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Peter was born and raised in Alexandria. The Coptic Orthodox Church believes that Peter was given by his parents to [[Pope Theonas of Alexandria|Theonas]] to be brought up as a priest, similarly to the story of [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]] in the [[Old Testament]]. He rose through the ranks of [[holy orders]], first becoming a [[Reader (liturgy)|reader]], then a [[deacon]], then a [[priest]]. Highly educated, Peter became head of the school of Alexandria.<ref name=Basilica>[http://basilica.ro/en/hieromartyr-clement-pope-of-rome-hieromartyr-peter-archbishop-of-alexandria/ Dumitraşcu, Iulian. "Hieromartyr Clement, pope of Rome; Hieromartyr Peter, archbishop of Alexandria", Basilica.Ro., November 24, 2017]</ref>
Peter was born and raised in Alexandria. The Coptic Orthodox Church believes that Peter was given by his parents to [[Pope Theonas of Alexandria|Theonas]] to be brought up as a priest, similarly to the story of [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]] in the [[Old Testament]]. He rose through the ranks of [[holy orders]], first becoming a [[Reader (liturgy)|reader]], then a [[deacon]], then a [[priest]]. Highly educated, Peter became head of the school of Alexandria.<ref name=Basilica>[http://basilica.ro/en/hieromartyr-clement-pope-of-rome-hieromartyr-peter-archbishop-of-alexandria/ Dumitraşcu, Iulian. "Hieromartyr Clement, pope of Rome; Hieromartyr Peter, archbishop of Alexandria", Basilica.Ro., November 24, 2017]</ref>


In early 300, while on his death bed, Theonas advised the church leaders to choose Peter as his successor, which they did. Peter's time as bishop included the severe [[persecution]] of [[Christianity]] from [[Roman Emperor]] [[Diocletian]], which began in 303, and continued intermittently over the next ten years. Forced into exile from the city during the anti-Christian persecutions, Peter traveled through many lands, encouraging his flock by letter, before returning to his city to guide the Alexandrian Church personally during this period. He secretly visited those imprisoned, assisted widows and orphans, and conducted clandestine services.<ref name=Basilica/>
In early 300, while on his death bed, Theonas advised the church leaders to choose Peter as his successor, which they did. Peter's time as bishop included the [[Diocletianic Persecution]], which began in 303, and continued intermittently over the next ten years. Forced into exile from the city during the anti-Christian persecutions, Peter traveled through many lands, encouraging his flock by letter, before returning to his city to guide the Alexandrian Church personally during this period. He secretly visited those imprisoned, assisted widows and orphans, and conducted clandestine services.<ref name=Basilica/>


Accounts of Peter's position during the persecution vary,<ref>[[Philip Schaff]]'s ''History of the Christian Church'' provides several differing sources on the subject. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xviii.html Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325.]</ref> but one states that he was imprisoned for a time with bishop [[Meletius of Lycopolis]] and they fell into an argument over the treatment of Christians who had either offered pagan [[sacrifice]] or surrendered [[scripture]]s to the authorities to save their lives during the persecution. Peter urged leniency while Meletius held firmly that the lapsed had abandoned their faith and needed to be [[rebaptism|rebaptised]]. Their argument became heated, and was ended when Peter hung a curtain between him and Meletius. One of Meletius' followers was a priest named [[Arius]] (modern scholarship differs on whether this was the same Arius as became involved with the Arian controversy a few years later).<ref>Rubenstein, Richard E. (1999). ''When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity during the Last Days of Rome'', Harcourt. The text links the current suggestions of only one Arius being involved, rather than two people of that name, to the work of [[W. H. C. Frend]] in ''Rise of Christianity'', p.&nbsp;493; see p. 245.</ref><ref name="Sev">{{Cite journal
Accounts of Peter's position during the persecution vary,<ref>[[Philip Schaff]]'s ''History of the Christian Church'' provides several differing sources on the subject. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xviii.html Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325.]</ref> but one states that he was imprisoned for a time with bishop [[Meletius of Lycopolis]] and they fell into an argument over the treatment of Christians who had either offered pagan [[sacrifice]] or surrendered [[scripture]]s to the authorities to save their lives during the persecution. Peter urged leniency while Meletius held firmly that the lapsed had abandoned their faith and needed to be [[rebaptism|rebaptised]]. Their argument became heated, and was ended when Peter hung a curtain between him and Meletius. One of Meletius' followers was a priest named [[Arius]] (modern scholarship differs on whether this was the same Arius as became involved with the Arian controversy a few years later).<ref>Rubenstein, Richard E. (1999). ''When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity during the Last Days of Rome'', Harcourt. The text links the current suggestions of only one Arius being involved, rather than two people of that name, to the work of [[W. H. C. Frend]] in ''Rise of Christianity'', p.&nbsp;493; see p. 245.</ref><ref name="Sev">{{Cite journal

Revision as of 10:10, 30 October 2021

Saint

Pope Peter of Alexandria
Vision of Peter of Alexandria (Russian icon)
ChurchChurch of Alexandria
ArchdioceseAlexandria
SeeAlexandria
PredecessorTheonas of Alexandria
SuccessorAchillas of Alexandira
Personal details
Born3rd century
Alexandria, Egypt
Died25 November 311
Alexandria, Egypt
Sainthood
Feast day
  • 25 November
  • 29 Hathor (Coptic church)
Venerated inCatholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodoxy
(Coptic Orthodox Church)
Title as SaintHieromartyr, “the Seal of the Martyrs“
AttributesVested as a bishop, holding a Gospel Book

Pope Peter I of Alexandria (Template:Lang-cop[1]) was the 17th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria. He is revered as a saint by the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Catholic Church.[2]

Life

Peter was born and raised in Alexandria. The Coptic Orthodox Church believes that Peter was given by his parents to Theonas to be brought up as a priest, similarly to the story of Samuel in the Old Testament. He rose through the ranks of holy orders, first becoming a reader, then a deacon, then a priest. Highly educated, Peter became head of the school of Alexandria.[3]

In early 300, while on his death bed, Theonas advised the church leaders to choose Peter as his successor, which they did. Peter's time as bishop included the Diocletianic Persecution, which began in 303, and continued intermittently over the next ten years. Forced into exile from the city during the anti-Christian persecutions, Peter traveled through many lands, encouraging his flock by letter, before returning to his city to guide the Alexandrian Church personally during this period. He secretly visited those imprisoned, assisted widows and orphans, and conducted clandestine services.[3]

Accounts of Peter's position during the persecution vary,[4] but one states that he was imprisoned for a time with bishop Meletius of Lycopolis and they fell into an argument over the treatment of Christians who had either offered pagan sacrifice or surrendered scriptures to the authorities to save their lives during the persecution. Peter urged leniency while Meletius held firmly that the lapsed had abandoned their faith and needed to be rebaptised. Their argument became heated, and was ended when Peter hung a curtain between him and Meletius. One of Meletius' followers was a priest named Arius (modern scholarship differs on whether this was the same Arius as became involved with the Arian controversy a few years later).[5][6] According to Severus of Ashmumeen, Arius tried in vain to receive absolution from the Patriarch before Peter was executed, and before dying Peter anathematized Arius as a heretic and excommunicated him.[3]

The execution of the patriarch Peter of Alexandria under the emperor Maximinus Daia, depicted in the Menologion of Basil II, an illuminated manuscript prepared for the emperor Basil II in c. 1000.

Martyrdom

The tenth-century historian Severus of Ashmumeen gives us an account of how during the Diocletianic Persecution the Patriarch was seized and thrown in prison. When the emperor was informed about this, he ordered Peter to be beheaded. This was hindered by a large number of Christians who gathered at the prison willing to die for their Patriarch. The soldiers delayed the execution because they neither wanted to massacre the crowd nor create a riot.

The Patriarch, fearing for the life of his people, advised the soldiers with a plan to smuggle him out of jail by breaking a hole in a certain wall which he would point out. He could then be smuggled out and receive his sentence.

Severus of Ashmumeen describes the moment when the Patriarch was martyred:

And he took off his omophorion, and bared his neck, which was pure before the Lord, and said to them: «Do as you have been commanded». But the soldiers feared that trouble would befall them because of him. So they looked one at another, and not one of them dared to cut off his head, because of the dread which had fallen upon them. Then they took counsel together and said: «To him that cuts off his head each one of us will give five denarii». Now they were six persons; and one of them had some money; so he took out five and twenty denarii from among the coins and said : «He that will go up to him, and cut off his head, shall receive this money from me and from the four others». So one of the men went forward, and summoned up his courage, and cut off the head of the holy martyr and patriarch Peter; that day being the 29th of Hatur.[6]

Hatur is a month in the Coptic calendar, corresponding roughly to November. Saint Peter's martyrdom occurred in the year AD 311.

Feast day

Traditionally, in Christianity, the day of a saint's death is the day on which his feast day is celebrated. 29 Hatur corresponds to 25 November in the Julian calendar (to 26 November if the following Julian year is a leap year). Thus 29 Hatur corresponds at present to the Gregorian Calendar 8 December or 9 December (see Old Style and New Style dates).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "البابا بطرس الأول خاتم الشهداء - البطريرك رقم 17 | St-Takla.org". st-takla.org. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  2. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Peter of Alexandria" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  3. ^ a b c Dumitraşcu, Iulian. "Hieromartyr Clement, pope of Rome; Hieromartyr Peter, archbishop of Alexandria", Basilica.Ro., November 24, 2017
  4. ^ Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church provides several differing sources on the subject. Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325.
  5. ^ Rubenstein, Richard E. (1999). When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity during the Last Days of Rome, Harcourt. The text links the current suggestions of only one Arius being involved, rather than two people of that name, to the work of W. H. C. Frend in Rise of Christianity, p. 493; see p. 245.
  6. ^ a b Severus of Al'Ashmunein (Hermopolis). "History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic church of Alexandria, Part 2, Chap. 6: Peter I, the seventeenth patriarch (300-311)". Patrologia Orientalis (1904). 1: 383–518 (pp.119–256 of text). Retrieved 2007-12-08.

References

  • "Petros I (300–311)". Official web site of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter of Alexandria.
Titles of the Great Christian Church
Preceded by Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria
300—311 		Succeeded by
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