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The brain of animals features in [[French cuisine]], in dishes such as ''[[calf's brains|cervelle de veau]]'' and ''[[tête de veau]]''. A dish called [[maghaz]] is a popular cuisine in Pakistan, Bangladesh, parts of India, and diaspora countries. In [[Turkish cuisine]], brain can be fried, baked, or consumed as a salad. In [[Chinese cuisine]], brain is a delicacy in [[Chongqing]] or [[Sichuan]] cuisine, and it is often cooked in spicy [[hot pot]] or barbecued. In the southern part of [[China]], pig brain is used for "Tianma Zhunao Tang". In [[South India]], [[goat brain]] curry or fry is a delicacy. Even in Mumbai, the local indigenous East Indian community has their own version of brain masala curry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-20|title=Spicy Brain Masala Recipe {{!}} The Winged Fork|url=https://thewingedfork.com/spicy-brain-masala-recipe/|access-date=2021-09-26|website=https://thewingedfork.com/|language=en-US}}</ref>
The brain of animals features in [[French cuisine]], in dishes such as ''[[calf's brains|cervelle de veau]]'' and ''[[tête de veau]]''. A dish called [[maghaz]] is a popular cuisine in Pakistan, Bangladesh, parts of India, and diaspora countries. In [[Turkish cuisine]], brain can be fried, baked, or consumed as a salad. In [[Chinese cuisine]], brain is a delicacy in [[Chongqing]] or [[Sichuan]] cuisine, and it is often cooked in spicy [[hot pot]] or barbecued. In the southern part of [[China]], pig brain is used for "Tianma Zhunao Tang". In [[South India]], [[goat brain]] curry or fry is a delicacy. Even in Mumbai, the local indigenous East Indian community has their own version of brain masala curry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-20|title=Spicy Brain Masala Recipe {{!}} The Winged Fork|url=https://thewingedfork.com/spicy-brain-masala-recipe/|access-date=2021-09-26|website=https://thewingedfork.com/|language=en-US}}</ref>


Similar delicacies from around the world include the [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] ''[[taco]]s de sesos''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weird-food.com/weird-food-mammal.html |work=Weird-Food.com |title=Weird Foods: Mammal |access-date=14 October 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025185336/http://www.weird-food.com/weird-food-mammal.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 }}</ref> The Anyang tribe of [[Cameroon]] practiced a tradition in which a new [[tribal chief]] would consume the brain of a hunted [[gorilla]], while another senior member of the [[tribe]] would eat the heart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.berggorilla.de/english/gjournal/texte/18culture.html |author=Meder, Angela |title=Gorillas in African Culture and Medicine |work=Gorilla Journal |access-date=14 October 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905213544/http://www.berggorilla.de/english/gjournal/texte/18culture.html |archive-date=5 September 2005 }}</ref> [[Indonesia]]n cuisine specialty in [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] cuisine also has a dish consisting of beef brain in a coconut-milk gravy named [[gulai banak]] (beef brain curry).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melroseflowers.com/mkic/indo_recipes/meat/beef_brain_curry.html |title=Beef Brain Curry (Gulai Otak) |publisher=Melroseflowers.com |access-date=2013-12-07}}</ref><ref>[http://travel.701pages.com/gastronomy.php?title=Minangkabau+Food+Culture#axzz2Q8OSn7V6 ]{{dead link|date=December 2013}}</ref> In [[Cuban cuisine]], "brain fritters" are made by coating pieces of brain with bread crumbs and then frying them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubanfoodmarket.com/palma/brain_fritters.htm |title=Brain Fritters |publisher=Cubanfoodmarket.com |access-date=2013-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115185542/http://www.cubanfoodmarket.com/palma/brain_fritters.htm |archive-date=2014-11-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Similar delicacies from around the world include the [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] ''[[taco]]s de sesos''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weird-food.com/weird-food-mammal.html |work=Weird-Food.com |title=Weird Foods: Mammal |access-date=14 October 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025185336/http://www.weird-food.com/weird-food-mammal.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 }}</ref> The Anyang tribe of [[Cameroon]] practiced a tradition in which a new [[tribal chief]] would consume the brain of a hunted [[gorilla]], while another senior member of the [[tribe]] would eat the heart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.berggorilla.de/english/gjournal/texte/18culture.html |author=Meder, Angela |title=Gorillas in African Culture and Medicine |work=Gorilla Journal |access-date=14 October 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905213544/http://www.berggorilla.de/english/gjournal/texte/18culture.html |archive-date=5 September 2005 }}</ref> [[Indonesia]]n cuisine specialty in [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] cuisine also has a dish consisting of beef brain in a coconut-milk gravy named [[gulai banak]] (beef brain curry).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melroseflowers.com/mkic/indo_recipes/meat/beef_brain_curry.html |title=Beef Brain Curry (Gulai Otak) |publisher=Melroseflowers.com |access-date=2013-12-07}}</ref><ref>[http://travel.701pages.com/gastronomy.php?title=Minangkabau+Food+Culture#axzz2Q8OSn7V6 ]{{dead link|date=December 2013}}</ref> In the Philippines, [[Tuslob Buwa]] is a popular street food in the regional capital of Cebu City made from fried pig brain. In [[Cuban cuisine]], "brain fritters" are made by coating pieces of brain with bread crumbs and then frying them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubanfoodmarket.com/palma/brain_fritters.htm |title=Brain Fritters |publisher=Cubanfoodmarket.com |access-date=2013-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115185542/http://www.cubanfoodmarket.com/palma/brain_fritters.htm |archive-date=2014-11-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the [[Ohio River Valley]] [[Fried brain sandwich]]es are popular especially in the [[Evansville, Indiana]] area
In the [[Ohio River Valley]] [[Fried brain sandwich]]es are popular especially in the [[Evansville, Indiana]] area


Revision as of 08:02, 29 October 2021

Lamb brains sold as food
Gulai otak, cattle's brain curry from Indonesia

The brain, like most other internal organs, or offal, can serve as nourishment. Brains used for nourishment include those of pigs, squirrels, rabbits, horses, cattle, monkeys, chickens, fish, lamb and goats. In many cultures, different types of brain are considered a delicacy.

Cultural consumption

See also: Brain § In rituals

The brain of animals features in French cuisine, in dishes such as cervelle de veau and tête de veau. A dish called maghaz is a popular cuisine in Pakistan, Bangladesh, parts of India, and diaspora countries. In Turkish cuisine, brain can be fried, baked, or consumed as a salad. In Chinese cuisine, brain is a delicacy in Chongqing or Sichuan cuisine, and it is often cooked in spicy hot pot or barbecued. In the southern part of China, pig brain is used for "Tianma Zhunao Tang". In South India, goat brain curry or fry is a delicacy. Even in Mumbai, the local indigenous East Indian community has their own version of brain masala curry.[1]

Similar delicacies from around the world include the Mexican tacos de sesos.[2] The Anyang tribe of Cameroon practiced a tradition in which a new tribal chief would consume the brain of a hunted gorilla, while another senior member of the tribe would eat the heart.[3] Indonesian cuisine specialty in Minangkabau cuisine also has a dish consisting of beef brain in a coconut-milk gravy named gulai banak (beef brain curry).[4][5] In the Philippines, Tuslob Buwa is a popular street food in the regional capital of Cebu City made from fried pig brain. In Cuban cuisine, "brain fritters" are made by coating pieces of brain with bread crumbs and then frying them.[6] In the Ohio River Valley Fried brain sandwiches are popular especially in the Evansville, Indiana area

Nutritional composition

DHA, an important omega-3 fatty acid, is found concentrated in mammalian brains. For example, according to Nutrition Data, 85g (3oz) of cooked beef brain contains 727mg of DHA.[7] By way of comparison, the NIH has determined that small children need at least 150mg of DHA per day, and pregnant and lactating women need at least 300mg of DHA.[8]

The makeup of the brain is about 12% lipids, most of which are located in myelin (which itself is 70–80% fat).[9] Specific fatty acid ratios will depend in part on the diet of the animal it is harvested from. The brain is also very high in cholesterol. For example, a single 140g (5oz) serving of "pork brains in milk gravy" can contain 3500mg of cholesterol (1170% of the USRDA).[10]

Prions

3D structure of major prion protein

The term prion comes from "proteinaceous infectious particle".[11][12] Unlike other infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, prions do not contain nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). Prions are mainly twisted isoforms of the major prion protein (PrP), a naturally occurring protein with an uncertain function. They are the hypothesized cause of various TSEs, including scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle (mad cow disease), and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans.[13]

Beef brain consumption has been linked to Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease outbreaks in humans which lead to strict regulations about what parts of cattle can be sold for human consumption in numerous countries.[14] Another prion disease called kuru has been traced to a funerary ritual among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea in which those close to the dead would eat the brain of the deceased to create a sense of immortality.[15]

References

  1. ^ "Spicy Brain Masala Recipe | The Winged Fork". https://thewingedfork.com/. 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2021-09-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  2. ^ "Weird Foods: Mammal". Weird-Food.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005. Retrieved 14 October 2005.
  3. ^ Meder, Angela. "Gorillas in African Culture and Medicine". Gorilla Journal. Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 14 October 2005.
  4. ^ "Beef Brain Curry (Gulai Otak)". Melroseflowers.com. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
  5. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  6. ^ "Brain Fritters". Cubanfoodmarket.com. Archived from the original on 2014-11-15. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
  7. ^ "Beef, variety meats and by-products, brain, cooked, simmered". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  8. ^ "DHA/EPA and the Omega-3 Nutrition Gap / Recommended Intakes".
  9. ^ "Brain Facts and Figures". Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  10. ^ "Pork Brains in Milk Gravy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-30. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  11. ^ "What Is a Prion?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  12. ^ "Prion infectious agent". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  13. ^ Prusiner SB (June 1991). "Molecular biology of prion diseases". Science. 252 (5012): 1515–1522. Bibcode:1991Sci...252.1515P. doi:10.1126/science.1675487. PMID 1675487. S2CID 22417182.
  14. ^ Collinge, John (2001). "Prion diseases of humans and animals: their causes and molecular basis". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 24: 519–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.519. PMID 11283320.
  15. ^ Collins, S; McLean CA; Masters CL (2001). "Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, and kuru: a review of these less common human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 8 (5): 387–97. doi:10.1054/jocn.2001.0919. PMID 11535002.
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