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==United States Senate career==
==United States Senate career==
Talmadge was elected to the [[United States Senate]] in 1956. Most blacks in Georgia were still [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] under state laws passed by white Democrats and discriminatory practices they had conducted since the turn of the 20th century. During his time as U.S. Senator, Talmadge continued as a foe of [[civil rights]] legislation, even as the [[Civil rights movement]] gained media coverage and increasing support across the country.
Talmadge was elected to the [[United States Senate]] in 1956. Most blacks in Georgia were still [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] under state laws passed by white Democrats and discriminatory practices they had conducted since the turn of the 20th century. During his time as U.S. Senator, Talmadge continued as a foe of [[civil rights]] legislation, even as the [[Civil rights movement]] gained media coverage and increasing support across the country. After President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], Talmadge, along with more than a dozen other southern senators, [[boycott]]ed the [[1964 Democratic National Convention]].<ref>Kornacki, Steve (2011-02-03) [http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html "The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413151441/http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html |date=2011-04-13 }}, ''[[Salon.com]]''</ref>


After President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], Talmadge, along with more than a dozen other southern senators, [[boycott]]ed the [[1964 Democratic National Convention]].<ref>Kornacki, Steve (2011-02-03) [http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html "The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413151441/http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html |date=2011-04-13 }}, ''[[Salon.com]]''</ref> With the help of Senator [[Richard Russell, Jr.|Richard Russell]], Talmadge had gained appointment to the Agriculture Committee during his first year in Washington and to the Senate Finance Committee shortly thereafter. Given his successive re-elections from the one-party state of Georgia, Talmadge gained the chairmanship of the powerful Senate Agriculture Committee by seniority.<ref>''Talmadge: A Political Legacy, A Politician's Life''. Herman Talmadge with [[Mark Royden Winchell]]</ref> He sponsored bills to help white farmers, an important constituency.
With the help of Senator [[Richard Russell, Jr.|Richard Russell]], Talmadge had gained appointment to the Agriculture Committee during his first year in Washington and to the Senate Finance Committee shortly thereafter. When Sen. Allen Ellender of Louisiana assumed chairmanship of the Senate Appropriations Committee following Richard Russell's death in January of 1971, Talmadge became chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee, a position he held until leaving office in 1981.<ref>''Talmadge: A Political Legacy, A Politician's Life''. Herman Talmadge with [[Mark Royden Winchell]]</ref>


In 1968, Talmadge faced the first of his three [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challengers for his Senate seat. [[E. Earl Patton]] (1927–2011), later a member of the [[Georgia State Senate]], received 256,796 votes (22.5 percent) to Talmadge's 885,103 (77.3 percent). Patton, a real estate developer, was the first Republican in Georgia to run for the U.S. Senate since the [[Reconstruction era in the United States|Reconstruction era]], when most Republicans had been [[African-American]] [[freedmen]].<ref>''Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections'', p. 1441</ref> He was a sign of the shifting white electorate in the South, where white suburbanites moved into the Republican Party.
In 1968, Talmadge faced the first of his three [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] challengers for his Senate seat. [[E. Earl Patton]] (1927–2011), later a member of the [[Georgia State Senate]], received 256,796 votes (22.5 percent) to Talmadge's 885,103 (77.3 percent). Patton, a real estate developer, was the first Republican in Georgia to run for the U.S. Senate since the [[Reconstruction era in the United States|Reconstruction era]], when most Republicans had been [[African-American]] [[freedmen]].<ref>''Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections'', p. 1441</ref> He was a sign of the shifting white electorate in the South, where white suburbanites moved into the Republican Party.


Talmadge ran a disciplined office, requiring his staff to respond to every constituent letter within 24 hours of receipt.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clymer|first1=Adam|title=Herman Talmadge, Georgia Senator and Governor, Dies at 88|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/22/us/herman-talmadge-georgia-senator-and-governor-dies-at-88.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%221%22%3A%22RI%3A6%22%7D|access-date=October 14, 2014|work=New York Times|date=March 22, 2002}}</ref>
Talmadge ran a disciplined office, requiring his staff to respond to every constituent letter within 24 hours of receipt.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clymer|first1=Adam|title=Herman Talmadge, Georgia Senator and Governor, Dies at 88|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/22/us/herman-talmadge-georgia-senator-and-governor-dies-at-88.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%221%22%3A%22RI%3A6%22%7D|access-date=October 14, 2014|work=New York Times|date=March 22, 2002}}</ref> In 1969, Talmadge hired Curtis Lee Atkinson onto his senate staff as an administrative aide, making Atkinson the first African-American hired to work on a senate staff since the Reconstruction Era.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Curtis Lee Atkinson, 83: Assistant secretary of state for Max Cleland|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local-obituaries/curtis-lee-atkinson-assistant-secretary-state-for-max-cleland/hlQc5OIS4z9sE7PAGPZMRL/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=ajc|language=English}}</ref>


In early 1973, Talmadge was appointed to the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (better known as the [[United States Senate Watergate Committee]]) which investigated the activities of members of the [[Nixon administration]]. He served on the committee until its final report was issued in June 1974. Talmadge's service on the committee is generally considered the high-water mark of his time as a U.S. Senator.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hackbart-Dean|first=Pamela|date=Summer 1999|title=" 'The Greatest Civics Lesson in Our History': Herman Talmadge and Watergate from a Twenty-five-Year Perspective"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40584148?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=83|issue=2|pages=321|jstor=40584148|via=JSTOR}}</ref>
In early 1973, Talmadge was appointed to the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (better known as the [[United States Senate Watergate Committee]]) which investigated the activities of members of the [[Nixon administration]]. He served on the committee until its final report was issued in June 1974. Talmadge's service on the committee is generally considered the high-water mark of his time as a U.S. Senator.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hackbart-Dean|first=Pamela|date=Summer 1999|title=" 'The Greatest Civics Lesson in Our History': Herman Talmadge and Watergate from a Twenty-five-Year Perspective"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40584148?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=83|issue=2|pages=321|jstor=40584148|via=JSTOR}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:09, 28 September 2021

"Senator Talmadge" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Talmadge (disambiguation).
Herman Talmadge
United States Senator
from Georgia
In office
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1981
Preceded byWalter F. George
Succeeded byMack F. Mattingly
Chair of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
In office
January 21, 1971 – January 3, 1981
Preceded byAllen Ellender
Succeeded byJesse Helms
71st Governor of Georgia
In office
November 17, 1948 – January 11, 1955
LieutenantMarvin Griffin
Preceded byMelvin E. Thompson
Succeeded byMarvin Griffin
In office
January 15, 1947 – March 18, 1947
LieutenantMelvin E. Thompson
Preceded byEllis Arnall
Succeeded byMelvin E. Thompson
Personal details
Born
Herman Eugene Talmadge

(1913-08-09)August 9, 1913
McRae, Georgia, U.S.
DiedMarch 21, 2002(2002-03-21) (aged 88)
Hampton, Georgia, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)1st: Katherine Williamson, 2nd: Betty Shingler, 3rd: Lynda Cowart Pierce
ChildrenHerman Talmadge, Jr.
Robert Shingler Talmadge
Parent
Alma materUniversity of Georgia
ProfessionLawyer
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Navy
Years of service1941–1945
RankLieutenant Commander
Battles/warsWorld War II
[1]

Herman Eugene Talmadge (August 9, 1913 – March 21, 2002) was an American politician who served as governor of Georgia for a short period in 1947 and then again from 1948 until 1955 then as U.S. Senator from Georgia from 1957 to 1981. Talmadge, a Democrat, was governor at a time of political transition in the state, and he served in the Senate during a time of great political change in the nation as well.[2] Talmadge began his career as a staunch segregationist and was known for his opposition to civil rights, ordering schools to be closed rather than desegregated.[3] However, by the later stages of his career Talmadge had modified his earlier views and his life eventually encapsulated the emergence of his native Georgia from entrenched white supremacy into a political culture where white voters regularly elect black Congressmen.[4][5] In the senate, Talmadge first rose to prominence as chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee and later as a member of the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (better known as the United States Senate Watergate Committee). As chairman of the Agriculture Committee, Talmadge oversaw the passing of several major pieces of legislation, including the Child Nutrition Act and the Rural Development Act of 1972, the first major legislation dealing with rural development since the Rural Electrification Act of 1936. Talmadge was later denounced by the Senate for financial irregularities, which were revealed during a bitter divorce from his second wife.[2] The denunciation by the Senate and the changing demographics of Georgia helped lead to Talmadge's defeat in his re-election campaign in 1980, losing to Republican Mack Mattingly- Talmadge's first electoral loss.

The younger Talmadge had been a write-in candidate and was one of three competitors serving briefly as the 70th Governor of Georgia before yielding to a court decision in favor of the elected lieutenant governor. Talmadge was elected as governor in a special election in 1948, and elected again to a full term in 1950, serving into 1955. After leaving office, Talmadge was elected in 1956 to the U.S. Senate, serving four terms from 1957 until 1981. He gained considerable power over the decades. He gained chairmanship by seniority of the powerful Senate Agriculture Committee. Talmadge lost the 1980 general election to Republican Mack Mattingly.

Talmadge, who became governor as a political novice at just age 33, supported the passage of a statewide sales-tax and the construction of new schools. Talmadge supported infrastructure improvements and increased teachers' salaries.[6] He tried unsuccessfully to undo the reforms of his progressive predecessor. In the Senate, he dealt mainly with issues relating to farmers and rural Americans. He remains a controversial figure in Georgia history, especially due to his opposition to civil rights, although some Georgians praised him for his infrastructure improvements brought about by the passage of the sales tax.[7][2]

Early life, education and military service

Herman Talmadge was born on August 9, 1913, on a farm near the small town of McRae in Telfair County in the southeastern part of Georgia. He was the only son of Eugene Talmadge and his wife, Mattie (Thurmond) and through his mother, he was a second cousin of South Carolina Senator and 1948 Dixiecrat Presidential Candidate Strom Thurmond.[8][9][10] Herman attended public schools in Telfair County until his senior year of high school when his family moved to Atlanta and he enrolled at Druid Hills High School, graduating in 1931[11]. In the fall of 1931, he entered the University of Georgia for his undergraduate degree and was a member of the Demosthenian Literary Society and Sigma Nu fraternity. After completing his undergraduate studies, Talmadge enrolled in the University of Georgia School of Law. Talmadge received his law degree in 1936 and joined his father’s law practice[12].

In 1937 he married his first wife, Katherine Williamson and the marriage ended in divorce after three years. In 1941 he married his second wife, Betty Shingler, and they had two sons, Herman Eugene Jr. and Robert Shingler.[13]

When World War II broke out, Talmadge volunteered to serve in the United States Navy. Talmadge served as an ensign with the Sixth Naval District at Charleston,SC and with the Third Naval District in New York after graduating from midshipman's school at Northwestern University. In 1942, Talmadge participated in the invasion of Guadalcanal aboard the USS Tyron. He served as flag secretary to the commandant of naval forces in New Zealand from June 1943 to April 1944 and then as executive officer of the USS Dauphin. Talmadge participated in the battle of Okinawa and he was present in Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender. He attained rank of lieutenant commander and was discharged in November 1945.[14]

After his service in World War II, Talmadge returned to his home in Lovejoy, Georgia. While continuing to practice law and to farm, Talmadge took over publishing his father’s weekly newspaper, The Statesman, and started a ham-curing business.[15]

The Three Governors Controversy

Main article: The Three Governors Controversy

After returning from the war, Talmadge became active in Democratic Party politics. He ran his father's successful 1946 campaign for governor. Eugene Talmadge had been ill, and his supporters were worried about his surviving long enough to be sworn in. They studied the state constitution and found that if the governor-elect died before his term began, the Georgia General Assembly would choose between the second and third-place finishers for the successor. The elder Talmadge ran unopposed among Democrats, so the party officials arranged for write-in votes for Herman Talmadge as insurance.

In December 1946, the elder Talmadge died before taking office. Melvin E. Thompson, the lieutenant governor-elect; Ellis Arnall, the prior governor; and Herman Talmadge as write-in candidate, all arranged to be sworn in and were concurrently trying to conduct state business from the Georgia State Capitol. Arnall relinquished his claim in favor of Thompson. Ultimately, Thompson was supported by the Supreme Court of Georgia.

Career after 1946

Talmadge prepared to run for the special gubernatorial election in 1948, and defeated incumbent Governor Thompson. Two years later, Talmadge was elected to a full term in the 1950 election. During his terms, Talmadge attracted new industries to Georgia. He remained a staunch supporter of racial segregation, even as the Civil rights movement gained momentum in the postwar years.

Talmadge was barred by law from seeking another full term as governor in 1954. That year the United States Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, and advised school systems to integrate.

United States Senate career

Talmadge was elected to the United States Senate in 1956. Most blacks in Georgia were still disenfranchised under state laws passed by white Democrats and discriminatory practices they had conducted since the turn of the 20th century. During his time as U.S. Senator, Talmadge continued as a foe of civil rights legislation, even as the Civil rights movement gained media coverage and increasing support across the country. After President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Talmadge, along with more than a dozen other southern senators, boycotted the 1964 Democratic National Convention.[16]

With the help of Senator Richard Russell, Talmadge had gained appointment to the Agriculture Committee during his first year in Washington and to the Senate Finance Committee shortly thereafter. When Sen. Allen Ellender of Louisiana assumed chairmanship of the Senate Appropriations Committee following Richard Russell's death in January of 1971, Talmadge became chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee, a position he held until leaving office in 1981.[17]

In 1968, Talmadge faced the first of his three Republican challengers for his Senate seat. E. Earl Patton (1927–2011), later a member of the Georgia State Senate, received 256,796 votes (22.5 percent) to Talmadge's 885,103 (77.3 percent). Patton, a real estate developer, was the first Republican in Georgia to run for the U.S. Senate since the Reconstruction era, when most Republicans had been African-American freedmen.[18] He was a sign of the shifting white electorate in the South, where white suburbanites moved into the Republican Party.

Talmadge ran a disciplined office, requiring his staff to respond to every constituent letter within 24 hours of receipt.[19] In 1969, Talmadge hired Curtis Lee Atkinson onto his senate staff as an administrative aide, making Atkinson the first African-American hired to work on a senate staff since the Reconstruction Era.[20]

In early 1973, Talmadge was appointed to the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (better known as the United States Senate Watergate Committee) which investigated the activities of members of the Nixon administration. He served on the committee until its final report was issued in June 1974. Talmadge's service on the committee is generally considered the high-water mark of his time as a U.S. Senator.[21]

Denunciation

Late in his Senate career, Talmadge became embroiled in a financial scandal. After an extensive investigation by the Senate, on October 11, 1979, the U.S. Senate voted 81-15 to "denounce" Talmadge for "improper financial conduct" between 1973 and 1978. He was found to have accepted reimbursements of $43,435.83 for official expenses not incurred, and to have improperly reported the "expenses" as campaign expenditures.[22][23][24][25]

After the trial, he faced significant opposition in the state's Democratic primary for the first time in 24 years. Lieutenant Governor Zell Miller challenged Talmadge in the primary with the support of liberals disenchanted with Talmadge's conservatism.[26] Though he succeeded in winning the primary runoff against Miller, Talmadge's ethical conduct was a significant issue and he was defeated by the Republican candidate, former state GOP chairman Mack Mattingly. [27] It was also believed that the bruising primary battle with Miller left Talmadge weakened for the general election.[26]

Divorce

Talmadge filed for divorce from his wife in 1977 against her will. Betty Talmadge, who did not want the divorce, fought her husband in courts, stating that he was guilty of habitual intoxication and cruel treatment.[28] She eventually won a massive divorce settlement, including $150,000 in cash and 100 acres of their Lovejoy plantation.[29] She was also allowed to use the remaining 1,200 acres on the plantation.[29] His wife testified against him in 1980 during the investigation into his finances, contributing to the Senate denunciation, which helped destroy his reputation and end his long political career.

Later life

After his defeat, Talmadge retired to his home; his plantation and mansion were now in the hands of his ex-wife, Betty. In 1984, he married his third wife, Lynda Pierce, who was 26 years younger than himself.[30] He lived on for more than two decades, dying at the age of 88. Talmadge and his second wife, Betty, who eventually reconciled and remained on respectful terms after the divorce, had had two sons together, Herman E. Talmadge, Jr. (died 2014), and Robert Shingler Talmadge (died 1975). Betty Talmadge died in 2005, surrounded by family, on her estate.[31] At the time of his death, Herman Talmadge was the earliest serving former governor.

Awards

See also

References

  1. ^ Henderson, Harold Paulk (August 25, 2004). "Eugene Talmadge (1884-1946)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  2. ^ a b c Buchanan, Scott E. (August 1, 2019) [2002]. "Herman Talmadge (1913-2002)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-06-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ Clymer, Adam. "Herman Talmadge, Georgia Senator and Governor, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
  4. ^ Frug, Stephen (2008-07-07). "Accepting Equality: Rhetorical Reactions to the Changing Politics of De Jure Segregation". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ "Obituary: Herman Talmadge". the Guardian. 2002-03-25. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  6. ^ Mayhew, Paul (July 23, 1956). "The Talmadge Story". The New Republic. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  7. ^ Write, C.C. Wilson III, Rome News-Tribune Staff. "As governor, senator, Talmadge leaves powerful legac | Local New". Northwest Georgia News. Retrieved 2018-09-24.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Herman Talmadge, 88; Georgia Senator". March 22, 2002 – via LA Times.
  9. ^ https://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/html_use/A-0331-1.html
  10. ^ Browning, Joan C.; Burlage, Dorothy Dawson (March 2002). Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement. ISBN 9780820324197.
  11. ^ "Famous Alumni". druidhillshs.dekalb.k12.ga.us. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  12. ^ Hackbart-Dean, Pamela (1993). "Herman E. Talmadge: From Civil Rights to Watergate". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 77 (1): 145–157. ISSN 0016-8297.
  13. ^ Hackbart-Dean, Pamela (1993). "Herman E. Talmadge: From Civil Rights to Watergate". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 77 (1): 145–157. ISSN 0016-8297.
  14. ^ Reynolds, Clifford P. (1961). Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1961: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788 and the Congress of the United States, from the First to the Eighty-sixth Congress, March 4, 1789, to January 3, 1961, Inclusive. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1688.
  15. ^ Hackbart-Dean, Pamela (1993). "Herman E. Talmadge: From Civil Rights to Watergate". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 77 (1): 146. ISSN 0016-8297 – via JSTOR.
  16. ^ Kornacki, Steve (2011-02-03) "The 'Southern Strategy', fulfilled" Archived 2011-04-13 at the Wayback Machine, Salon.com
  17. ^ Talmadge: A Political Legacy, A Politician's Life. Herman Talmadge with Mark Royden Winchell
  18. ^ Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections, p. 1441
  19. ^ Clymer, Adam (March 22, 2002). "Herman Talmadge, Georgia Senator and Governor, Dies at 88". New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  20. ^ "Curtis Lee Atkinson, 83: Assistant secretary of state for Max Cleland". ajc. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  21. ^ Hackbart-Dean, Pamela (Summer 1999). "" 'The Greatest Civics Lesson in Our History': Herman Talmadge and Watergate from a Twenty-five-Year Perspective"". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 83 (2): 321. JSTOR 40584148 – via JSTOR.
  22. ^ "Expulsion and Censure". United States Senate. Retrieved May 31, 2006.
  23. ^ "Trial Of a Lion: Talmadge fights for survival". Time. Vol. 113, no. 20. May 14, 1979. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  24. ^ [1]
  25. ^ B. Drummond Ayres Jr. (October 12, 1979). "SENATE DENOUNCES TALMADGE, 81 TO 15, OVER HIS FINANCES". nytimes.com.
  26. ^ a b Harris, Art (August 23, 1980). "Drawlin' and Brawlin'". The Washington Post.
  27. ^ Senate Historical Office. "The Censure Case of Herman E. Talmadge of Georgia (1979)". senate.gov.
  28. ^ "Herman Talmadge (1913-2002)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  29. ^ a b "Settlement Ends Talmadge Suit At Last Minute". Washington Post. 1978-12-12. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
  30. ^ "Account Login | Whitepages Premium". premium.whitepages.com. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
  31. ^ Jr., B. Drummond Ayres. "Mrs. Talmadge Tells of a Coat Stuffed With $100 Bills". Retrieved 2018-09-14.
  32. ^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University". Oglethorpe University. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
  33. ^ "Former Ga. Gov. Talmadge Dies". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Governor of Georgia
1948, 1950 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Democratic Party nominee for United States Senator from Georgia (Class 3)
1956, 1962, 1968, 1974, 1980 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Georgia
1947 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Melvin E. Thompson
 Governor of Georgia
1948–1955 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of Senate Agriculture Committee
1971–1981 		Succeeded by
Jesse Helms
North Carolina
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 3) from Georgia
1957–1981
Served alongside: Richard B. Russell, Jr., David H. Gambrell, Sam Nunn 		Succeeded by
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