Duende

For other uses, see Duende (disambiguation).

Duendecitos by Francisco Goya, 1799

A duende is a humanoid figure of folklore, with variations from Iberian, Ibero American, and Filipino cultures, comparable to dwarves, gnomes, or leprechauns. In Spanish duende originated as a contraction of the phrase dueño de casa or duen de casa, effectively "master of the house", or perhaps derived from some similar mythical being of the Visigoth or Swabian culture given its similarity with the “Tomte” of the Swedish language conceptualized as a mischievous spirit inhabiting a dwelling.

Model of a duende

Spain

Spanish folklore is rich in tales and legends about various types of duendes: Anjanas, Busgosos, Diaños, Enanos, Elfos, Hadas, Nomos, Nuberus, Tentirujus, Trasgos/Trasgus, Trastolillus, Trentis, Tronantes, Ventolines and others. In some regions of Spain, duendes may have other names like Trasnos in Galicia, Follets in Catalonia, Iratxoak in the Basque Country and Navarra, Trasgus in Asturias, Menutos or Mendos in Valle de Hecho and in other parts of Alto Aragón, Mengues (South of Spain).

Anjana/Janas/Xanas

Anjana in Cantabria, Janas in Castille and Leon, and Xanas in Asturias, are duendes similar to the nymphs of Ancient Greece. They are described as extremely beautiful beings with long flowing hair that they comb daily for long hours. Anjanas clothe themselves with dresses made up of stars or stardust and wear fabulous pearls. They are known to wear floral crowns and walk with floral staffs. Depending on the region, anjanas may be usually small in size - not much larger than a flower - but may change their size to be as large as mortal humans or even taller. In other regions, anjanas are as tall as humans.

Anjanas are said to live in fountains, springs, rivers, ponds, lakes and caves and come out only at night when humans are sleeping. Their homes are said to hold bountiful treasures that they protect and may use to help those that truly need them. Anjanas are never malignant but always benign. They help humans and creatures running away from nasty ogre-like beings called ojancanus. They bless the waters, the trees, the farms and herds.

It is said that a man that finds an anjana brushing her hair can marry her and take possession of all her bountiful treasures. However, if the man is unfaithful, she will disappear forever with all her treasures and the man shall remain destitute for the rest of his life.

In Galicia and Portugal, a similar mythological being to the Anjanas or Xanas is called a Moura.

Apabardexu

In the Lakes of Somiedo, locals say there lives a kind of mountain duende. In Asturleones apabardexu may translate to duende of the mountain or of the lake.

Busgosos

Busgosos, also known as musgosos, are tall bearded duendes dressed in moss and leaves. They play sad songs on their flutes to help guide shepherds through forests. They are compassionate and hardworking. They will repair the barns and homes of humans that have collapsed due to the weather.

Diaños

Mischievous duendes that adopt the figure of horses, cows, rams or any other domestic animal, even a human baby. They are active during the night, scaring those who walk at odd hours, and disorients peasants searching for their lost cattle. They annoy the miller who mill in the moonlight and mock waiters who return late from parties. Among its most common antics is that of the white donkey that offers itself as a mount to the walker and that once mounted grows and grows incessantly. Diaños are said to turn into horse that after a hellish gallop returns the rider to the same place from which it started. As cold and wet goats, they mock a benefactor that brings them home to dry and warm up close to a fire. They may turn into a black dog that chases a walker or turn into a toad that runs faster than horses. They love to turn into babies that play naked in the snow. They may also be the cause of endless noises, mysterious lights and other disturbing phenomena that frighten the night walker.

Enanos

Enanos (dwarfs in English) are diminutive beings toil night and day through the forests, guard the immense riches that the subterranean world hides, and, mockingly, tempt the greed of peasants by offering him gold combs, bags full of silver, which, later becomes piles of withered fern leaves and white pebbles. Some enanos, like the Duende de los Extravios, helps good people find their lost possessions.

Elfos

Elfos (elfs in english) are probably not pre-Roman mythological beings of the Iberian peninsula but instead were brought in by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Suevi and Visigoths) that settled into Spain during Roman period and after the fall of Rome. The oldest mention of Elfos are in the famous Cantar de Mio Cid, a medieval tale of a Castillian knight named Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known best as El Cid. Elfos have very similar characteristics of Anjanas and were most likely readily taken up by locals as such.

Hadas

Hadas (fates in Catalan, fades in Galician-Portuguese) are the hispanicized Roman fatas (feminine plural of fatum). The fatum in Roman times were personifications of destiny. Hadas, however, have changed in meaning and are more akin to the Anjanas or used as a general word to describe all sorts of mythological beings not only duendes but also ogres, sirenas (mermaids) and others, similar to fairies in English.

Nomos

Further information: Gnome

Nuberos

Nuberos may be good or malignant cloud duendes that are said to have the ability to make it rain, hail and snow. The bells of villages and towns can conjure nuberos with the sad song of the tente-nu.

Tentirujus

Tentirujus are small malignant duendes that dress in red and turn obedient and good children (particularly girls) into bad and disobedient ones. They do so using the secret powers of the mandrake, a magical plant with roots in the form of humans.

Trasgos

Trasgos are among the most hated of duendes. They are mischievous creatures. They love to enter peoples homes through chimneys and make live within the hidden spaces of a home. They move things around or right out steal things from the homes they inhabit so they are lost forever, never to be found by the humans who owned them. They love to climb up trees and throw pebbles, seeds and branches at people. They may turn good boys into mischievous ones. Boys who are improperly raised may even become trasgos themselves.

Trastolillos

The trastolillos are small duendes that live in the dwellings of man. They make wheat flour in troughs bloom back into wheat forcing farmers to remill them into flour. They love to drink milk and will drink all the stores of milk. They also open windows during windy storms and cause stews to overcook and burn. They will apologize for the damage they have done but cannot help themselves and will do it again.

Trentis

Are small duende being either made up of or clothed in leaves, moss, roots and twigs. They are said to live in thick hedges and love playing pranks on people. They are known to pull down the skirts of women and pinching them in their buttocks.

Tronantes

Translates to thunderers, these duendes have the ability to make thunder and lightning.

Ventolines

Are good fairy-like duendes with large green wings. They live on the ocean and help old fishermen to row their boats at sea.

Castilian duendes

It is possible to distinguish between the Castilian duendes Martinicos, diaños, trasgos, gnomes, enchanted women, fairies and elves. The Martinicians, bogged down with the bestiones of the Middle Ages and engraved in some of Goya's Caprichos, are big-headed dwarfs (represented as big heads in popular festivals) with big hands that are usually disguised with Franciscan habit, they make noise in the cupboards, they move and lose objects when they do not see them and they play cruel jokes and jokes. The gnomes inhabit the cavities of the earth and the first mention of an elf in Spanish literature is made in the Cantar de Mio Cid, when it speaks of the "Elfa pipes", that is, Elfa's cave. The first to deal extensively with goblins was the demonologist Fray Antonio de Fuentelapeña in The Elucidated Entity: Unique New Discourse That Shows That There Are Invisible Irrational Animals In Nature (1676). It was said that all the goblins disappeared with the bull of the Holy Crusade. Later, in the eighteenth century, the pre-enlightened Benedictine Father Benito Jerónimo Feijoo engaged in an all-out fight against these superstitions in his Universal Critical Theater.

On the other hand, in the flamenco cultural context, the inexplicable and mysterious character that this art and its interpreters acquire on certain occasions is called duende, a mysterious power that everyone feels and no philosopher explains.

Portugal

Duende also appear in Portuguese folklore, describe beings of a small stature wearing big hats, whistling a mystical song, often walking in the forest. Variously rendered in English as "goblins", "pixies", "brownies", "elves", or "leprechauns", the duende use their talents to lure young children to the forest, who lose their way home.

Latin America

Conversely, in some Latin American cultures, duendes are believed to be the helpers of people who get lost in the forest so they could find their way home. In the folklore of the Central American country of Belize, particularly amongst the country's African/Island Carib-descended Creole and Garifuna populations, duendes are thought of as forest spirits called "Tata Duende" who lack thumbs. The Yucatec Maya of Belize and Southeast Mexico have duendes such as Alux and Nukux Tat which are seen as Guardian spirits of the forest .

In the Hispanic folklore of Mexico and the American Southwest, duendes are known as gnome-like creatures who live inside the walls of homes, especially in the bedroom walls of young children. They attempt to clip the toenails of unkempt children, often leading to the mistaken removal of entire toes. Belief in duendes still exists among the Mixtecs and Zapotecs of Oaxaca and it is said that they are most commonly found in the mossy cloud forests of the state's mountain ranges.

Philippines and Mariana Islands

Filipinos believe in dwende, which often dwell in rocks and caves, old trees, unvisited and dark parts of houses, or in anthills and termite mounds. Those that live in the last two are termed nunò sa punsó (Tagalog for “old man of the mound”). They are either categorized as good or evil depending on their color (white or black, respectively), and are often said to play with children (who are more capable than adults of seeing them). Offending a nunò sa punsó is taboo; people who step on them are believed to be cursed by the angered dwende within.

The Chamorro people of the Marianas Islands tell tales of the taotaomo'na, duendes and other spirits. A duende, according to the Chamorro-English Dictionary by Donald Topping, Pedro Ogo and Bernadita Dungca, is a goblin, elf, ghost or spook in the form of a dwarf, a mischievous spirit which hides or takes small children.

Literature

• Based on popular usage and folklore, the Spanish poet and playwright Federico García Lorca wrote a treatise on the aesthetics of Duende in popular culture, called "Play and Theory of the Duende" (Argentina, 1933). Lorca's vision of duende includes: irrationality, earthiness, an awareness of death, and a diabolical touch.
• The Duende looms large in both the poetry and Latino philosophy of Giannina Braschi. She has written an ars poetica featuring the Duende in Empire of Dreams (i.e, "Poetry is this screaming Madwoman"). She has also published a treatise on Lorca's treatment of the Duende, and a lyric essay called "Hierarchy of Inspiration" about artistic inspiration rising from the Duende, Angel, Muse, and Daemon in United States of Banana.
• Pulitzer prize winning poet Tracy K. Smith wrote a book about desire entitled Duende.

See also

• Alux
• Tennin
• Duende (art)
• Dwarf (folklore)

References

• Emmons, Katherine M. (October 1997). "Perceptions of the Environment while Exploring the Outdoors: a case study in Belize". Environmental Education Research. 3 (3). Ambingdon, Oxfordshire: Carfax Publishing, in conjunction with the University of Bath: 327–344. doi:10.1080/1350462970030306. OCLC 34999650.
• Garza, Xavier (2004). Creepy Creatures and other Cucuys (Piñata Books imprint ed.). Houston, TX: Arte Público Press. ISBN 1-55885-410-X. OCLC 54537415.

External links

• Filipino Folklore: Aswang