.


In the sky over the Oryol fought the famous squadron [[Normandie-Niemen]].
The French air squadron [[Normandie-Niemen]] fought in the skies over Oryol.


September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first in the history of the Great Patriotic War parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region.
September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first in the history of the Great Patriotic War parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region.


Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the [[Operation Kutuzov|Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov"]] on the [[Battle of Kursk|Oryol-Kursk Bulge]]. The city was almost completely destroyed. By order №2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated the Oryol. Since then the city is called the "City of the First Salute" and the day of the liberation from the Nazi invaders was celebrated as the city day.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the [[Operation Kutuzov|Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov"]] on the [[Battle of Kursk|Oryol-Kursk Bulge]]. The city was almost completely destroyed. By order №2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then the city has had the nickname, "City of the First Salute" and the day of the liberation from the Nazi invaders was celebrated as the city day.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
Line 470: Line 470:
* [http://infoorel.ru/ Unofficial website of Oryol] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://infoorel.ru/ Unofficial website of Oryol] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=765 The murder of the Jews of Oryol] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website.
* [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=765 The murder of the Jews of Oryol] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website.

{{Cities of Military Glory}}
{{Oryol Oblast}}
{{Oryol Oblast}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Cities of Military Glory}}{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Oryol| ]]
[[Category:Oryol| ]]

Revision as of 05:30, 25 September 2021

For other uses, see Oryol (disambiguation).

Oryol
Орёл
City[1]
Left:A 400th anniversary monument of Oryol, Oryol City Hall, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev nonument in Krituri Oddri Park, Right:Lenina (Lenin) Square and Theotokos Smolensk Church, Oryol Eagle Monument in Privokzalnaya Square, Orink River and Oryol financial heritage building, Orzol Saint Michael Church, (all item from above to bottom)
Left:A 400th anniversary monument of Oryol, Oryol City Hall, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev nonument in Krituri Oddri Park, Right:Lenina (Lenin) Square and Theotokos Smolensk Church, Oryol Eagle Monument in Privokzalnaya Square, Orink River and Oryol financial heritage building, Orzol Saint Michael Church, (all item from above to bottom)
Flag of Oryol
Flag
Coat of arms of Oryol
Coat of arms
Location of Oryol
Map
Oryol is located in Russia
Oryol
Oryol
Location of Oryol
Oryol is located in Oryol Oblast
Oryol
Oryol
Oryol (Oryol Oblast)
Coordinates: 52°58′07″N 36°04′10″E / 52.96861°N 36.06944°E / 52.96861; 36.06944
CountryRussia
Federal subjectOryol Oblast[1]
Founded1566
Government
 • MayorYuri Parakhin[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total
121.21 km2 (46.80 sq mi)
Elevation
170 m (560 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[4]
 • Total
317,747
 • Estimate 
(2021)
303,696
 • Rank57th in 2010
 • Density2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
 • Subordinated tocity of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
 • Capital ofOryol Oblast,[1] city of oblast significance of Oryol[1]
 • Urban okrugOryol Urban Okrug[5]
 • Capital ofOryol Urban Okrug,[5] Orlovsky Municipal District[6]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[7])
Postal code(s)[8]
302000–302999
Dialing code(s)+7 4862
OKTMO ID54701000001
City DayAugust 5
Websitewww.orel-adm.ru

Oryol or Orel (Russian: Орёл, IPA: [ɐˈrʲɵl], lit. eagle), also known as Oriol,[9] is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast situated on the Oka River, approximately 368 kilometers (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Federal District, as well as the Central Economic Region.

History

The Central Bank of Russia for Oryol Oblast (photo 2018)
A monument of 400th birthplace anniversary (photo 2016)

Kievan Rus

While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence shows that a fortress settlement existed between the Oka River and Orlik Rivers as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the Principality of Chernigov. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century, the fortress became a part of the Zvenigorod district of the Karachev Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city was soon abandoned by its population after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the Golden Horde. The territory became a part of the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century.

Tsardom of Russia

Ivan IV Vasilyevich decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566 for the purpose of defending the southern borders of the country.[citation needed] The fortress was built starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. False Dmitry I and his army passed through Oryol in 1605; Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606; False Dmitry II camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish forces sacked it in 1611 and 1615. While the population fled after the second sacking and moved to Mtsensk, the Orlovsky Uyezd continued to exist administratively.

Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was debated until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and taken apart in the early 18th century.

Russian Empire

In the mid-18th century Oryol became one of the major centers of grain production, with the Oka River being the major trade route until the 1860s when it was replaced by a railroad.

Oryol was granted town status in 1702. In 1708, Oryol was included as a part of Kiev Governorate; in 1719, Oryol Province was created within Kiev Governorate. The Province was transferred to the newly created Belgorod Governorate in 1727. On March 11 (February 28 old style), 1778 Oryol Vice-Royalty was created from parts of Voronezh and Belgorod Governorates. In 1779, the city was almost entirely rebuilt based on a new plan; and the Oryol River was renamed Orlik (lit: "little eagle").

Russian Republic

After the October Revolution of 1917, the city was in Bolshevik's hands, except for a brief period between October 13 and October 20, 1919, when it was controlled by Anton Denikin's White Army.

Soviet Union

Oryol was once again moved between different oblasts in the 1920s and 1930s: first as Oryol Governorate until 1928, then Central Black Earth Region between 1928 and 1934, finally in Kursk Oblast), finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937.

The Oryol Prison was a notable place of incarceration for political prisoners and war prisoners of the Second World War. Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova, Olga Kameneva and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on Joseph Stalin's orders in the Medvedev Forest massacre outside Oryol.

During the German-Soviet war, Oryol was occupied by the Wehrmacht on October 7, 1941.

The French air squadron Normandie-Niemen fought in the skies over Oryol.

September 19, 1943, in the Oryol, was the first in the history of the Great Patriotic War parade of partisan units stationed in the Oryol region.

Oryol was liberated on August 5, 1943 during the Oryol strategic offensive operation "Kutuzov" on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge. The city was almost completely destroyed. By order №2 of I. V. Stalin of August 5, 1943, on this day in Moscow, an artillery salute was given to the troops that liberated Oryol. Since then the city has had the nickname, "City of the First Salute" and the day of the liberation from the Nazi invaders was celebrated as the city day.[citation needed]

Geography

Orlik River

Time zone

Oryol has the same time zone as Moscow (Moscow time). Time relative to UTC is +3.00 18.

Location

Oryol stands on the banks of the Oka River and its tributary Orlik river in the Central Russian Upland of the East European Plain, approximately 368 km (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow.

Urban layout

Oryol was founded at the behest of Ivan the Terrible in 1566, in the area between the Oka and Orlik rivers. There is not much information about the initial stage of its existence: the earliest data available refers to 1636 when the city was rebuilt after it was completely destroyed during the Time of Troubles. According to the historian T.G. Svistunova, the Oryol Fortress of the 16th century had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a chopped "city", an "Ostrog" and a Posad, surrounded by gaps. The "city" housed a cathedral, a voivode's (i.e "warlord" or "military-leader") house, government buildings and siege courts for the boyar children; on the territory of the prison, there were yards of gunners, collars and a blacksmith, as well as two parish churches, which stood near the towers of the prison: Epiphany gunners and Nikolskaya collars. On the posad there were about 30 yards of the Sloboda. In 1636, Oryol was rebuilt by voivode B. Koltovsky. The territory of the city increased due to the annexation of the land beyond the river. Oryol continued its existence as a fortress city with a corresponding garrison: Pushkarskaya Sloboda was still located in the prison, boyar children and nobles settled on the left bank of the Orlik, Cossack Sloboda appeared near the Oka, and Streletskaya near the Karachevskaya (Korchakovskaya) road. Oryol lost its military character after the fire in 1689 when the city fortress was partially burned down and was no longer rebuilt.

In terms of planning, Oryol is a typical sector-cape town. In its central part, there is an array of streets diverging from the fortress, with two main axes of the Upper and Lower Korchak roads. occupied part of the area in front of the main settlement of the fortress, overlooking the pier on the Oka. Opposite it, there was probably a second marketplace - in the Zaotsk part, where the dragoon settlements were located with a relatively regular layout (the regularity was explained both by a one-time cutting of land and the desire to lay streets parallel and perpendicular to the river). With the distance from the river, the rectangular mesh gradually bevels and turns into a “fan”; the two main axes of this "fan" converge to a trapezoidal square, from where the street goes perpendicular to the river to the marketplace and to the bridge. The composition of the city was most effectively perceived from the river: all the main ensembles of the city - a fortress, three marketplaces and two monasteries, as well as individual parish churches - turned to the river. The structure of the city was immediately visible from the river: its division into three parts, the leading role of the central cape with the fortress, the fan-shaped (according to the direction of the rivers) layout of the central part and the “regular” breakdown of the Zaotsk settlements. The connection between all parts of the city was also expressed across the river - not only compositionally (the dominance of the interfluvial part over the riverside), but also in planning - some streets of the central part of the city directly continued in the districts, crossing there through bridges. From the river one could understand the main functions of the city - a military fortress and a trade center.[10]

The earliest plans are considered 1728, the authors of which are Mikhail Buzovlev and Petr Botvinev. In 1778, a plan was put in place that fixed the pre-regular layout of the city. In 1779, Oryol received its first regular plan. This plan is based on a radial-semicircular system. In 1848 a new plan was approved, with the Polesskaya Square clearly seen.

The general plan of the city, or rather the general layout of the plan, was developed only by 1939 by the Leningrad branch of Giprogor. The author of the project was the architect Suborov. The first post-war reconstruction plan was made in Lengiprogor under the direction of architect V.A. Gaikovich. Since 1950, the team of authors, including Professor V.G. Gelfreikh and architects V.A. Gaikovich and Yu.V. Shchuko. The rapid development of Orel required the development of a new general plan, which was drawn up in 1958 (VA Gaikovich, A.M. Suborov - "Lengiprogor"). The center of Eagle was Lenin Square, on which the House of Soviets was erected in 1961. In 1966, the construction of embankments began, which regulate the channel of the Orlik and Oka rivers within the central (geometrically) district of the city.[11]

Climate

Oryol has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Winters are moderately cold and changeable. The first half is softer, second with often warmings. Summers are warm, in separate years — they can be rainy or hot and droughty.

Climate data for Oryol
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		35.4
(95.7) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.5
(103.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		9.6
(49.3) 		39.5
(103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.7
(25.3) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		17.3
(63.1) 		10.1
(50.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		10.4
(50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.3
(20.7) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		7.2
(45.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		6.2
(43.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9
(16) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		2.6
(36.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		12.7
(54.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		2.2
(36.0)
Record low °C (°F) −33.5
(−28.3) 		−37.2
(−35.0) 		−37.8
(−36.0) 		−18.9
(−2.0) 		−5
(23) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−5
(23) 		−13
(9) 		−26.4
(−15.5) 		−35
(−31) 		−37.8
(−36.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.7) 		37
(1.5) 		33
(1.3) 		43
(1.7) 		42
(1.7) 		69
(2.7) 		76
(3.0) 		59
(2.3) 		60
(2.4) 		54
(2.1) 		42
(1.7) 		43
(1.7) 		601
(23.7)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 15
(5.9) 		21
(8.3) 		21
(8.3) 		10
(3.9) 		7
(2.8) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		3
(1.2) 		6
(2.4) 		7
(2.8) 		90
(35.6)
Average precipitation days 23 20 17 12 10 11 8 8 11 14 17 24 175
Average relative humidity (%) 84 81 75 65 64 69 71 69 77 82 86 87 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 34.1 67.2 133.3 186.0 269.7 273.0 288.3 275.9 168.0 89.9 36.0 31.0 1,852.4
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[12]

Administrative and municipal status

Oryol is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Orlovsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Oryol—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Oryol is incorporated as Oryol Urban Okrug.[5]

Trade rows (photo 2018)
Assumption cathedral

City districts

Administratively, the city is divided into four districts:

  • Severny (Северный) — population: 65,815 (2021)
  • Sovetsky (Советский) — population: 74,315 (2021)
  • Zheleznodorozhny (Железнодорожный) — population: 60,278 (2021)
  • Zavodskoy (Заводской) — population: 103,288 (2021) (the biggest, oldest, and most populous)

Politics

In February 2012, the city duma abolished the direct election of mayor. In December 2013, a referendum was held and 71% of the people supported the return of direct mayoral election.[13]

Mayors

  • 1991–1997: Alexander Kislyakov
  • 1997–2002: Yefim Velkovsky
  • 2002–2006: Vasily Uvarov
  • 2006–2009: Alexander Kasyanov
  • 2009–2010: Vasily Eremin
  • 2010–2012: Viktor Safianov
  • 2012–2015: Sergey Stupin
  • 2015–2020: Vasily Novikov
  • 2020–present: Yuri Parakhin

City-managers:

  • 2012–2015: Mikhail Bernikov
  • 2015–2017: Andrey Usikov
  • 2017–2020: Alexander Muromsky

Demographics

Oryol population
1897 Census70 000
1926 Census76 000
1939 Census110 564
1959 Census151 521
1970 Census232 216
1979 Census304 971
1989 Census336 862
2002 Census333 310
2010 Census317 747
Estimate 2021303 696

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in January 2020 the number of residents came to 308 838. It is the 66th place among 1117 cities of Russia for 2019.

Largest ethnic groups in 2010:

Transportation

The formation of the Oryol as an important transportation hub is due to the favorable geographical position of the city on the borders of the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

The city has trolley, tram and bus systems. These kinds of public transport cover the entire territory of the city. Each bus, tram and trolley is equipped with route indicators that inform about the route through the city, designated stops. There are also taxis and rental cars.

In past years, in the summer on the Oka River waterbus operated as a form of transport excursion and walking orientation.

Automotive

In the Oryol converge important highways of federal and regional values:

The main intercity terminal: Oryol Bus Station

Trolleybus

ZiU-682 trolleybus

On 29 October 1968, a regular movement was opened. Length of the contact network 76.51 km (47.54 mi). There are 4 routes for 2019.

Railway

Since 1868, there has been a railway connection between Oryol and Moscow.[14] Here converge 5 railway lines: on Yelets, Moscow, Kursk, Bryansk, Mikhailovsky mine.

The main terminals: Oryol Station, Station Luzhki-Oryol.

Tram

Tatra T3SU tram
Tram map of Oryol (2020)

On November 3, 1898 Oryol inaugurated an electric tram. The draft was prepared by the Belgian entrepreneur FF Gilon and firm «Compagnie mutuelle de tramways», which won the right to build not only a tram, but also lighting in the city. Oryol tram is one of the oldest electric tram systems in Russia. It is 1 year older than Moscow and 9 years — St. Petersburg. In 2017, the length of the lines in double-track calculation was 18.3 km (11.4 mi). For 2019, there are 3 routes, which are operated: Tatra T3 (74 units), Tatra T6B5 (13 units), 71-403 (1 unit), 71-405 (1 unit).

Aerial

Monument (MiG-17) to Soviet pilots who fought for the liberation of Oryol land from Nazi invaders (photo 2018)

The city is served by the Oryol Yuzhny Airport, which is currently not working.

International cooperation

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
Oryol State Academic Theater

Oryol is twinned with:[15]

Partner cities

Notable people

Art Museum (photo 2016)

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Law #522-OZ
  2. ^ "Мэр города Орла избран из состава депутатов горсовета". www.orelgorsovet.ru. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  3. ^ "Результат запроса". www.gks.ru. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  4. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  5. ^ a b c Law #467-OZ
  6. ^ Law #466-OZ
  7. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  8. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  9. ^ "Oriol, Russia". Geographical Names. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  10. ^ Tatyana Guk. Scale in the planning of cities in central Russia (example of Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Orel, Bryansk, Kursk) pp. 84-86
  11. ^ Tatyana Guk. Scale in the planning of cities in central Russia (example of Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan, Orel, Bryansk, Kursk), pp. 120-123
  12. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  13. ^ "В Орле голосуют за возвращение прямых выборов мэра". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. December 10, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
  14. ^ Train Station in Oryol (in Russian) Archived March 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Партнерские связи". orel-adm.ru (in Russian). Oryol. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  16. ^ [1]
  17. ^ David Lodge, After Bakhtin: Essays on Fiction and Criticism, London & New York: Routledge, 1990, p. 1

Sources

  • Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №522-ОЗ от 6 июля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1187-ОЗ от 1 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в законодательные акты Орловской области». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Орловская правда", №116, 13 июля 2005 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #522-OZ of July 6, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1187-OZ of April 1, 2011 On Amending the Legislative Acts of Oryol Oblast. Effective as of the moment of the official publication.).
  • Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №467-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границе города Орла как муниципального образования Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1059-ОЗ от 11 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области "О статусе и границе города Орла Орловской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Орловская правда", №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #467-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol as a Municipal Formation of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1059-OZ of May 11, 2010 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast "On the Status and Borders of the City of Oryol of Oryol Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №466-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1327-ОЗ от 2 марта 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области "О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области" и признании утратившими силу отдельных положений Закона Орловской области "О внесении изменений в Закон Орловской области "О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Орловского района Орловской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Орловская правда", №233, 30 декабря 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #466-OZ of December 28, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1327-OZ of March 2, 2012 On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast "On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast" and on Rescinding Parts of the Law of Oryol Oblast "On Amending the Law of Oryol Oblast "On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Orlovsky District of Oryol Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Oryol&oldid=1046344598"