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==Occurrence==
==Occurrence==
Shungite has to date mainly been found in Russia. The main deposit is in the [[Lake Onega]] area of Karelia, at [[Zazhoginskoye]], near Shunga, with another occurrence at Vozhmozero.<ref name="mindat"/> Two other much smaller occurrences have been reported in Russia, one in [[Kamchatka]] in [[volcanic rock]]s and the other formed by the burning of spoil from a coal mine at high temperature in [[Chelyabinsk]].<ref name="Easthaugh">{{cite book|last=Easthaugh|first=N. |author2=Walsh V. |author3=Chaplin T. |author4=Siddall R.|title=Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historic Pigments|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|pages=345|isbn=9780750689809|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnI4ld6qeoC&q=shungite+russia&pg=PA345|accessdate=2 July 2012}}</ref> Other occurrences have been described from Austria, India, Democratic Republic of Congo<ref name="mindat"/> and Kazakhstan.<ref name="Efremova">{{cite journal|last=Efremova|first=S.V.|year=2006|title=Water treatment with a shungite sorbent and biosorbents on its base|journal=Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry|volume=79|issue=3|pages=397–402|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1070427206030128|accessdate=11 September 2020|doi=10.1134/s1070427206030128|s2cid=92934431}}</ref>
Shungite has to date mainly been found in Russia. The main deposit is in the [[Lake Onega]] area of Karelia, at [[Zazhoginskoye]], near [[Shunga, Republic of Karelia|Shunga]], with another occurrence at Vozhmozero.<ref name="mindat"/> Two other much smaller occurrences have been reported in Russia, one in [[Kamchatka]] in [[volcanic rock]]s and the other formed by the burning of spoil from a coal mine at high temperature in [[Chelyabinsk]].<ref name="Easthaugh">{{cite book|last=Easthaugh|first=N. |author2=Walsh V. |author3=Chaplin T. |author4=Siddall R.|title=Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historic Pigments|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|pages=345|isbn=9780750689809|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnI4ld6qeoC&q=shungite+russia&pg=PA345|accessdate=2 July 2012}}</ref> Other occurrences have been described from Austria, India, Democratic Republic of Congo<ref name="mindat"/> and Kazakhstan.<ref name="Efremova">{{cite journal|last=Efremova|first=S.V.|year=2006|title=Water treatment with a shungite sorbent and biosorbents on its base|journal=Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry|volume=79|issue=3|pages=397–402|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1070427206030128|accessdate=11 September 2020|doi=10.1134/s1070427206030128|s2cid=92934431}}</ref>


==Formation==
==Formation==

Revision as of 19:56, 29 October 2021

Shungite

Shungite is a black, lustrous, mineraloid and can be low-carbon (5% C), medium-carbon (5-25% C) and high-carbon (25-80% C) percent by weight of carbon.[1] It was first described from a deposit near Shunga village, in Karelia, Russia, from where it gets its name. Shungite has been reported to contain trace amounts of fullerenes (0.0001 < 0.001%).[2][3]

Terminology

The term "shungite" was originally used in 1879 to describe a mineraloid with more than 98 per cent carbon. More recently the term has also been used to describe shungite-bearing rocks, leading to some confusion.[4] Shungite-bearing rocks have also been classified purely on their carbon content, with shungite-1 having a carbon content in the range 98-100 weight per cent and shungite-2, -3, -4 and -5 having contents in the ranges 35-80 per cent, 20-35 per cent, 10-20 per cent and less than 10 per cent, respectively.[4] In a further classification, shungite is subdivided into bright, semi-bright, semi-dull and dull on the basis of their luster (the terms lustrous and matte are also used for bright and dull).[5]

Shungite has two main modes of occurrence, disseminated within the host rock and as apparently mobilised material. Migrated shungite, which is bright (lustrous) shungite, has been interpreted to represent migrated hydrocarbons and is found as either layer shungite, layers or lenses near conformable with the host rock layering, or vein shungite, which is found as cross-cutting veins. Shungite may also occur as clasts within younger sedimentary rocks.[4]

Occurrence

Shungite has to date mainly been found in Russia. The main deposit is in the Lake Onega area of Karelia, at Zazhoginskoye, near Shunga, with another occurrence at Vozhmozero.[2] Two other much smaller occurrences have been reported in Russia, one in Kamchatka in volcanic rocks and the other formed by the burning of spoil from a coal mine at high temperature in Chelyabinsk.[6] Other occurrences have been described from Austria, India, Democratic Republic of Congo[2] and Kazakhstan.[7]

Formation

Dark laminae made of shungite in a Paleoproterozoic stromatolite, Franceville Basin, Gabon, Central Africa

Shungite has been regarded as an example of abiogenic petroleum formation,[5] but its biological origin has now been confirmed.[4] Non-migrated shungite is found directly stratigraphically above deposits that were formed in a shallow water carbonate shelf to non-marine evaporitic environment. The shungite bearing sequence is thought to have been deposited during active rifting, consistent with the alkaline volcanic rocks that are found within the sequence. The organic-rich sediments were probably deposited in a brackish lagoonal setting. The concentration of carbon indicates elevated biological productivity levels, possibly due to high levels of nutrients available from interbedded volcanic material.[4]

The stratified shungite-bearing deposits that retain sedimentary structures are interpreted as metamorphosed oil source rocks. Some diapiric mushroom-shaped structures have been identified, which are interpreted as possible mud volcanoes. Layer and vein shungite varieties, and shungite filling vesicles and forming the matrix to breccias, are interpreted as migrated petroleum, now in the form of metamorphosed bitumen.[4]

Shunga deposit

The Shunga deposit contains an estimated total carbon reserve of more than 250 gigatonnes. It is found within a sequence of Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks that are preserved in a synform. The sequence is dated by a gabbro intrusion, which gives a date of 1980±27 Ma, and the underlying dolomites, which give an age of 2090±70 Ma. There are nine shungite-bearing layers within the Zaonezhskaya Formation, from the middle of the preserved sequence. Of these the thickest is layer six, which is also known as the "Productive horizon", due to its concentration of shungite deposits. Four main deposits are known from the area, the Shungskoe, Maksovo, Zazhogino and Nigozero deposits. The Shungskoe deposit is the most studied and is mainly mined out.[4]

Uses

Shungite has been used as a folk medical treatment since the early 18th century. Peter the Great set up Russia's first spa in Karelia to make use of the water purifying properties of shungite, which he had himself experienced. He also instigated its use in providing purified water for the Russian army. The anti-bacterial properties of shungite have been confirmed by modern testing.[8]

Shungite has been used since the middle of the 18th century as a pigment for paint,[4] and is currently sold under the names "carbon black" or "shungite natural black".[6]

In the 1970s, shungite was exploited in the production of an insulating material, known as shungisite. Shungisite is prepared by heating rocks with low shungite concentrations to 1090–1130 °C and is used as a low density filler.[4]

Crystal healing pseudoscience proponents and 5G conspiracy theorists have falsely alleged the misinformational belief that shungite may absorb 5G radiation.[9][10][11][12][13]

References

  1. ^ Jushkin, N.P. (1994). "Globular Supramolecular Structure Shungita: Data Scanning Tunneling Microscopy". Reports. Acad. Science USSR. 337 (6): 800–803.
  2. ^ a b c Mindat.org. "Shungite". Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  3. ^ Reznikov, V.A.; PolekhovskiÏ (6 March 2000). "Technical Physics Letters, Vol. 26, No. 8, 2000, pp. 689–693. Translated from Pis'ma v Zhurnal TekhnicheskoÏ Fiziki, Vol. 26, No. 15, 2000, pp. 94–102" (PDF). Technical Physics Letters. 8. 26 (2000): 689–693. doi:10.1134/1.1307814. S2CID 51999111. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Melezhik, V.A.; Filippov M.M.; Romashkin A.E. (2004). "A giant Palaeoproterozoic deposit of shungite in NW Russia: genesis and practical applications". Ore Geology Reviews. 24 (1–2). Elsevier: 135–154. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.003.
  5. ^ a b Mastarlez, M.; Glikson M.; Stankiewicz B.A.; Volkova I.B.; Bustin R.M. (2000). "Organic and mineral matter in a Precambrian shungite from Karelia, Russia". In Glikson M. & Mastarlez M. (ed.). Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation, and Role in Metallogenesis. Springer. pp. 102–116. ISBN 9780412733307. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  6. ^ a b Easthaugh, N.; Walsh V.; Chaplin T.; Siddall R. (2008). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historic Pigments. Routledge. p. 345. ISBN 9780750689809. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  7. ^ Efremova, S.V. (2006). "Water treatment with a shungite sorbent and biosorbents on its base". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 79 (3): 397–402. doi:10.1134/s1070427206030128. S2CID 92934431. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  8. ^ Volfson, I.F.; Farrakhov E.G.; Pronin A.P.; Beiseyev O.B.; Beiseyev A.O.; Bogdasarov M.A.; Oderova A.V.; Pechenkin I.G.; Khitrov A.E.; Pikhur O.L.; Plotkina J.V.; Frank-Kamanetskya O.V.; Rosseeva E.V.; Denisova O.A.; Chernogoryuk G.E.; Baranovskya N.; Rikhvanov L.P.; Petrov I.M.; Saghatelyan A.K.; Sahakyan L.V.; Menchinskaya O.V.; Zangiyeva T.D; Kajtukov M.Z.; Uzdenova Z.H.; Dorozhko A.L. (2011). "Medical Geology in Russia and NIS". In Selinus O.; Finkelman R.B.; Centeno J.A. (eds.). Medical Geology: A Regional Synthesis. Springer. p. 223. ISBN 9789048134298. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  9. ^ Tiffany, Kaitlyn (13 May 2020). "Something in the Air". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  10. ^ Koetsier, John (28 May 2020). "$350 '5G Bioshield' Radiation Protection Device Is A ... $6 USB Stick". Forbes.com. Retrieved 27 May 2021. Other recommendations from Glastonbury? People should use Shungite, a mineral which is said to have healing powers that one "healing crystal" company says "span the board from purity to protection.
  11. ^ Bucci, Nino (30 October 2020). "Conspiracy theorists forced to apologise for calling Victorian youth leader a Covid 'crisis actor'". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2021. Fernandez claims Facebook warned him his account would be restricted for posting misinformation to his page, which he also uses to promote cryptocurrency opportunities and sell shungite, a crystal which he claims prevents the effects of 5G.
  12. ^ Song, Victoria (3 March 2021). "5G Conspiracy Theories Are Fueling an Entire Economy of Scammy Gadgets". Gizmodo. Retrieved 27 May 2021. Real shungite is 98% carbon, and has trace amounts of fullerenes, a type of carbon molecule that supposedly blocks electromagnetic frequencies. These pieces of jewelry or ornaments often have a much lower percentage of carbon than advertised and even lower amounts of fullerenes. There isn't much scientific evidence backing these claims, and researching shungite primarily brings up New Age-y articles spewing quackery, with no citations to actual studies or research. The 5G stickers supposedly generate some kind of shield to protect you from 5G waves. Let us be clear: A sticker that claims to generate any type of radiation-blocking shield is pure science fiction.
  13. ^ McGowan, Michael (24 February 2021). "How the wellness and influencer crowd serve conspiracies to the masses". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2021. [Fernandez] flits between long screeds about vaccinations and claims that Covid-19 is a hoax to selling products that he claims protect users from electromagnetic fields that conspiracy theorists believe are emitted by 5G towers. A shungite pyramid crystal will protect a radius of "approximately 6-7 metres", his website claims, and costs $226, reduced from $256.
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