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[[File:Nelson A. Rockefeller meets with NSA.gif|thumb|left|Deputy Assistant For National Security Affairs Brent Scowcroft discusses the Vietnam War with Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson A. Rockefeller]] and Central Intelligence Agency Director [[William Colby]] during a break in a meeting of [[United States National Security Council|the National Security Council]] in April<!-- 24,--> 1975.]]
[[File:Nelson A. Rockefeller meets with NSA.gif|thumb|left|Deputy Assistant For National Security Affairs Brent Scowcroft discusses the Vietnam War with Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller|Nelson A. Rockefeller]] and Central Intelligence Agency Director [[William Colby]] during a break in a meeting of [[United States National Security Council|the National Security Council]] in April<!-- 24,--> 1975.]]
[[File:Photograph of President Gerald Ford Conferring with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft in the Oval Office - NARA - 7140614.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Gerald Ford]] confers with [[Henry Kissinger]] and Scowcroft in October 1974.]]
[[File:Photograph of President Gerald Ford Conferring with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft in the Oval Office - NARA - 7140614.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Gerald Ford]] confers with [[Henry Kissinger]] and Scowcroft in October 1974.]]
Having envisioned life as a fighter pilot following [[World War II]], Scowcroft completed his pilot training in October 1948 following his commissioning as an Air Force [[Second Lieutenant]] in 1947 and received his Air Force Command Pilot Wings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|date=August 6, 2020|title=Brent Scowcroft, a Force on Foreign Policy for 40 Years, Dies at 95|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/us/politics/brent-scowcroft-dead.html|access-date=August 7, 2020|website=nytimes}}</ref> However, on January 6, 1949, while on flight training with [[North American P-51 Mustang]], his P-51 Mustang aircraft experienced engine trouble after taking-off from [[Manchester–Boston Regional Airport|Grenier Army Airfield]], causing the plane to crash-land. Although his injuries were not critical, Scowcroft assumed that he would never fly again and considered another career within the Air Force.<ref name=":0" /> He served in a variety of operational and administrative positions from 1948 to 1953. In the course of his military career, he held positions at the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], headquarters of the [[United States Air Force]], and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. His other assignments included: faculty positions at the [[United States Air Force Academy]] and the United States Military Academy, and [[Assistant Air Attaché]] in the [[Diplomatic missions of the United States|American Embassy]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name=":0"/>
Having envisioned life as a fighter pilot following [[World War II]], Scowcroft completed his pilot training in October 1948 following his commissioning as an Air Force [[Second Lieutenant]] in 1947 and received his Air Force Command Pilot Wings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|date=August 6, 2020|title=Brent Scowcroft, a Force on Foreign Policy for 40 Years, Dies at 95|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/us/politics/brent-scowcroft-dead.html|access-date=August 7, 2020|website=nytimes}}</ref> However, on January 6, 1949, while on flight training with [[North American P-51 Mustang]], his aircraft experienced engine trouble after taking-off from [[Manchester–Boston Regional Airport|Grenier Army Airfield]], causing the plane to crash-land. Although his injuries were not critical, Scowcroft assumed that he would never fly again and considered another career within the Air Force.<ref name=":0" /> He served in a variety of operational and administrative positions from 1948 to 1953. In the course of his military career, he held positions at the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], headquarters of the [[United States Air Force]], and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. His other assignments included: faculty positions at the [[United States Air Force Academy]] and the United States Military Academy, and [[Assistant Air Attaché]] in the [[Diplomatic missions of the United States|American Embassy]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name=":0"/>


As a senior officer, General Scowcroft was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, and served in the Long Range Planning Division, Directorate of Doctrine, Concepts and Objectives from 1964 to 1966. He next attended the [[National War College]] at [[Fort McNair]], followed by assignment in July 1968 to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. In September 1969, he was reassigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the Directorate of Plans as Deputy Assistant for National Security Council Matters. In March 1970 he joined the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] organization and became the Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Staff.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/104997/lieutenant-general-brent-scowcroft/|title=LIEUTENANT GENERAL BRENT SCOWCROFT|website=www.af.mil}}</ref>
As a senior officer, General Scowcroft was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, and served in the Long Range Planning Division, Directorate of Doctrine, Concepts and Objectives from 1964 to 1966. He next attended the [[National War College]] at [[Fort McNair]], followed by assignment in July 1968 to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. In September 1969, he was reassigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the Directorate of Plans as Deputy Assistant for National Security Council Matters. In March 1970 he joined the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] organization and became the Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Staff.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/104997/lieutenant-general-brent-scowcroft/|title=LIEUTENANT GENERAL BRENT SCOWCROFT|website=www.af.mil}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:02, 14 October 2021

Brent Scowcroft
Scowcroft in 1973
Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board
In office
October 5, 2001 – February 25, 2005
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byWarren Rudman
Succeeded byJim Langdon
Chair of the Intelligence Oversight Board
In office
January 20, 1993 – May 26, 1994
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byJames R. Thompson
Succeeded byAnthony S. Harrington
9th and 17th United States National Security Advisor
In office
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byColin Powell
Succeeded byTony Lake
In office
November 3, 1975 – January 20, 1977
PresidentGerald Ford
Preceded byHenry Kissinger
Succeeded byZbigniew Brzezinski
United States Deputy National Security Advisor
In office
January 4, 1973 – November 3, 1975
PresidentRichard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Preceded byAlexander Haig
Succeeded byWilliam G. Hyland
Personal details
Born(1925-03-19)March 19, 1925
Ogden, Utah, U.S.
DiedAugust 6, 2020(2020-08-06) (aged 95)
Falls Church, Virginia, U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Marion Horner
​
​
(m. 1951; died 1995)​
EducationUnited States Military Academy (BS)
Columbia University (MA, PhD)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Air Force
Years of service1947–1975
Rank Lieutenant general

Brent Scowcroft (/ˈskoʊkrɒft/; March 19, 1925 – August 6, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer who was a two-time United States National Security Advisor, first under U.S. President Gerald Ford and then under George H. W. Bush. He served as Military Assistant to President Richard Nixon and as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in the Nixon and Ford administrations. He served as Chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, and advised President Barack Obama on choosing his national security team.

Early life and education

Lieutenant Brent Scowcroft (seated second from left) during his early pilot training days with other members of the 82nd Squadron at Grenier Airfield in 1948

Scowcroft was born March 19, 1925, in Ogden, Utah, the son of Lucile (née Ballantyne) and James Scowcroft, a grocer and business owner.[1] He was a descendant of early 19th-century British immigrants from England and Scotland, along with immigrants from Denmark and Norway. He elaborated upon his relationship with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in a 1999 oral history: "I have close personal ties to some of the church leadership. They would not consider me a good Mormon. I don't live by all of the rules the Mormons like—I like a glass of wine and a cup of coffee. But yes, I do consider myself a Mormon. It's part of a religious and a cultural heritage."[2]

Scowcroft received his undergraduate degree and commission in the United States Army Air Forces from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in June 1947. With the establishment of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947, his commission transferred to the USAF. Scowcroft subsequently earned an M.A. (1953) and Ph.D. (1967) in international relations from Columbia University.[3]

Career

Brent Scowcroft upon receiving his third star as lieutenant general on August 17, 1974
Deputy Assistant For National Security Affairs Brent Scowcroft discusses the Vietnam War with Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller and Central Intelligence Agency Director William Colby during a break in a meeting of the National Security Council in April 1975.
President Gerald Ford confers with Henry Kissinger and Scowcroft in October 1974.

Having envisioned life as a fighter pilot following World War II, Scowcroft completed his pilot training in October 1948 following his commissioning as an Air Force Second Lieutenant in 1947 and received his Air Force Command Pilot Wings.[4] However, on January 6, 1949, while on flight training with North American P-51 Mustang, his aircraft experienced engine trouble after taking-off from Grenier Army Airfield, causing the plane to crash-land. Although his injuries were not critical, Scowcroft assumed that he would never fly again and considered another career within the Air Force.[4] He served in a variety of operational and administrative positions from 1948 to 1953. In the course of his military career, he held positions at the Joint Chiefs of Staff, headquarters of the United States Air Force, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. His other assignments included: faculty positions at the United States Air Force Academy and the United States Military Academy, and Assistant Air Attaché in the American Embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.[4]

As a senior officer, General Scowcroft was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, and served in the Long Range Planning Division, Directorate of Doctrine, Concepts and Objectives from 1964 to 1966. He next attended the National War College at Fort McNair, followed by assignment in July 1968 to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. In September 1969, he was reassigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the Directorate of Plans as Deputy Assistant for National Security Council Matters. In March 1970 he joined the Joint Chiefs of Staff organization and became the Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Staff.[5]

National Security Advisor Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft with President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger on-board Air Force One on November 17, 1975
President George H. W. Bush examines papers with Dick Cheney and Scowcroft in April 1989.
Scowcroft in October 2009, at the U.S. State Department in Washington, D.C.
External videos
video icon Booknotes interview with Scowcroft and George H. W. Bush on A World Transformed, October 4, 1998, C-SPAN
video icon After Words interview with Scowcroft and Zbigniew Brzezinski on America and the World, September 20, 2008, C-SPAN
Scowcroft with Secretary of Defense Robert Gates

Scowcroft was appointed Military Assistant to the President in February 1972; and was reassigned as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in January 1973.[6] He was promoted to lieutenant general on August 16, 1974, and retired from active duty at that rank on December 1, 1975. He had, just a month earlier, during the Halloween Massacre, become the United States National Security Advisor (for him, the first time), replacing Henry Kissinger.[7][8] Scowcroft's continued service in the Air Force would have been contingent on reconfirmation of his rank by the Senate, a distinction that National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster elected to pursue in 2018.[8]

His military decorations and awards included the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster and the Air Force Commendation Medal.[9]

Before joining the Bush administration, Scowcroft was vice chairman of Kissinger Associates. He had a long association with Henry Kissinger, having served as his assistant when Kissinger was the National Security Adviser under Richard Nixon, from 1969.[10]

Scowcroft chaired or served on a number of policy advisory councils, including the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control, the President's Commission on Strategic Forces, the President's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management, the Defense Policy Board, and the President's Special Review Board (Tower Commission) investigating the Iran–Contra affair. He also served on the Guiding Coalition of the nonpartisan Project on National Security Reform. He was appointed Co-Chair of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future from 2010 to 2012 alongside Lee Hamilton.[11]

On the morning of September 11, 2001, Scowcroft was in an E-4B aircraft, also known as the National Airborne Operations Command Center (NAOC), on the tarmac waiting to takeoff and fly to Offutt Air Force Base, when the first hijacked airliner hit the World Trade Center (WTC). Scowcroft's aircraft was en route to Offutt when the second hijacked airliner struck the WTC and Scowcroft was involved in observing the command and control operations of both President George W. Bush in Florida and Vice President Dick Cheney, who was at the White House.[12]

Scowcroft was the founder and president of The Forum for International Policy, a think tank. He was also president of The Scowcroft Group, an international business consulting firm. He was co-chair, along with Joseph Nye, of the Aspen Strategy Group. He was a member of the Inter-American Dialogue, Trilateral Commission, and the Council on Foreign Relations and a board member of the Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Atlantic Council.[13]

Scowcroft was a leading Republican critic of American policy towards Iraq before and after the 2003 invasion, which war critics in particular have seen as significant given Scowcroft's close ties to former President George H. W. Bush.[14][15][16][17] He drew attention for reports of remarks critical of Bush – which he did not deny when reported by The Washington Post citing his view that "Bush is 'mesmerized' by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, that Iraq is a 'failing venture' and that the administration's unilateralist approach has harmed relations between Europe and the United States."[citation needed] Despite his public criticism of the decision to invade, Scowcroft continued to describe himself as "a friend" of the Bush administration.[18] He also strongly opposed a precipitous withdrawal, arguing that a pull-out from Iraq before the country was able to govern, sustain, and defend itself "would be a strategic defeat for American interests, with potentially catastrophic consequences both in the region and beyond".[19] Scowcroft went on to stress that the U.S. must "secure the support of the countries of the region themselves. It is greatly in their self-interest to give that support.. unfortunately, in recent years they have come to see it as dangerous to identify with the United States, and so they have largely stood on the sidelines."

External videos
video icon HBO History Makers Series: A Conversation with Brent Scowcroft, October 3, 2007, Council on Foreign Relations

He backed the invasion of Afghanistan as a "direct response" to 9/11 terrorism, a war that would go on to last about 20 years..[20]

President George H. W. Bush presented him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991. In 1993, he was created an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. In 1988, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[21] In 2005, Scowcroft was awarded the William Oliver Baker Award by the Intelligence and National Security Alliance.[22]

In 1998, he co-wrote A World Transformed with George H. W. Bush. This book described what it was like to be in the White House during the end of the Cold War, as the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s. Notably, both figures explained why they didn't go on to Baghdad in 1991: "Had we gone the invasion route, the United States could conceivably still be an occupying power in a bitterly hostile land."[23]

His discussions of foreign policy with Zbigniew Brzezinski, led by journalist David Ignatius, were published in a 2008 book titled America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy.[24]

Scowcroft was a member of the Honorary Council of Advisors for U.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce (USACC).[25] Critics have suggested that Scowcroft was unethical in his lobbying for the Turkish and Azeri governments because of his ties to Lockheed Martin and other defense contractors that do significant business with Turkey.[26] He was also a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute,[27] and served on the Advisory Board for Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs[28] and for America Abroad Media.[29]

Scowcroft endorsed Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[30]

Evaluation

Scholarly evaluations of Scowcroft's performance have been generally favorable. For example Ivo Daalder and I. M. Destler quoting other scholars, conclude:

"Brent Scowcroft was in many ways the ideal national security adviser—indeed, he offers a model for how the job should be done." His "winning formula" consisted of gaining the trust of the key principals of U.S. foreign policymaking, establishing "a cooperative policy process at all levels," one both transparent and collegial, and keeping an "unbreakable relationship with the president," thanks to their close friendship and mutual respect. The result was that Scowcroft "proved to be an extraordinarily effective national security adviser" in comparison with others who have held the office, particularly in light of the difficult and transformative period in which he held office.[31]

Other evaluations from colleagues and national security veterans in both parties echo similar points. The Atlantic Council provided an assessment, with quotes from several experts after Scowcroft's death, that noted "Looking back on his time working with Scowcroft in the Nixon administration, former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger explained that 'in a period when America was tearing itself apart,' Scowcroft’s 'steadiness had a calming influence then as did his faith in his country’s ultimate purposes.' Former US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates argued that what 'set Brent apart as National Security Advisor was that he played fair…he did not take advantage of his close relationship with the president to disadvantage others.' John Deutch, former Director of Central Intelligence, recalled that “Brent had the ideal temperament to lead the country. He was smart, deceptively articulate with a calm demeanor that often masked his strategic thinking.'"[32]

Scowcroft award

Scowcroft was the inspiration and namesake for a special presidential award begun under the George H. W. Bush administration. According to Robert Gates, the award is given to the official "who most ostentatiously falls asleep in a meeting with the president". According to Gates, the president "evaluated candidates on three criteria. First, duration—how long did they sleep? Second, the depth of the sleep. Snoring always got you extra points. And third, the quality of recovery. Did one just quietly open one's eyes and return to the meeting, or did you jolt awake and maybe spill something hot in the process?"[33] According to Bush himself, the award "gives extra points for he/she who totally craters, eyes tightly closed, in the midst of meetings, but in fairness a lot of credit is given for sleeping soundly while all about you are doing their thing."[34] Scowcroft had gained a reputation for doing such things to the extent that it became a running gag.[35]

Personal life

Scowcroft married Marian Horner in 1951. His wife, a Pennsylvania native, trained as a nurse at St. Francis School of Nursing in Pittsburgh and graduated from Columbia University. They had one daughter, Karen Scowcroft. Marian Horner Scowcroft, a diabetic, died on July 17, 1995, at George Washington University Hospital.[36]

In March 1993, when Scowcroft was given an honorary KBE by Queen Elizabeth II, his daughter was also received by the Queen.[37]

Death

On August 6, 2020, Scowcroft died at his home in Falls Church, Virginia, at age 95.[38][39] On January 29, 2021, Scrowcroft was buried at Arlington National Cemetery[40]

Honors

Honorary degrees

Location Date School Degree
 District of Columbia 1989 George Washington University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[47]
 Utah April 24, 1992 Brigham Young University Doctor of Public Service (DPS)[48]
 Virginia 2000 College of William & Mary Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[49]
 New York May 18, 2005 Columbia University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[50]
 Utah December 10, 2010 Weber State University Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Brent Scowcroft". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  2. ^ "Brent Scowcroft Oral History". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  3. ^ "Brent Scowcroft". Aspen Institute. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c McFadden, Robert D. (August 6, 2020). "Brent Scowcroft, a Force on Foreign Policy for 40 Years, Dies at 95". nytimes. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  5. ^ "LIEUTENANT GENERAL BRENT SCOWCROFT". www.af.mil.
  6. ^ Charlton, Linda (November 4, 1975). "Deputy in Kissinger's Place". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  7. ^ Gelb, Leslie H. (November 4, 1975). "Ford's Timetable Upset in Shakeup". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  8. ^ a b Weaver, Dustin (March 7, 2017). "Senate panel approves Trump adviser keeping his military rank". TheHill.
  9. ^ "Biographies : Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft". Af.mil. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  10. ^ "Kissinger Becomes Secretary of State". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  11. ^ Scowcroft, Brent; Hamilton, Lee (December 12, 2011). "[Letter from Lee H. Hamilton and Brent Scowcroft of the Blue Ribbon Commission for America's Nuclear Future to President Barack Obama Regarding Nuclear Waste Disposal and the Fiscal Year 2013 Budget]". Homeland Security Digital Library.
  12. ^ Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Scowcroft, Brent (2008). America and The World: Conversations on the future of American Foreign Policy. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01501-6.
  13. ^ [1] Archived August 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Double Warning Against Iraq War". Commondreams.org. August 5, 2002. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  15. ^ "Interviews – Brent Scowcroft | Gunning For Saddam | FRONTLINE". PBS. November 20, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  16. ^ Kessler, Glenn (October 16, 2004). "Scowcroft Is Critical of Bush". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  17. ^ Priest, Dana; Wright, Robin (January 7, 2005). "Scowcroft Skeptical Vote Will Stabilize Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  18. ^ Rice, Andrew (September 6, 2004). "Brent Scowcroft Calls Iraq War "overreaction"". The New York Observer. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  19. ^ Scowcroft, Brent (January 4, 2007). "Getting the Middle East Back on Our Side". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  20. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (October 24, 2005). "Breaking Ranks". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  21. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  22. ^ "William Oliver Baker Award Recipients – INSA".
  23. ^ vanden Heuvel, Katrina (October 19, 2004). "Scowcroft Blasts W." The Nation. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  24. ^ Kakutani, Michiko (September 22, 2008). "A Dialogue and a Discourse on America's Global Role" – via NYTimes.com.
  25. ^ "USACC. Brent Scowcroft". Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
  26. ^ "Kissinger, Iraq, BNL". Pinknoiz.com. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  27. ^ "International Republican Institute web site, accessed July 16, 2010". Archived from the original on April 28, 2010.
  28. ^ "SIPA: School of International and Public Affairs". Sipa.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  29. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^ Blake, A. 78 Republican politicians, donors and officials who are supporting Hillary Clinton.. The Washington Post. December 7, 2016.
  31. ^ Ivo Daalder and I. M. Destler, In the Shadow of the Oval Office: Profiles of the National Security Advisers and the Presidents They Served—From JFK to George W. Bush (2009), p. 170.
  32. ^ "Celebrating the 'impeccable integrity and unbounded courage' of Brent Scowcroft". Atlantic Council. September 10, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  33. ^ Wilkie, Christina (May 12, 2010). "Fall asleep in the Oval Office? You could win a 'Scowcroft award'". The Hill. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  34. ^ "The Boss Lauds a Champion Sleeper". The New York Times. January 18, 1990. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  35. ^ Roberts, Argetsinger, Roxanne, Amy (December 14, 2011). "Brent Scowcroft and the art of sleeping through the meeting". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ "Marian Horner Scowcroft – St. Francis Hospital (Pittsburgh) School of Nursing Memorial Site". Lindapages.com. July 18, 1995. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  37. ^ "Court Circular – People – News". The Independent. March 18, 1993. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  38. ^ "Longtime presidential adviser Brent Scowcroft dies at 95". NBC News. Associated Press. August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  39. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (August 7, 2020). "Brent Scowcroft, a Force on Foreign Policy for 40 Years, Dies at 95". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  40. ^ Source - https://www.nationalguard.mil/coronavirus/videoid/782086/, Video - https://www.dvidshub.net/video/embed/782086, caption - Lt Gen Brent Scowcroft Arlington National Cemetery Internment, Air Force Television Pentagon (SAF/PAI), Jan. 29, 2021, 2:36, text - Lt Gen Brent Scowcroft was a United States Air Force officer who was a two-time United States National Security Advisor under presidents Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush. He was given military funeral honors at Arlington National Cemetery on 29 Jan, 2021.
  41. ^ a b c Sparrow, Bartholomew (January 27, 2015). The Strategist: Brent Scowcroft and the Call of National Security. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1586489632.
  42. ^ a b "Longtime Public Servant Brent Scowcroft Dies". Texas A&M Today. August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  43. ^ a b c Brent Scowcroft | The Scowcroft Group, biography
  44. ^ "Remarks Honoring Brent Scowcroft with the DOD Distinguished Public Service Award". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE.
  45. ^ "Vabariigi President". www.president.ee. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  46. ^ "General Scowcroft awarded Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun – The Scowcroft Group". www.scowcroft.com. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  47. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients – GW Libraries". library.gwu.edu. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  48. ^ "SCOWCROFT SAYS NOW IS TIME TO HELP SHAPE WORLD
    "    . April 24, 1992. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  49. ^ "Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft". Bush School of Government and Public Service. Texas A&M University. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  50. ^ "Complete List of Recipients (1945–Present) – Office of the Secretary of the University". secretary.columbia.edu. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  51. ^ "Former National Security Advisor to Receive Honorary Degree". www.weber.edu. Retrieved December 4, 2018.

Further reading

Primary sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brent Scowcroft.
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Brent Scowcroft
Political offices
Preceded by Deputy National Security Advisor
1973–1975 		Succeeded by
Preceded by National Security Advisor
1975–1977 		Succeeded by
Preceded by National Security Advisor
1989–1993 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board
2005–2009 		Succeeded by
Chair of the Intelligence Oversight Board
2005–2009
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