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Removing 1 species transferred to Ilymatogyra (see https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1372/downloads/pdf/OF06-1372_508.pdf). Listed combination is over a half century obsolete
Adding missing taxon authorities; removing a few names that no longer appear to be valid or have been transferred to a separate genus or never were included in this genus (i.e. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2008.12.013)
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'''''Exogyra''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[fossil]] [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[ostreoida|oysters]] in the family [[Gryphaeidae]], the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://crnmac1.physics.uiowa.edu/fossils/oysters/ilymatogyra/Exogyra-plexa.html |title=Evolution of ''Exogyra plexa'' |access-date=25 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192109/http://crnmac1.physics.uiowa.edu/fossils/oysters/ilymatogyra/Exogyra-plexa.html |archive-date=26 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These bivalves grew cemented by the more cupped left valve. The right valve is flatter, and the beak is curved to one side. ''Exogyra'' lived on solid [[substrate (biology)|substrates]] in warm seas during the [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] periods.
'''''Exogyra''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[fossil]] [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[ostreoida|oysters]] in the family [[Gryphaeidae]], the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://crnmac1.physics.uiowa.edu/fossils/oysters/ilymatogyra/Exogyra-plexa.html |title=Evolution of ''Exogyra plexa'' |access-date=25 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192109/http://crnmac1.physics.uiowa.edu/fossils/oysters/ilymatogyra/Exogyra-plexa.html |archive-date=26 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These bivalves grew cemented by the more cupped left valve. The right valve is flatter, and the beak is curved to one side. ''Exogyra'' lived on solid [[substrate (biology)|substrates]] in warm seas{{citation needed|date=November 4, 2021}} during the [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] periods.<ref name=FWExogyra/>


== Taxonomy ==
The subgenus Aetostreon is sometimes considered a separate genus, due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits, on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).<ref name=Peg/>
The former subgenus ''Exogyra'' (''Aetostreon'') <small>(Bayle, 1878)</small><ref name="TPBDB">Paleobiology Database, [http://paleodb.org/?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=118251 ''Exogyra (Aetostreon)''], accessed 7 May 2013</ref> is sometimes considered a separate genus, due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits, on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).<ref name=Peg>[http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app20/app20-047.pdf Pewgaczewska.H.]</ref>


== Species ==
== Species ==
[[File:Exogyra costata Prairie Bluff Fm Maastrichtian.JPG|thumb|''Exogyra costata'', Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation ([[Maastrichtian]]); Starkville, [[Mississippi]]]]
[[File:Exogyra costata Prairie Bluff Fm Maastrichtian.JPG|thumb|''Exogyra costata'', Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation ([[Maastrichtian]]); Starkville, [[Mississippi]]]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
'''''Exogyra'' (subgenus ''Exogyra'') (Say, 1820)'''
'''''Exogyra'' (subgenus ''Exogyra'') <small>(Say, 1820)</small>'''
*''Exogyra africana'' Say, 1820<ref>[http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/E/Exogyra_africana/ ''Exogyra africana'']</ref>
*''Exogyra africana'' <small>Say, 1820</small><ref>[http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/E/Exogyra_africana/ ''Exogyra africana'']</ref>
*''Exogyra aquillana'' Stephenson, 1953
*''Exogyra aquillana'' <small>Stephenson, 1953</small>
*''Exogyra callophyla'' Ihering, 1903
*''Exogyra callophyla'' <small>Ihering, 1903</small>
*''Exogyra cancellata'' Stephenson, 1914
*''Exogyra cancellata'' <small>Stephenson, 1914</small>
*''Exogyra clarki'' Shattuck, 1903
*''Exogyra clarki'' <small>Shattuck, 1903</small>
*''Exogyra columbella'' Meek, 1876
*''Exogyra columbella'' <small>Meek, 1876</small>
*''Exogyra contorta'' Eichwald, 1868
*''Exogyra contorta'' <small>Eichwald, 1868</small>
*''Exogyra costata''
*''Exogyra costata'' <small>Say, 1971</small>
*''Exogyra davidsoni''<ref>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=304725 ''Exogyra davidsoni''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
*''Exogyra davidsoni'' <small>Whidborne, 1883</small> <ref>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=304725 ''Exogyra davidsoni''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
*''Exogyra columba''
*''Exogyra erraticostata'' Stephenson<ref>[http://fossilsofnj.com/invertebrates/exogyra.htm ''Exogyra'']</ref>
*''Exogyra erraticostata'' Stephenson<ref>[http://fossilsofnj.com/invertebrates/exogyra.htm ''Exogyra'']</ref>
*''Exogyra fimbriata'' Conrad, 1855
*''Exogyra fimbriata'' <small>Conrad, 1855</small>
*''Exogyra flabellata''
*''Exogyra flabellata'' <small>(Goldfuss, 1833)</small>
*''Exogyra ganhamoroba'' Maury, 1936
*''Exogyra ganhamoroba'' <small>Maury, 1936</small>
*''Exogyra guadalupae'' Whitney, 1937 (thesis)
*''Exogyra guadalupae'' <small>Whitney, 1937 (thesis)</small>
*''Exogyra haliotoidea'' Maury, 1936
*''Exogyra haliotoidea'' <small>Maury, 1936</small>
*''Exogyra laevigata''<ref name=Lake>Lake.P., and Rastall.R.H., (1913), ''A Text Book of Geology'', 2nd edition, London: Edward Arnold's Geological series Page 426 and 436</ref>
*''Exogyra laevigata'' <small>J. de C. Sowerby, 1829</small> <ref name=Lake>Lake.P., and Rastall.R.H., (1913), ''A Text Book of Geology'', 2nd edition, London: Edward Arnold's Geological series Page 426 and 436</ref>
*''Exogyra laeviuscula'' Roemer, 1849
*''Exogyra laeviuscula'' <small>Roemer, 1849</small>
*''Exogyra lancha'' Stoyanow, 1949
*''Exogyra lancha'' <small>Stoyanow, 1949</small>
*''Exogyra levis'' Stephenson, 1952
*''Exogyra levis'' <small>Stephenson, 1952</small>
*''Exogyra mutatoria'' White, 1887
*''Exogyra mutatoria'' <small>White, 1887</small>
*''Exogyra paupercula'' <small>Cragin, 1893</small>
*''Exogyra obliquata'' Pulteney<ref name=nath>Castell. C.P., and Cox. L.R., (1975), ''British Mesozoic Fossils'', 5th edition, London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), page 86</ref>
*''Exogyra paupercula'' Cragin, 1893
*''Exogyra plexa'' <small>Cragin, 1893</small>
*''Exogyra plexa'' Cragin, 1893
*''Exogyra potosina'' <small>Castillo and Aguilera, 1895</small>
*''Exogyra potosina'' Castillo and Aguilera, 1895
*''Exogyra ponderosa'' <small>Roemer, 1852</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra praevirgula'' <small>Douville & Jourdy, 1924</small><ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://science.mnhn.fr/all/list%3FspecificEpithet%3Dpraevirgula%26genus%3DExogyra&prev=search ''Exogyra praevirgula'']</ref><ref>[http://gni.globalnames.org/name_indices/98855151/name_index_records Global Names Index]</ref>
*''Exogyra ponderosa'' Roemer, 1852
*''Exogyra quitmanensis'' <small>Cragin, 1893</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra praevirgula'' Douville & Jourdy, 1924<ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://science.mnhn.fr/all/list%3FspecificEpithet%3Dpraevirgula%26genus%3DExogyra&prev=search ''Exogyra praevirgula'']</ref><ref>[http://gni.globalnames.org/name_indices/98855151/name_index_records Global Names Index]</ref>
*''Exogyra quitmanensis'' Cragin, 1893
*''Exogyra sergipensis'' <small>Maury, 1936</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra sigmoidea'' <small>Reuss, 1844</small><ref>Ivanov. M., Hrdlickova. S., and Gregorova. R., (2005), The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils, 3rd. ed., Lisse: Rebo International, page 133</ref>
*''Exogyra sergipensis'' Maury, 1936
*''Exogyra solea'' <small>Muller, 1910</small>
⚫
*''Exogyra sigmoidea'' Reuss, 1844<ref>Ivanov. M., Hrdlickova. S., and Gregorova. R., (2005), The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils, 3rd. ed., Lisse: Rebo International, page 133</ref>
*''Exogyra solea'' Muller, 1910
*''Exogyra upatoiensis'' <small>Stephenson, 1914</small>
*''Exogyra upatoiensis'' Stephenson, 1914
*''Exogyra whitneyi'' <small>Bose, 1910</small>
*''Exogyra whitneyi'' Bose, 1910
*''Exogyra woolmani'' <small>Richards, 1947</small>
*''Exogyra woolmani'' Richards, 1947
}}
}}

'''''Exogyra'' (subgenus ''Aetostreon'') (Bayle, 1878)'''<ref name="TPBDB">Paleobiology Database, [http://paleodb.org/?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=118251 ''Exogyra (Aetostreon)''], accessed 7 May 2013</ref>
*''Exogyra aquila'' Brongniart, 1871
*''Exogyra bale''
*''Exogyra couloni'' Say, 1820
*''Exogyra imbricatum'' (possibly a morphotype of ''E. couloni'') Kraus, 1843<ref name=Peg>[http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app20/app20-047.pdf Pewgaczewska.H.]</ref>
*''Exogyra latissimum''<ref>[https://archive.today/20130616102858/http://www.fcaq-geolotech.co.uk/shop/bivalves/96-aetostreon-latissimum-as-a-dreived-fossil.html Anon, Aetostreon latissium As a Derived Fossil], accessed 7 May 2013</ref>
*''Exogyra miotaurinensis'' Sacco, 1897<ref>Paleobiology Database, [http://paleodb.org/?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=118252 ''Exogyra (Aetostreon miotaurinensis)''], accessed 7 May 2013</ref> (Type species of subgenus)
*''Exogyra neocomiensis''<ref name="Global"/>
* ''Exogyra pilmatuegrossum''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rubillar | first1 = A.E | last2 = Lazo | first2 = E.B. | year = 2008 | title = Description of Aetostreon pilmatuegrossum sp. Nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina (Neuquén Basin), and significance of the conservative left valve morphology in oysters of the genus Aetostreon Bayle | journal = Cretaceous Research| volume = 30| issue = 3| pages = 727–748| doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2008.12.013}}</ref>
*''Exogyra rectangularis''<ref name="Global">[http://gni.globalnames.org/name_strings?page=213&search_term=ns%3AAET%2A Global Names Index, (2000), Global Names Index], accessed 7 May 2013</ref>


== Distribution ==
== Distribution ==

Revision as of 23:48, 4 November 2021

Exogyra
Temporal range: Jurassic-Cretaceous
Exogyra flabellata
(Owl Creek Formation, Late Cretaceous, Mississippi)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Ostreida
Family: Gryphaeidae
Genus: †Exogyra
Species

See text

Exogyra is an extinct genus of fossil marine oysters in the family Gryphaeidae, the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters.[1] These bivalves grew cemented by the more cupped left valve. The right valve is flatter, and the beak is curved to one side. Exogyra lived on solid substrates in warm seas[citation needed] during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.[2]

Taxonomy

The former subgenus Exogyra (Aetostreon) (Bayle, 1878)[3] is sometimes considered a separate genus, due to a lack of the fine set of parallel ribs (chomata) separated by pits, on the inner surface of the valves (which is present in the nominate subgenus).[4]

Species

Exogyra costata, Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (Maastrichtian); Starkville, Mississippi
Exogyra (subgenus Exogyra) (Say, 1820)
  • Exogyra africana Say, 1820[5]
  • Exogyra aquillana Stephenson, 1953
  • Exogyra callophyla Ihering, 1903
  • Exogyra cancellata Stephenson, 1914
  • Exogyra clarki Shattuck, 1903
  • Exogyra columbella Meek, 1876
  • Exogyra contorta Eichwald, 1868
  • Exogyra costata Say, 1971
  • Exogyra davidsoni Whidborne, 1883 [6]
  • Exogyra erraticostata Stephenson[7]
  • Exogyra fimbriata Conrad, 1855
  • Exogyra flabellata (Goldfuss, 1833)
  • Exogyra ganhamoroba Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra guadalupae Whitney, 1937 (thesis)
  • Exogyra haliotoidea Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra laevigata J. de C. Sowerby, 1829 [8]
  • Exogyra laeviuscula Roemer, 1849
  • Exogyra lancha Stoyanow, 1949
  • Exogyra levis Stephenson, 1952
  • Exogyra mutatoria White, 1887
  • Exogyra paupercula Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra plexa Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra potosina Castillo and Aguilera, 1895
  • Exogyra ponderosa Roemer, 1852
  • Exogyra praevirgula Douville & Jourdy, 1924[9][10]
  • Exogyra quitmanensis Cragin, 1893
  • Exogyra sergipensis Maury, 1936
  • Exogyra sigmoidea Reuss, 1844[11]
  • Exogyra solea Muller, 1910
  • Exogyra upatoiensis Stephenson, 1914
  • Exogyra whitneyi Bose, 1910
  • Exogyra woolmani Richards, 1947

Distribution

Fossils of Exogyra have been found in:[2]

Jurassic

Afghanistan, Chile, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kenya, Poland, Portugal, Somalia, Spain, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, and Yemen.

Cretaceous

Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia,Canada (British Columbia), Chile, Colombia (Hiló Formation, Tolima, Macanal and Chipaque Formations, Eastern Ranges),[12][13] Cuba, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, India, Iran, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, United States (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wyoming), Venezuela, and Yemen.

References

  1. ^ "Evolution of Exogyra plexa". Archived from the original on 26 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  2. ^ a b Exogyra at Fossilworks.org
  3. ^ Paleobiology Database, Exogyra (Aetostreon), accessed 7 May 2013
  4. ^ Pewgaczewska.H.
  5. ^ Exogyra africana
  6. ^ Exogyra davidsoni at Fossilworks.org
  7. ^ Exogyra
  8. ^ Lake.P., and Rastall.R.H., (1913), A Text Book of Geology, 2nd edition, London: Edward Arnold's Geological series Page 426 and 436
  9. ^ Exogyra praevirgula
  10. ^ Global Names Index
  11. ^ Ivanov. M., Hrdlickova. S., and Gregorova. R., (2005), The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils, 3rd. ed., Lisse: Rebo International, page 133
  12. ^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p. 204
  13. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p. 54

Bibliography

Further reading

  • National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils


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