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Revision as of 14:23, 28 September 2021

Gösta Ekman and Ingrid Bergman in Intermezzo (1936), the film that launched her international career

Ingrid Bergman (29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a multilingual, Academy Award-winning actress born in Stockholm, conversant in Swedish, German, English, Italian and French.[1] She had been preparing for an acting career all her life. After her mother Frieda died when she was three years old, she was raised by her father Justus Samuel Bergman, a professional photographer who encouraged her to pose and act in front of the camera.[2] As a young woman, she was shy, taller than the average women of her generation, and somewhat overweight. Acting allowed her to transcend these constraints, enabling her to transform herself into a character. She first appeared as an uncredited extra in the film Landskamp (1932) and was accepted into the Royal Dramatic Theatre of Stockholm as a scholarship student in 1933.[3]

She appeared in a dozen films in Sweden before being offered work in the American film industry. The movie that both she and historians cite as launching her international career was Intermezzo (1936) in which she shared the lead opposite Gösta Ekman. It brought her to the attention of producer David O. Selznick, who purchased the rights to the story and cast her as the female lead in the American version, Intermezzo: A Love Story (1939), with British actor Leslie Howard taking over the male lead.[4] Bergman signed a three-picture contract with the German production company UFA GmbH, intending to launch her career in German films. In the end, she only acted in the comedy The Four Companions (Die vier Gesellen) (1938), directed by Carl Froelich.[5] At the time of filming, she was pregnant with daughter Pia Lindström by her first husband, physician Petter Lindström, and performed with her abdomen bound.[6] Following her daughter's birth, she made the Swedish film June Night (1940), and three American films: Adam Had Four Sons (1941), Rage in Heaven (1941), and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1942).

Bergman made over 40 films in her career, many of them for American producers and directors. In the early stages of making the World War II romantic drama Casablanca (1942), she and her co-stars Humphrey Bogart and Paul Henreid thought it would be an insignificant film, and all three wanted out of their commitments to the production.[note 1] The script was a work in progress, with director Michael Curtiz in frequent conflict with the writers and with producer Hal B. Wallis. The actors and Curtiz were crafting the characters and story line as they went along.[8] After its release, the film struck a chord with wartime audiences. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards, winning in the categories of Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Screenplay.[9] For decades afterwards, there were special screenings and retrospectives of the film, often with Bergman as a guest speaker. She had attended so many events for the film, being asked the same questions over and over, that she once remarked, "When I die, I hope they won't show it again".[10]

Alfred Hitchcock directed her in three films: Spellbound (1945),[11] Notorious (1946),[12] and Under Capricorn (1949).[13] Impressed by Italian director Roberto Rossellini's films Rome, Open City (1945) and Paisà (1946), she wrote to him offering her services as an actress. Together, they would make Stromboli (1950), Europa 51 (1951), Siamo donne (1953), Journey to Italy (1954), and Joan of Arc at the Stake (1954). Her off-screen relationship with Rossellini ended her marriage to Lindström, and produced out-of-wedlock son Renato Roberto Ranaldo Giusto Giuseppe ("Robin") Rossellini. She and Lindström divorced in 1950, and she married Rossellini.[14] After the 1952 births of their twin daughters Isotta Ingrid and Isabella, she and Rossellini divorced.[11] Hitchcock had remained her lifelong friend, and told her, "He ruined your career".[15]

Bergman married for a final time in 1958, to Swedish film producer Lars Schmidt. He produced her works of 24 Hours in a Woman's Life (1960-TV), The Human Voice (1960-TV), and Hedda Gabler (1962-Stage play; 1963-TV).[16] They divorced in 1975.[17]

Someone, I don't remember who, a woman, told me "You can't have it all", especially a woman can't have it all. Well, I did. I had it all, even if I did muddle some of it. Sometimes I hurt myself. That's the way life is. I took the risks. Happiness is good health and a bad memory.

— Ingrid Bergman, [18]

She was the recipient of numerous global nominations and awards for her work, including three Academy Awards. In the category of Best Actress, she won for Gaslight (1944)[19] and Anastasia (1956).[20] For Murder on the Orient Express (1974), she was named Best Supporting Actress.[21] She appeared multiple times on the American stage. In the pre-television era, she was a prolific guest on radio programs. Bergman received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 8 February 1960.[22]

A Woman Called Golda on American television earned her the 1982 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.[23] When asked to play Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, Bergman doubted that the audience would accept her–a tall Swedish Protestant–in the part, but producer Gene Corman and director Alan Gibson believed that on screen she generated the same feeling of public trust as did Meir.[24] She was in the last stages of her battle with breast cancer when shooting commenced, making her un-insurable for the production, but all concerned believed the project was worth the risk. The film premiered on American television on 26 April 1982. Four months later, Bergman died on her birthday. Her daughter Pia accepted the Emmy award on her behalf.[25]

Films

Ingrid Bergman at age 14
Ingrid Bergman in The Count of Monk's Bridge (1934)
Lobby poster, Spencer Tracy and Ingrid Bergman in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Lobby poster for Casablanca, (1942)
Ingrid Bergman in Gaslight (1944)
Cary Grant, Bergman and Alfred Hitchcock filming Notorious (1946)
Bergman on the cover of Swedish magazine Filmjournalen (1947)
Feature length film credits of Ingrid Bergman
Title Year Role Notes Ref(s)
Landskamp 1932 Girl waiting in line Uncredited [26]
Tagning "På solsidan" 1935 Film short [27]
The Count of the Old Town 1935 Elsa Edlund
Swedish title: Munkbrogreven 		AB Svensk Filmindustri [28]
Swedenhielms 1935 Astrid, Bo Swedenhielms fästmö AB Svensk Filmindustri [29]
Ocean Breakers 1935 Karin Ingman Bränningar [30]
Walpurgis Night 1935 Lena Bergström Valborgsmässoafton [31]
On the Sunny Side 1936 Eva Bergh, bankkassörska AB Wivefilm
På solsidan 		[32]
Intermezzo 1936 Anita Hoffman AB Svensk Filmindustri [33]
Dollar 1938 Julia Balzar, skådespelerska AB Svensk Filmindustri [34]
The Four Companions 1938 Marianne Kruge Die Vier Gesellen [35]
A Woman's Face 1938 Anna Holm, aka Anna Paulsson En kvinnas ansikte
AB Svensk Filmindustri 		[36]
Only One Night 1939 Eva Beckman En enda natt [35]
Intermezzo: A Love Story 1939 Anita Hoffman Selznick International Pictures [37]
June Night 1940 Kerstin Norbäc
aka Sara Nordanå 		Juninatten
AB Svensk Filmindustri 		[38]
Adam Had Four Sons 1941 Emilie Gallatin Columbia Pictures [39]
Rage in Heaven 1941 Stella Bergen Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) [40]
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 1941 Ivy Peterson MGM [41]
Casablanca 1942 Ilsa Lund Warner Bros. [42]
For Whom the Bell Tolls 1943 María Paramount Pictures
Nominated for Academy Award for Best Actress
Preserved at the UCLA Film & Television Archive 		[43]
Swedes in America 1943 Herself
(short subject) 		United Films [44]
Gaslight 1944 Paula Alquist Anton MGM
Academy Award for Best Actress 		[45]
Spellbound 1945 Dr. Constance Petersen Selznick International Pictures
Preserved at the UCLA Film & Television Archive 		[46]
Saratoga Trunk 1945 Clio Dulaine Warner Bros. [47]
The Bells of St. Mary's 1945 Sister Mary Benedict
 RKO Pictures

Nominated for Academy Award for Best Actress

[48]
The American Creed 1946 Herself National Conference for Community and Justice [49]
Notorious 1946 Alicia Huberman RKO Pictures [50]
Arch of Triumph 1948 Joan Madou Enterprise Productions, Inc. [51]
Joan of Arc 1948 Joan [D'Arc] Sierra Pictures
Preserved at the UCLA Film & Television Archive
Nominated for Academy Award for Best Actress 		[52]
Under Capricorn 1949 Lady Henrietta Flusky Warner Bros. [53]
Stromboli 1950 Karin Bjiorsen RKO Pictures [54]
Europa 51 1952 Irene Girard aka "Greatest Love"
Roberto Rossellini Productions 		[55]
We, the Women
aka Siamo donne 		1953 Herself (segment: "Ingrid Bergman")
Alfredo Guarini Productions 		[56]
Journey to Italy 1954 Katherine Joyce Viaggio in Italia
Roberto Rossellini Productions 		[56]
Fear 1954 Irene Wagner Minerva-Ariston-Aniene [57]
Joan of Arc at the Stake 1954 Giovanna d'Arco (Joan of Arc) Roberto Rossellini Productions [58]
Elena and Her Men 1956 Elena et les hommes
Princess Elena Sokorowska 		Franco London Films SA
Les Films Gibé
Electra Compania Cinematographia 		[59]
Anastasia 1956 Anna Koreff / Anastasia Academy Award for Best Actress
20th Century Fox 		[60]
Indiscreet 1958 Anna Kalman Warner Bros. [60]
The Inn of the Sixth Happiness 1958 Gladys Aylward 20th Century Fox [60]
Goodbye Again 1961 Paula Tessier United Artists [61]
Auguste / Kolka, My Friend 1961 Cameo Les Films Marceau [62]
The Visit 1964 Karla Zachanassian 20th Century Fox [63]
The Yellow Rolls-Royce 1965 Gerda Millett MGM [63]
Stimulantia 1967 Mathilde Hartman
(Segment: "The Necklace") 		Omnia Films [63]
Cactus Flower 1969 Stephanie Dickinson Columbia Pictures Template:Sun
Henri Langlois 1970 Herself
(documentary) 		Hershon Films [64]
A Walk in the Spring Rain 1970 Libby Meredith Columbia Pictures [65]
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler 1973 Mrs. Frankweiler Westfall Productions [66]
Murder on the Orient Express 1974 Greta Ohlsson Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress
G. W. Films Ltd. 		[67]
A Matter of Time 1976 Countess Lucretia Sanziani American International Pictures [68]
Autumn Sonata 1978 Charlotte Andergast New World Pictures
Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress 		[68]
Space Jam: A New Legacy 2021 Ilsa Lund Uncredited, archival footage from Casablanca

Television

Ingrid Berman and actor Yossi Graber in A Woman Called Golda (1982)
Television credits of Ingrid Bergman
Title Year Role Notes Ref(s)
The Turn of the Screw 1959 Governess Emmy Award
NBC-TV 		[61]
24 Hours in a Woman's Life 1960 Clare Lester CBS-TV [63]
Hedda Gabler 1963 Hedda Gabler CBS-TV [63]
The Human Voice 1967 A Woman ABC-TV [69]
American Film Institute Salute to Alfred Hitchcock 1979 Herself CBS-TV [70]
A Woman Called Golda 1982 Golda Meir Paramount Television [71]

Theatre

Ingrid Bergman and Burgess Meredith in Liliom (1940)
Ingrid Bergman in The Constant Wife (1975)
Theatre credits of Ingrid Bergman
Title Year Role Theatre/Notes Ref(s)
Liliom 1940 Julie 44th Street Theatre
New York City, New York 		[72][73]
Anna Christie 1941 Anna Christie Lobero Theatre
San Diego, California 		[72][74]
Joan of Lorraine 1946 Joan of Arc/Mary Grey Alvin Theater
New York City. NY 		[58]
Joan of Arc at the Stake 1953 Joan of Arc San Carlo Opera House
Naples, Italy 		[75]
Joan of Arc at the Stake 1954 Joan of Arc Stoll Theatre
London, United Kingdom 		[76]
Tea and Sympathy 1956 Laura Reynolds Théâtre de Paris
Paris, France 		[60]
Hedda Gabler 1962 Hedda Gabler Théâtre Montparnasse Gaston Baty
Paris, France 		[61]
A Month in the Country 1965 Natalia Petrovna Yvonne Arnaud Theatre
Guildford, United Kingdom 		[63]
More Stately Mansions 1967 Deborah Harford Broadhurst Theatre
New York City
Ahmanson Theatre
Los Angeles 		[77]
Captain Brassbound's Conversion 1971 Lady Cecily Waynflete Cambridge Theatre
London, United Kingdom 		[69]
Captain Brassbound's Conversion 1972 Lady Cecily Waynflete Opera House, Kennedy Center
Washington, D.C. 		[69]
The Constant Wife 1973–1975 Constance Middleton Albery Theatre
London, United Kingdom
Shubert Theatre
New York, NY 		[68]
Waters of the Moon 1977–1978 Helen Lancaster Festival Theatre
Chichester, United Kingdom
Haymarket Theatre
London, United Kingdom 		[68]

Radio

Radio credits of Ingrid Bergman
Show Air date Episode Role Co-stars Ref(s)
Lux Radio Theatre 29 January 1940 "Intermezzo" Anita Hoffman Herbert Marshall
Gail Patrick 		[78]
Lux Radio Theatre 1 December 1941 "A Man's Castle" Trina Spencer Tracy MP3 [78]
The Kate Smith Variety Show 16 January 1942 "Patterns" Orson Welles, Olivia de Havilland, Lou Holtz [79]
Readers and Writers 24 March 1942 Herself Edwin Seaver [80]
Cavalcade of America 30 March 1942 "The Silent Heart" Jenny Lind Karl Swenson, Bill Johnstone [81]
CBS Looks At Hollywood 1942 Herself Hedda Hopper, Gary Cooper [82]
The Screen Guild Theater 26 April 1943 "Casablanca" Ilsa Lund Humphrey Bogart, Paul Henreid MP3
[83]
Mail Call 15 September 1943 #56 Kay Thompson, Cass Daley, Edgar Bergen [84]
Star Program with Lorne Greene October 1943 Herself Lorne Greene, Walter Huston, Joan Fontaine
March of Dimes "1944 March of Dimes Campaign" Herself Basil O'Connor, John B. Kennedy [85][86]
Mayerling 2 April 1944 "Star and the Story" Marie Vetsera Walter Pidgeon [87]
Death Takes A Holiday 25 April 1944 "Everything for the Boys" Grazia Ronald Colman MP3 [88]
Silver Theater 21 May 1944 "The Guardsman" The Actor's Wife Herbert Marshall, Nigel Bruce [89]
Rudy Vallee Show 9 September 1944 Premiere Show Herself Edith Gwynn, Fritz Feld, Lou Lubin [90]
The Screen Guild Theater 30 October 1944 "Anna Karenina" Anna Karenina Gregory Peck MP3
The Kate Smith Variety Show 12 November 1944 Milton Berle [91]
Mail Call 31 January 1945 #130 Guest Edgar Bergen, Marion Hutton MP3
Lux Radio Theatre 12 February 1945 "For Whom The Bell Tolls"' Maria Gary Cooper, Akim Tamiroff MP3 [78]
17th Academy Awards Ceremony 15 March 1945 Recipient – Best Actress Bob Hope, John Cromwell, Jennifer Jones, et al. MP3[92]
Command Performance 29 March 1945 #168 Guest Bob Hope, Charles Boyer, et al. MP3
Arch Oboler's Plays 5 April 1945 "Strange Morning" Miss Stewart MP3
Our Hour of National Sorrow 15 April 1945 A Tribute to President Roosevelt Poem Reader Multiple celebrities MP3 [93]
Seventh War Loan Drive Show 13 May 1945 (replay of 5 April + Morgenthau speech) Miss Stewart Henry Morgenthau RA [94]
Lux Radio Theatre 4 June 1945 "Intermezzo" Anita Hoffman Joseph Cotten, Paula Winslowe MP3 [78]
The Fred Waring Show 14 August 1945 Guest Self Fred Waring, Jack Benny, Larry Adler [95]
Jack Benny Show 14 October 1945 "Gaslight" Guest Jack Benny, Larry Adler MP3 [96]
Newspaper Guild Page-One Awards 6 December 1945 Herself Norman Corwin, Duke Ellington, Irving Berlin [97]
The Radio Hall of Fame 20 January 1946 "Presentation of Film Critics Awards" Recipient – Best Actress Ray Milland MP3 [98]
Bob Hope Show 5 February 1946 "Look Achievement Awards" Herself Bob Hope, Frances Langford [99]
18th Academy Awards Ceremony (#217) 14 April 1946 Command Performance Presenter – Best Actor Bob Hope, Frank Sinatra, George Murphy, Ray Milland, et al. [100]
Lux Radio Theater 29 April 1946 "Gaslight" Paula Alquist Anton Charles Boyer, Gale Gordon [101]
United Jewish Appeal 16 May 1946 "The Star Spangled Way " Herself Jack Benny, Ginger Rogers, Tallulah Bankhead [102]
The Screen Guild Theater 26 August 1946 "Bells of St. Mary's" Sister Mary Benedict Bing Crosby MP3
Centennial Anniversary of Ellen Terry 27 February 1947 "Born in a Merry Hour"' Herself Helen Hayes, Margaret Webster, Eva Le Gallienne, John Gielgud [103]
Theater Guild on the Air 6 April 1947 "Still Life" Laura Jesson Sam Wanamaker, Peggy Wood MP3 [104][105]
The Screen Guild Theater 6 October 1947 "Bells of St. Mary's" Sister Mary Benedict Bing Crosby MP3
U.S.O. Campaign 1947 Herself Douglas Fairbanks Jr., George Murphy
Building For Peace 1947 "Flood Tide"
Words with Music 1947 #29 Poetry Reader [84]
Lux Radio Theater 26 January 1948 "Notorious" Alicia Huberman Joseph Cotten MP3 [78]
Theater Guild on the Air 18 April 1948 "Anna Karenina" Anna Karenina [106]
Red Cross Flood Relief Show 13 June 1948 Herself Chester Lauck, Andy Russell
Lux Radio Theater 14 June 1948 "Jane Eyre" Jane Eyre Robert Montgomery, Bill Johnstone MP3 [78]
Ford Theater 12 November 1948 "Camille" Marguerite Gautier [107][108]
Lux Radio Theater 13 December 1948 "The Seventh Veil" Francesca Cunningham Robert Montgomery, Bill Johnstone MP3 [78]
The Screen Guild Theater 6 January 1949 "Notorious" Alicia Huberman John Hodiak, J. Carrol Naish MP3
Ford Theater 21 January 1949 "Anna Christie" Anna Christopherson Broderick Crawford, John Qualen MP3 [109]
Great Scenes from Great Plays 18 February 1949 "A Doll's House" Nora Helmer Brian Aherne [110][111]MP3
Star Spots 1949 "Whole Blood Ready" (1 of 3 mini-dramas) Fred MacMurray, Joan Leslie
Stage-Struck (CBS Radio) 10 January 1954 "Why Young Actors Try To Break Into The Theatre" Herself Mike Wallace, Arthur Schwartz, Dorothy Fields, Renee Jeanmaire [112]
Stage-Struck (CBS Radio) 2 May 1954 Season Finale Herself All seasonal guest stars [113]
References:[114][115][116][117]

Audio recordings

Audio books read by Ingrid Bergman
Title Year Notes Ref(s)
The Pied Piper of Hamelin 1946 2 10" 78 RPM Records [118][119]
The Human Voice 1960 12" Microgroove LP 33⅓ RPM Record [120]
The Inn of the Sixth Happiness 1979 Abridged Audiobook, 2 Cassettes [121]

See also

Bibliography

  • Chandler, Charlotte (2007). Ingrid : Ingrid Bergman, a personal biography. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-9421-8.
  • Leamer, Laurence (1986). As Time Goes By : the Life of Ingrid Bergman. New York : Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-015485-1.
  • Lunde, Arne (2010). Nordic Exposures: Scandinavian Identities in Classical Hollywood Cinema. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99045-3.
  • Quirk, Lawrence J. (1989). The Complete Films of Ingrid Bergman. Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-0972-3.
  • Thomson, David (2010). Ingrid Bergman. Faber and Faber, Inc. ISBN 978-0-86547-934-0.

Notes

  1. ^ "Bogart and Paul [Henreid] and especially me believed that Casablanca was a little picture, a waste of our time."p.10. ... "[Bergman] didn't want to be Ilsa in Casablanca. She wanted to be Maria in For Whom The Bell Tolls. And Humphrey didn't really want to be Rick. Ingrid remembered that the only subject they had in common, was how much they both wanted to get out of Casablanca" p. 82 ... "[Henreid] had declined the part of Lazlo, because he felt it wouldn't be a good one for his future career in Hollywood." p.85[7]

References

  1. ^ Leamer 1986, pp. 459–461, 464.
  2. ^ Thomson 2010, pp. 10–11.
  3. ^ Thomson 2010, p. 12.
  4. ^ Leamer 1986, pp. 24–25, 38–39.
  5. ^ Lunde 2010.
  6. ^ Leamer 1986, pp. 33, 35.
  7. ^ Chandler 2007, pp. 10, 82, 85.
  8. ^ Chandler 2007, pp. 10–11, 81–84, 90.
  9. ^ Haver, Ronald. "Casablanca: The Unexpected Classic". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  10. ^ Leamer 1986, p. 300.
  11. ^ a b Chandler 2007, p. 106.
  12. ^ Chandler 2007, p. 123.
  13. ^ Chandler 2007, p. 137.
  14. ^ "Petter Lindstrom". the Guardian. 17 June 2000. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  15. ^ Chandler 2007, p. 289.
  16. ^ Leamer 1986, pp. 371–373.
  17. ^ Leamer 1986, pp. 295–297.
  18. ^ Chandler 2007, p. 209.
  19. ^ "THE 17TH ACADEMY AWARDS 1945". Oscars. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  20. ^ "THE 29TH ACADEMY AWARDS 1957". Oscars. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  21. ^ "THE 47TH ACADEMY AWARDS 1975". Oscars. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  22. ^ "Ingrid Bergman". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  23. ^ "Ingrid Bergman". Television Academy. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  24. ^ Chandler 2007, p. 290.
  25. ^ Chandler 2007, pp. 290–296.
  26. ^ "Landskamp". The Swedish Film Database. Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  28. ^ "The Count of Old Town". The Swedish Film Database. Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  29. ^ "Swedenhielms". The Swedish Film Database. Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  32. ^ "På solsidan". The Swedish Film Database. Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  33. ^ "ntermezzo (1936 film)". The Swedish Film Database. Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  34. ^ "Dollar (1938)". The Swedish Film Database. Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  36. ^ Leamer 1986, pp. 363–364.
  37. ^ "Intermezzo, A Love Story". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  38. ^ "June Night". The Swedish Film Database. Swedish Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  39. ^ "Adam Had Four Sons". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  40. ^ "Rage in Heaven". UCLA Film & Television Archive. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  41. ^ "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  42. ^ "Casablanca". UCLA Film & Television Archive. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  43. ^ "For Whom the Bell Tolls". UCLA Film & Television Archive. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  46. ^ "Spellbound". UCLA Film & Television Archive. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  47. ^ "Saratoga Trunk". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  48. ^ "The Bells of St. Mary's". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  49. ^ "Ten Intergroup Relations Films". Film Quarterly. 24 September 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  50. ^ "Notorious". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  51. ^ "Arch of Triumph". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  53. ^ "Under Capricorn". American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  54. ^ "Stromboli". American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  55. ^ "Europa 51". UCLA Film & Television Archive. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  58. ^ a b Leamer 1986, p. 368.
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  61. ^ a b c Leamer 1986, p. 371.
  62. ^ Thomson 2010, p. 118.
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  67. ^ "Murder on the Orient Express". American Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  69. ^ a b c Leamer 1986, p. 373.
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  71. ^ Leamer 1986, p. 375.
  72. ^ a b Leamer 1986, p. 365.
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  74. ^ "Anna Christie". eOneill.com: An Electronic Eugene O'Neill Archive. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
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  76. ^ Quirk 1989, p. 206.
  77. ^ Leamer 1986, pp. 372–373.
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  81. ^ "Radio Today" (PDF). New York Times. 30 March 1942. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
  82. ^ "Cbs Looks At Hollywood .. episodic log". otrsite.com. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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  99. ^ "Complete Radio Programs and Highlights for Today" (PDF). Chicago Daily Tribune. 5 February 1946. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
  100. ^ "The Oscar Ceremonies for 1945". theOscarSite.com: A Celebration of All Things Oscar. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
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