Opuntia stricta: Difference between revisions
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==Invasive species== |
==Invasive species== |
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[[File:Opuntia stricta fruit.jpg|thumb|200px|Fruit]] |
[[File:Opuntia stricta fruit.jpg|thumb|200px|Fruit]] |
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''Opuntia stricta'' has been [[Introduced species|introduced]] to other parts of the world, including [[Africa]], [[Australia]] and southern [[Asia]]. ''O. stricta'' is considered an [[invasive species]] in [[South Africa]]. In [[Australia]] it has been the subject of one of the first effective biological control exercises using the moth ''[[Cactoblastis cactorum]]''.<ref name="GRIN"/> It was declared a [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601104627/http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/ Weed of National Significance] by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130729002821/http://weeds.org.au/awc.htm Australian Weeds Committee] in April 2012, but continues to be [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504104803/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=S12 kept under control] by the use of the ''Cactoblastis'' moth and a cochineal insect, ''[[Dactylopius opuntiae]].'' |
''Opuntia stricta'' has been [[Introduced species|introduced]] to other parts of the world, including [[Africa]] (including [[Madagascar]]), [[Australia]] and southern [[Asia]]. ''O. stricta'' is considered an [[invasive species]] in [[South Africa]]. In [[Australia]] it has been the subject of one of the first effective biological control exercises using the moth ''[[Cactoblastis cactorum]]''.<ref name="GRIN"/> It was declared a [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601104627/http://www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/ Weed of National Significance] by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130729002821/http://weeds.org.au/awc.htm Australian Weeds Committee] in April 2012, but continues to be [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504104803/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=S12 kept under control] by the use of the ''Cactoblastis'' moth and a cochineal insect, ''[[Dactylopius opuntiae]].'' |
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In Sri Lanka it has overgrown a {{convert|30|km|sigfig=1}} long coastal area between [[Hambantota]] and [[Yala National Park]], especially in [[Bundala National Park]], a [[Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance|Ramsar wetland site]]. It has overgrown several hundreds of hectares (acres) of sand dune areas and adjoining scrub forests and pasture lands. Some areas are so densely covered that they are completely inaccessible for humans and animals. The seeds are spread by macaque monkeys, and perhaps other animals and birds, that eat the large fruits. It is also spread by people cutting down the cactus but leaving the cuttings, which then re-sprout where they have fallen. No control measures have been carried out except some costly manual removal of about {{convert|10|ha|sigfig=2}} on the dunes near Bundala village. The cactus is due to invade Yala National Park.<ref>Lalith Gunasekera, ''Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka'', Colombo 2009, pp. 84–85. A biodiversity status profile of Bundala National Park : a Ramsar national wetland of Sri Lanka Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B.; Ekanayake, S.P.; Fernando, R.H.S.S.; Perera, W.P.N.; Somaweera, R. Colombo : IUCN Sri Lanka, 2002. {{ISBN|955-8177-16-4}}</ref> |
In Sri Lanka it has overgrown a {{convert|30|km|sigfig=1}} long coastal area between [[Hambantota]] and [[Yala National Park]], especially in [[Bundala National Park]], a [[Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance|Ramsar wetland site]]. It has overgrown several hundreds of hectares (acres) of sand dune areas and adjoining scrub forests and pasture lands. Some areas are so densely covered that they are completely inaccessible for humans and animals. The seeds are spread by macaque monkeys, and perhaps other animals and birds, that eat the large fruits. It is also spread by people cutting down the cactus but leaving the cuttings, which then re-sprout where they have fallen. No control measures have been carried out except some costly manual removal of about {{convert|10|ha|sigfig=2}} on the dunes near Bundala village. The cactus is due to invade Yala National Park.<ref>Lalith Gunasekera, ''Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka'', Colombo 2009, pp. 84–85. A biodiversity status profile of Bundala National Park : a Ramsar national wetland of Sri Lanka Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B.; Ekanayake, S.P.; Fernando, R.H.S.S.; Perera, W.P.N.; Somaweera, R. Colombo : IUCN Sri Lanka, 2002. {{ISBN|955-8177-16-4}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:39, 1 November 2021
| Opuntia stricta | |
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| Opuntia stricta with fruits | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Genus: | Opuntia |
| Species: | O. stricta
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| Binomial name | |
| Opuntia stricta | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Opuntia stricta is a large-sized species of cactus that is endemic to the subtropical and tropical coastal areas of the Americas, especially around the Caribbean.[2] Common names include erect prickly pear and nopal estricto (Spanish).[4] The first description as Cactus strictus was published in 1803 by Adrian Hardy Haworth. In 1812 he introduced the species in the genus Opuntia.
Description
It is a shrubby, erect plant, extending lengthwise to somewhat upright and reach heights of growth up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, producing lemon yellow flowers in the spring and summer, followed by purplish-red fruits. It is quick to colonize hot, open environments with sandy soils. The bald, flattened, ovate to inverted egg-shaped, tapered at the base shoot sections are blue-green. They are 25 to 64 cm (10 to 25 inches) long and 15 to 64 cm (6 to 25 inches) inches wide. The brownish areoles are far apart leaving most of the epidermis, with often one or more yellowish spines, at least near the edges and towards the apex. They carry striking, yellow glochids that are 2 to 6 mm (0.079 to 0.236 inches) long. The 1 to 5 awl-shaped spur is flattened, provided with a light barb at the top thorns are yellow. They are perpendicular to the surface of the shoots and are 1.3 to 12.7 cm (0.5 to 5 inches) long.[5]
The yellow to yellowish orange flowers, which are solitary, formed by numerous membranous parts, reach a length of 13 to 15 cm (5 to 6 inches) and a diameter of 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches). The flowers are ephemeral and melliferous. The purple-red, smooth fruits are inverted-egg-shaped and tapered at the base. They are 6.4 to 8.9 cm (2.5 to 3.5 inches) inches long and covered with plenty of glochids and are more or less pyriform, always purple in color, 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 inches) in length and contain from 60 to 180 seeds (which may remain viable for more than 10 years), yellow to light brown, incorporated into the fruit pulp. As fruits are appreciated by birds and mammals, their seeds are dispersed by animals. The mucilage inside the leaves is used to treat burns and abscesses. It is edible in the same way as fruits.[6]
Distribution
Opuntia stricta occurs naturally in coastal beach scrub and sandy coastal environments in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and along the Gulf Coast in Texas, Mississippi, and Alabama in the United States, as well as Bermuda, the Caribbean, eastern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America (in Venezuela and Ecuador). O. stricta is a major component in the understory of Bahamian dry forests in the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands.[7]
Invasive species
Opuntia stricta has been introduced to other parts of the world, including Africa (including Madagascar), Australia and southern Asia. O. stricta is considered an invasive species in South Africa. In Australia it has been the subject of one of the first effective biological control exercises using the moth Cactoblastis cactorum.[2] It was declared a Weed of National Significance by the Australian Weeds Committee in April 2012, but continues to be kept under control by the use of the Cactoblastis moth and a cochineal insect, Dactylopius opuntiae.
In Sri Lanka it has overgrown a 30 kilometres (20 mi) long coastal area between Hambantota and Yala National Park, especially in Bundala National Park, a Ramsar wetland site. It has overgrown several hundreds of hectares (acres) of sand dune areas and adjoining scrub forests and pasture lands. Some areas are so densely covered that they are completely inaccessible for humans and animals. The seeds are spread by macaque monkeys, and perhaps other animals and birds, that eat the large fruits. It is also spread by people cutting down the cactus but leaving the cuttings, which then re-sprout where they have fallen. No control measures have been carried out except some costly manual removal of about 10 hectares (25 acres) on the dunes near Bundala village. The cactus is due to invade Yala National Park.[8]
Speaking of Cactoblastis cactorum, the opposite problem has been encountered in Texas. The moth was first found in Brazoria County in 2017. This species of moth is highly destructive to this (and other) species of cactus native to the southern United States and northern Mexico.[9]
See also
References
- ^ Durán, R., Gómez-Hinostrosa, C., Hernández, H.M., Tapia, J.L., Terrazas, T. & Loaiza, C. 2017. Opuntia stricta (amended version of 2013 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T152773A121609630. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T152773A121609630.en. Downloaded on 22 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "Opuntia stricta". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-12-05.
- ^ "Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
- ^ "Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw". ITIS Standard Report. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
- ^ Opuntia stricta . In: Edward F. Anderson : The Cactus Family . Timber Press: Portland, Oreg., 2001, p. 520 f. ISBN 0-88192-498-9
- ^ Bernard Suprin, Arabian plants in New Caledonia, Noumea, Editions Photosynthesis2013, 382 p. ( ISBN 9782952731638 ), p. 188
- ^ Opuntia stricta Haworth In: NL Britton, JN Rose : The Cactaceae. Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family . Washington, 1919, Volume I, p. 161 f.
- ^ Lalith Gunasekera, Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka, Colombo 2009, pp. 84–85. A biodiversity status profile of Bundala National Park : a Ramsar national wetland of Sri Lanka Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B.; Ekanayake, S.P.; Fernando, R.H.S.S.; Perera, W.P.N.; Somaweera, R. Colombo : IUCN Sri Lanka, 2002. ISBN 955-8177-16-4
- ^ "Cactus moths". Brackenridge Field Laboratory. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
External links
Media related to Opuntia stricta at Wikimedia Commons