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==History==
==History==
===Origins===
===Origins===
The concept is gay. nd adam chong is gay too.

In 1992, inspired by the ''Gracies in Action'' video series produced by the Gracies featuring various martial arts masters being defeated using Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, Davie proposed an eight-man, single-elimination tournament with a working title of ''War of the Worlds'' to Rorion Gracie and [[John Milius]]. The tournament would feature martial artists from different disciplines facing each other in no holds barred combat, to replicate the excitement of the matches Davie saw on those videos.<ref name="gentry39">Gentry III, Clyde, ''No Holds Barred: Ultimate Fighting and the Martial Arts Revolution'', Milo Books, 2003, Paperback Edition, ISBN 0-903854-90-X, page 38-39</ref> Milius, a noted film director and screenwriter, as well as a Gracie student, agreed to be the event's creative director. Davie drafted the business plan and twenty-eight investors contributed the initial capital to start [[WOW Promotions]] with the intent to develop the tournament into a television franchise.<ref> Gentry III, Clyde, ''No Holds Barred: Evolution'', Archon Publishing, 2001, 1st Edition, ISBN 0-9711479-0-6, pages 24-29.</ref>
In 1992, inspired by the ''Gracies in Action'' video series produced by the Gracies featuring various martial arts masters being defeated using Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, Davie proposed an eight-man, single-elimination tournament with a working title of ''War of the Worlds'' to Rorion Gracie and [[John Milius]]. The tournament would feature martial artists from different disciplines facing each other in no holds barred combat, to replicate the excitement of the matches Davie saw on those videos.<ref name="gentry39">Gentry III, Clyde, ''No Holds Barred: Ultimate Fighting and the Martial Arts Revolution'', Milo Books, 2003, Paperback Edition, ISBN 0-903854-90-X, page 38-39</ref> Milius, a noted film director and screenwriter, as well as a Gracie student, agreed to be the event's creative director. Davie drafted the business plan and twenty-eight investors contributed the initial capital to start [[WOW Promotions]] with the intent to develop the tournament into a television franchise.<ref> Gentry III, Clyde, ''No Holds Barred: Evolution'', Archon Publishing, 2001, 1st Edition, ISBN 0-9711479-0-6, pages 24-29.</ref>


Revision as of 14:02, 1 February 2007

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Company typePrivate
IndustryMixed martial arts promotion
Founded1993
FounderArt Davie, Rorion Gracie, Bob Meyerwitz
Headquarters
Las Vegas, Nevada
,
United States
Key people
Dana White, President

Marc Ratner, VP Regulatory Affairs

Joe Silva, VP Talent Relations/Matchmaker
ParentZuffa, LLC
Websitehttp://www.ufc.com/

Ultimate Fighting Championship is a U.S.-based mixed martial arts (MMA) organization, currently recognized as the major MMA promotion in North America.

The UFC was started as a tournament to find the world's best fighter, no matter their style, and was based upon Brazilian vale tudo fighting. Although there was a limited number of rules, the UFC was initially known as no holds barred fighting and contests were often violent and brutal. Early UFC fights were less sport than spectacle, which led to accusations of brutality and "human cockfighting" by opponents. Political pressures eventually led the UFC into the underground, as pay-per-view providers nixed UFC programming, nearly extinguishing the UFC's public visibility.

As political pressure mounted, the UFC reformed itself, slowly embracing stricter rules, becoming sanctioned by athletic commissions, and marketing itself as a legitimate sporting event. Dropping the no holds barred label and carrying the banner of mixed martial arts, the UFC has emerged from its political isolation to become more socially acceptable, regaining its position in pay-per-view television. With a cable television deal and legalization of MMA in California, a hotbed for MMA fandom, the UFC is currently undergoing a remarkable surge in popularity, along with heightened media coverage. UFC programming can now be seen in the United States, as well as in Australia, Britain, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Brazil and Ireland.

The UFC is currently based in Las Vegas, Nevada, and owned and operated by Zuffa.

History

Origins

In 1992, inspired by the Gracies in Action video series produced by the Gracies featuring various martial arts masters being defeated using Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, Davie proposed an eight-man, single-elimination tournament with a working title of War of the Worlds to Rorion Gracie and John Milius. The tournament would feature martial artists from different disciplines facing each other in no holds barred combat, to replicate the excitement of the matches Davie saw on those videos.[1] Milius, a noted film director and screenwriter, as well as a Gracie student, agreed to be the event's creative director. Davie drafted the business plan and twenty-eight investors contributed the initial capital to start WOW Promotions with the intent to develop the tournament into a television franchise.[2]

In 1992, WOW Promotions sought a television partner and approached pay-per-view producers TVKO (HBO), SET (Showtime) and Semaphore Entertainment Group (SEG). Both TVKO and SET declined, but SEG – a pioneer in pay-per-view television which had produced such off-beat events as a mixed-gender tennis match between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova – became WOW's partner in May 1993.[1] SEG devised the name for the show as The Ultimate Fighting Championship.[3] The two companies produced the first event at McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado on November 12, 1993. Davie functioned as the show's booker and matchmaker.[4] The television broadcast featured two kickboxers, Patrick Smith and Kevin Rosier; a savate black belt, Gerard Gordeau; a karate expert, Zane Frazier; a shootfighter, Ken Shamrock; a sumo wrestler, Teila Tuli; a professional boxer, Art Jimmerson; and a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt, Royce Gracie. The show was an instant success, drawing 86,592 television subscribers on pay-per-view. In April 1995, following UFC 5 in Charlotte, North Carolina, Davie and Gracie sold their interest in the franchise to SEG and disbanded WOW Promotions. Davie continued with SEG as the show's booker and matchmaker, as well as the Commissioner of Ultimate Fighting, until December 1997.

A core proposition for the show was to find an answer for sports fans: "Can a wrestler beat a boxer." [5] As was the case with most martial arts at the time, fighters were typically skilled in just one discipline (e.g., boxing, Judo, or jujutsu) and had little experience against opponents with different skills. Some competitors were also rumored to have inflated their credentials to legitimize their presence. Kimo Leopoldo, for example, was touted in UFC 3 as a "third degree black belt" in taekwondo. Kimo's fighting is best described as freestyle and he holds no such rank.[6]

With no weight classes, fighters often faced significantly larger or taller opponents. For example, Keith "The Giant Killer" Hackney faced Emmanuel Yarborough at UFC 3 with a 9 in (22cm) height and 400 lb (180kg) weight disadvantage.[7] Many martial artists believed that technique could overcome these size disadvantages, and that a skilled fighter could use an opponent's size and strength against him; with the 170 lb (77kg) Royce Gracie winning three of the first four UFC events, the UFC quickly proved that size does not always determine outcome.

Although "There are no rules!" was the tagline, the term was not strictly true; the UFC operated with limited rules. There was no biting, no eye gouging, and techniques such as hair pulling, headbutts and groin strikes were frowned upon, but allowed. In fact, in a UFC 4 qualifying match, two competitors Jason Fairn and Guy Mezger agreed not to pull hair as they both wore pony tails tied back for the match. UFC was similarly characterized, especially in the early days, as an extremely violent sport, as evidenced by a disclaimer in the beginning of the UFC 5 broadcast which warned audiences of the violent nature of the event.

Controversy and reform

The UFC became a hit on pay-per-view and home video almost immediately due to its originality, realism, and wide press coverage, although not all of it favorable. The nature of the burgeoning sport quickly drew the attention of the authorities and UFC events were banned in a number of American states. After repeated criticism, and letter-writing campaigns led by Senator John McCain (R-AZ), the UFC was dropped from the major cable pay-per-view distributor Viewer's Choice, and individual cable carriers such as TCI Cable. The UFC continued to air on DirecTV PPV though its audience was minuscule compared to the larger cable pay-per-view platforms of the era.

In response to the criticism, the UFC increased its cooperation with state athletic commissions and redesigned its rules to remove the less palatable elements of fights while retaining the core elements of striking and grappling. Weight classes were introduced at UFC 12; gloves became mandatory and kicks to a downed opponent, hair pulling, and groin strikes were banned at UFC 14. UFC 15 saw more limitations on permissible striking areas: strikes to the back of the neck and head, small joint manipulation, and pressure point strikes were banned. With five-minute rounds introduced at UFC 21, the UFC gradually became re-branded as a sport rather than a spectacle.

As the UFC continued to work with state athletic commissions, events were held in smaller U.S. markets, including Iowa, Mississippi, Louisiana, Wyoming and Alabama. SEG could not secure home video releases for UFC 23 through UFC 29 in a period known by some fans as the "Dark Ages" of the UFC. With other mixed martial arts promotions working towards U.S. sanctioning, the International Fighting Championships secured the first U.S. sanctioned mixed martial arts event, which occurred in New Jersey on September 30, 2000. Just two months later, the UFC held its first sanctioned event, UFC 28, under the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board's "Unified Rules".[8]

Zuffa purchase

After the long battle to get sanctioned, and on the brink of bankruptcy, SEG was approached by Station Casinos executives Frank and Lorenzo Fertitta, and boxing promoter Dana White in 2001, with an offer to purchase the UFC. A month later, in January 2001, the Fertittas and White bought the UFC for $2 million and created Zuffa, LLC as the parent entity controlling the UFC.[9] With ties to the Nevada State Athletic Commission (Lorenzo Fertitta was a former member of the NSAC), Zuffa secured sanctioning in Nevada in 2001.[10] Shortly thereafter, at UFC 33, the UFC returned to pay-per-view cable television.

The UFC steadily, but slowly, rose in popularity after the Zuffa purchase, due partly to effective advertising, corporate sponsorship, the return of cable pay-per-view, and subsequent home video and DVD releases. With larger live gates at casino venues like the Trump Taj Mahal and the MGM Grand Garden Arena, and pay-per-view buys beginning to return to levels enjoyed by the UFC prior to the political backlash in 1997, the UFC secured its first television deal with Fox Sports Net, with The Best Damn Sports Show Period airing the first mixed martial arts match on American cable television in June 2002 with UFC 37.5. Later, FSN would air highlight shows from the UFC, showcasing one hour blocks of the UFC's greatest bouts. At UFC 40, pay-per-view buys hit 150,000 for a card headlined by a grudge match between Tito Ortiz, the UFC's charismatic and controversial champion, and Ken Shamrock, an original headliner from the UFC's early days who had since defected to WWE-brand professional wrestling. It was the first time the UFC hit such a high mark since being forced "underground" in 1997.[11] Despite the success, the UFC was still experiencing financial deficits, and by 2004, Zuffa had $34 million of losses since the purchase.[12]

Mainstream emergence

After being featured in a reality television series, American Casino, and seeing how well the series worked as a promotion vehicle, the Fertitta brothers decided that the UFC should have their own reality series. Their idea, The Ultimate Fighter – a reality television show not unlike Survivor, but featuring up-and-coming MMA fighters in competition, with fighters eliminated from competition via exhibition mixed martial arts matches – was pitched to several networks, each one rejecting the idea outright. It was not until they approached Spike TV, with an offer to pay for the $10 million production costs themselves, did they find an outlet.[12] In January 2005, Spike TV launched the series in the timeslot following WWE RAW, and the show became an instant success, becoming one of Spike TV's highest rated shows, and featuring a memorable fight between Forrest Griffin and Stephan Bonnar in the finals which was recognized as the "2005 Fight of the Year" by an MMAWeekly.com poll of over 19,000 fans.[13] A second season of The Ultimate Fighter launched in August 2005, and two more seasons appeared in 2006. Spike TV and the UFC announced plans for additional seasons airing in 2007 and 2008.[14]

Following the success of The Ultimate Fighter, Spike TV also picked up UFC Unleashed, an hour-long weekly show featuring selected fights from previous fight cards. Spike TV also signed on to broadcast live UFC Fight Night coverage, a series of fight events debuting in August 2005; Inside the UFC, a weekly highlight show devoted to the UFC; and other UFC specials, such as UFC All Access, promoting upcoming pay-per-view events.

With the increased visibility, UFC's pay-per-view buy numbers exploded. UFC 52, the first event after the completion of the first season of The Ultimate Fighter, drew a pay-per-view audience of 280,000, nearly double their previous benchmark of 150,000 set at UFC 40. Following the second season of The Ultimate Fighter, the UFC's much-hyped rubber match between Randy Couture and Chuck Liddell drew an estimated 410,000 pay-per-view buys at UFC 57. Just three months later, UFC 60, featuring Royce Gracie's first fight in the UFC since UFC 5, drew an estimated 600,000 buys, surpassing even WWE's WrestleMania 21's U.S. pay-per-view buys, the usual annual leader for pay-per-view events.[11] The UFC's next effort, UFC 61, had approximately 775,000 buys, which has the second highest buys for any PPV in the US for 2006, next to an Oscar De La Hoya boxing card.[citation needed]

In March 2006, the UFC announced the hiring of Marc Ratner, former Executive Director of the Nevada Athletic Commission, as Vice President. Ratner, once an ally of Senator McCain's campaign against mixed martial arts, was credited as one of the people responsible for the emergence of sanctioned mixed martial arts in the United States. Ratner is expected to help raise the UFC's profile in the media and to help legalize mixed martial arts in jurisdictions inside and outside the United States that do not sanction mixed martial arts bouts.

Today, Ultimate Fighting Championship events have become popular in the United States, Japan, Brazil, Canada, the United Kingdom, and in Mexico, where live events are often seen on cable television and pay-per-view. The UFC currently plans on expanding internationally, running shows regularly in Canada and the United Kingdom, with an office established in the UK aimed to embolden the European UFC audience.[15] Dana White recently announced in interview with Reforma Newspaper that the UFC will visit Mexico in 2007.

High Definition

On December 30, 2006, the UFC presented a promo stating that starting in February 2007, UFC Pay-Per-View events will be broadcast in High Definition in select markets across the country.

Rules

The current rules for the Ultimate Fighting Championship were originally established by the New Jersey Athletic Control Board.[16] The "Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts" that New Jersey established has been adopted in other states that regulate mixed martial arts, including Nevada, Louisiana, and California. These rules are also used by many other promotions within the United States, becoming mandatory for those states that have adopted the rules, and so have become the standard de facto set of rules for professional mixed martial arts across the country.

Rounds

Every round in UFC competition is five minutes in duration. Title matches have five rounds, and non-title matches have three rounds. There is a one minute rest period between rounds.

Weight divisions

See also: Mixed martial arts weight classes

The UFC currently uses five weight classes:

In addition, there are four other weight classes specified in the Unified Rules which the UFC does not currently utilize:

Cage

The Octagon

The UFC uses an octagonal caged enclosure, "The Octagon", to stage bouts. Originally, SEG had trademarked The Octagon and prevented other mixed martial arts promotions from using the same type of cage, but in 2001, Zuffa gave their permission for other promotions to use octagonal cages (whilst reserving use of the name "Octagon"). Their rationale was that the young sport needed uniformity in order to continue to win official sanctioning.[17]

The cage is composed of an eight-sided metal fencing coated with black vinyl, with a diameter of 38 ft, allowing 30 ft of space from point to point. The fence is 6 ft high. The cage sits on top of a platform, raising it 4 ft from the ground. It has foam padding around the top of the fence and between each of the eight sections. It also has two entry-exit gates opposite each other.[18]

The mat, painted with sponsorship logos and art, is replaced for each event.

Attire

All competitors must fight in approved shorts, without shoes or any other sort of foot padding. Shirts, gis or long pants (including gi pants) are not allowed. Fighters must use approved light gloves (4 to 6 ounces) that allow fingers to grab. These gloves enable fighters to use tremendous punching power with less risk of an injured or broken hand over bare knuckles.

Originally the attire for UFC was very open if controlled at all. Many fighters still chose to wear tight-fitting shorts or boxing-type trunks, while others wore long pants or tight wrestling suits. Multi-time tournament champion Royce Gracie wore a Jujutsugi in all his early appearances in UFC.

Match outcome

Matches usually end via:

  • Submission: a fighter taps on the mat or his opponent three times (or more) or verbally submits.
  • Knockout: a fighter falls from a legal blow and is either unconscious or unable to immediately continue.
  • Technical Knockout: stoppage of the fight by the referee if the referee determines a fighter cannot "intelligently defend" himself; if warnings to the fighter to improve his position or defense go unanswered (generally, two warnings are given, about 5 seconds apart); or by ringside doctor due to injury.
  • Judges' Decision: Depending on scoring, a match may end as:
  • unanimous decision (all three judges score a win for one fighter),
  • split decision (two judges score a win for one fighter with the third for the other),
  • majority decision (two judges score a win for one fighter with one for a draw),
  • unanimous draw (all three judges score a draw),
  • majority draw (two judges score a draw).
  • split draw (the total points for each fighter is equal)

A fight can also end in a technical decision, technical draw, disqualification, forfeit or no contest.

Judging criteria

The ten-point must system is in effect for all UFC fights; three judges score each round and the winner of each receives ten points, the loser nine points or less. If the round is even, both fighters receive ten points. In New Jersey, the fewest points a fighter can receive is 7, and in other states by custom no fighter receives less than 7.

Fouls

The Nevada State Athletic Commission currently lists the following as fouls:[19]

  1. Butting with the head.
  2. Eye gouging of any kind.
  3. Biting.
  4. Hair pulling.
  5. Fish hooking.
  6. Groin attacks of any kind.
  7. Putting a finger into any orifice or into any cut or laceration on an opponent. (see Gouging)
  8. Small joint manipulation.
  9. Striking to the spine or the back of the head. (see Rabbit punch)
  10. Striking downward using the point of the elbow. (see Elbow (strike))
  11. Throat strikes of any kind, including, without limitation, grabbing the trachea.
  12. Clawing, pinching or twisting the flesh.
  13. Grabbing the clavicle.
  14. Kicking the head of a grounded opponent.
  15. Kneeing the head of a grounded opponent.
  16. Stomping a grounded opponent.
  17. Kicking to the kidney with the heel.
  18. Spiking an opponent to the canvas on his head or neck. (see piledriver)
  19. Throwing an opponent out of the ring or fenced area.
  20. Holding the shorts or gloves of an opponent.
  21. Spitting at an opponent.
  22. Engaging in unsportsmanlike conduct that causes an injury to an opponent.
  23. Holding the ropes or the fence.
  24. Using abusive language in the ring or fenced area.
  25. Attacking an opponent on or during the break.
  26. Attacking an opponent who is under the care of the referee.
  27. Attacking an opponent after the bell has sounded the end of a round.
  28. Flagrantly disregarding the instructions of the referee.
  29. Timidity, including, without limitation, avoiding contact with an opponent, intentionally or consistently dropping the mouthpiece or faking an injury.
  30. Interference by the corner.
  31. Throwing in the towel during competition.

When a foul is charged, the referee in their discretion may deduct one or more points as a penalty. If a foul incapacitates a fighter, then the match may end in a disqualification if the foul was intentional, or a no contest if unintentional. If a foul causes a fighter to be unable to continue later in the bout, it ends with a technical decision win to the injured fighter if the injured fighter is ahead on points, otherwise it is a technical draw.[20]

Match conduct

  • The referee has the right to stop the fighters and stand them up if they reach a stalemate on the ground (where neither are in a dominant position, nor are working towards one) after a verbal warning. This rule is codified in Nevada as the stand-up rule.
  • If the referee pauses the match, the match is resumed with the fighters in the position they were before.
  • Any grabbing of the cage will result in a verbal warning, followed by an attempt by the referee to release the grab by pulling on the grabbing hand. If that attempt fails or if the fighter continues to hold the cage, the referee may charge a foul.

Evolution of the UFC rules

  • UFC 1 - Although the advertising said there are no rules, there were in fact some rules: no biting, no eye-gouging, and rounds were to last five minutes, although no match in the first tournament lasted that long. Fights ended only in the event of a knockout, a submission usually signalled by tapping the hand three times on the mat or opponent, or by the corner throwing in the towel. Despite this, the first match in UFC 1 was won by referee stoppage, even though it was not officially recognized as such at the time. It is also noted that they mentioned that groin strikes were illegal in this event.
  • UFC 2 - Time limits were dropped, groin strikes became legal.
  • UFC 3 - The referee was officially given the authority to stop a fight in case of a fighter being unable to defend himself. A fighter could not kick if he was wearing shoes. This rule would be discarded in later competitions.
  • UFC 4 - After tournament alternate Steve Jennum won UFC 3 by winning only one bout, alternates (replacements) were required to win a pre-tournament bout to qualify for the role of an alternate.
  • UFC 5 - After Gracie and Severn's 36-minute bout, the organizers introduced a 30-minute time limit. UFC 5 also saw the first Superfight, a one-off bout between two competitors selected by the organizers with the winner being crowned 'Superfight champion' and having the duty of defending his title at the next UFC.
  • UFC 6 - The referee was given the authority to restart the fight. If two fighters were entangled in a position where there was a lack of action, the referee could stop the fight and restart the competitors on their feet, in their own corner.
  • UFC 8 - Time limit changed to 10 minutes in the first two rounds of the tournament, 15 minutes in the tournament final and Superfight. Fights could now be decided by a judges decision if the fight reached the end of the time limit. The panel was made up of three judges who simply raised a card with the name of the fighter they considered to be the winner. In this fashion, a draw was not possible since the only two possible outcomes of a decision were 3 to 0 or 2 to 1 in favor of the winner.
  • UFC 9 - Disqualifications for illegal techniques introduced for the first time.
  • UFC 12 - The main tournament was split into a heavyweight and lightweight division; and the eight-man tournament was abandoned. Fighters now needed to win only two fights to win the competition. The Heavyweight Champion title (and title bouts) was introduced, replacing the Superfight title (albeit matches were still for a time branded as "Superfights").
  • UFC 14 - The wearing of padded gloves, weighing 4 to 6 ounces, becomes mandatory. Gloves were to be approved by the UFC.
  • UFC 15 - Limits on permissible striking areas were introduced. Headbutts, groin strikes, strikes to the back of the neck and head, kicks to a downed opponent, small joint manipulation, pressure point strikes, and hair-pulling became illegal.
  • UFC 21 - Five minute rounds were introduced, with preliminary bouts consisting of two rounds, regular non-title bouts at three rounds, and title bouts at 5 five minute rounds. Also, the "ten point must system" was introduced for scoring fights (identical to the system widely used in boxing).
  • UFC 28 - The New Jersey Athletic Control Board sanctions its first UFC event, using the newly developed Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. Major changes to the UFC's rules included barring knee strikes to the head of a downed opponent, and elbow strikes to the spine and neck. Limits on permissible ring attire, stringent medical requirements, and regulatory oversight were also introduced. A new weight class system was also introduced. [1] This new set of rules is currently the de facto standard for MMA events held in the USA and is still in use by the UFC.

The Ultimate Fighter

Fights that occur on The Ultimate Fighter are technically classified as exhibition matches under NSAC sanctioning, and thus do not count toward the professional record of a fighter. Match outcomes also do not need to be immediately posted publicly, which allows for fight results to be unveiled as the series progresses.

These exhibition matches variably have two or three rounds, depending on the rules used for each season. For example, in seasons one and three, preliminary matches (before the semi-final bouts) were two rounds; in season two, all matches had three rounds. For two-round matches, if there is a draw after two rounds, an extra five-minute round ("sudden victory") is contested. If the extra round concludes without a stoppage, the judges' decision will be based on that final round. All semi-final matches use three rounds as per standard UFC bouts. During the finales for each series, the division finals have the standard three rounds, plus a fourth round if the judges score a tie.

UFC current champions

Main article: List of UFC champions
Division Champion Since
Heavyweight (265 lb) United States Tim Sylvia April 15 2006 (UFC 59)
Light Heavyweight (205 lb) United States Chuck Liddell April 16 2005 (UFC 52)
Middleweight (185 lb) Brazil Anderson Silva October 14 2006 (UFC 64)
Welterweight (170 lb) Canada Georges St. Pierre November 18 2006 (UFC 65)
Lightweight (155 lb) United States Sean Sherk October 14 2006 (UFC 64)

Notable UFC fighters

UFC Hall of Fame inductees

UFC Viewer's Choice Awards

(From UFC 45; Top 10 most popular UFC fighters of all time)

Other notable fighters

The following fighters not listed above have won a tournament, championship title, or an Ultimate Fighter tournament.

In other media

Music

Video games

In January 2007, Zuffa and videogame developer/publisher THQ announced a license agreement giving THQ worldwide rights to develop titles under the UFC brand. The agreement gives THQ exclusive rights to current and next-generation consoles as well as PC and handheld titles. Also included are "certain wireless rights" which were not detailed. The licensing agreement is to expire in 2011.[21]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Gentry III, Clyde, No Holds Barred: Ultimate Fighting and the Martial Arts Revolution, Milo Books, 2003, Paperback Edition, ISBN 0-903854-90-X, page 38-39
  2. ^ Gentry III, Clyde, No Holds Barred: Evolution, Archon Publishing, 2001, 1st Edition, ISBN 0-9711479-0-6, pages 24-29.
  3. ^ Gentry III, Clyde, No Holds Barred: Evolution, Archon Publishing, 2001, 1st Edition, ISBN 0-9711479-0-6, page 29
  4. ^ Newport, John Paul, Blood Sport, Details, March 1995, pages 70-72.
  5. ^ Willoughby, David P., The Super Athletes, A.S. Barnes & Co., Inc., 1970, ISBN 0-498-06651-7, page 380.
  6. ^ Gentry, Clyde, No Holds Barred: Ultimate Fighting and the Martial Arts Revolution, (Milo Books: Preston, 2005), p.73
  7. ^ Fight card for UFC 3, Sherdog.com. Fighter profile for Keith Hackney, Sherdog.com. Fighter profile for Emmanuel Yarborough, Sherdog.com. Last retrieved December 5 2006
  8. ^ Trembow, Ivan. New Jersey Commission Corrects Mainstream UFC Stories. Ivan's Blog.
  9. ^ "Mixed Martial Arts: A New Kind Of Fight". 60 Minutes (web site). 2006-12-10. p. 2. Retrieved 2006-12-11. {{cite news}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ New Jersey Commission Corrects Mainstream UFC Stories, Ivan's Blog, formerly posted on MMAWeekly.com. Last retrieved December 5 2006
  11. ^ a b UFC's Pay-Per-View Buys Explode in 2006, Ivan's Blog, originally posted on MMAWeekly.com. Last retrieved November 11 2006
  12. ^ a b The ultimate fighting machines, CNNMoney.com. November 8 2006. Last retrieved November 11 2006
  13. ^ 2005 Fight of the Year Announced. MMAWeekly.com. December 25, 2005.
  14. ^ UFC and Spike TV Announce Continued Partnership. UFC.com. March 22, 2006.
  15. ^ Pishna, Ken. UFC Announced European Expansion. MMAWeekly.com. August 14, 2006.
  16. ^ Mixed Martial Arts Unified Rules of Conduct, Additional Mixed Martial Arts Rules, New Jersey Athletic Control Board. Retrieved April 3 2006
  17. ^ Gentry, Clyde, No Holds Barred: Ultimate Fighting and the Martial Arts Revolution, (Milo Books: Preston, 2005), p.208
  18. ^ UFC 62: Streaming en Espanol. The Boston Herald. July 30 2006. Retrieved August 4 2006.
  19. ^ NSAC Regulations: Chapter 467 - Unarmed Combat. Nevada State Athletic Commission. Retrieved April 3 2006
  20. ^ MMA rules explained. Nevada State Athletic Commission. Retrieved June 30 2006.
  21. ^ "UFC Pinned Till 2011 By THQ". Totalgaming.net. 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2006-01-17. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)

See also

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