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Revision as of 04:58, 10 November 2021

Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Stratigraphic range: Lower Sinemurian– Lower Pliensbachian Semicostatum-lowermost Margaritatus 198–188 Ma
Cliffs of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation at Charmouth, Dorset
TypeFormation
Unit ofLias Group
Sub-unitsShales With Beef Member, Black Ven Marl Member, Belemnite Marl Member, Green Ammonite Member
UnderliesDyrham Formation, Marlstone Rock Formation, unconformity with Gault (Charmouth area)
OverliesBlue Lias Formation, Scunthorpe Mudstone
AreaWessex Basin, Worcester Basin, East Midland Shelf
Thickness~335 m
Lithology
PrimaryShale, mudstone
OtherLimestone, sandstone
Location
RegionEngland
Country United Kingdom
Type section
Named forCharmouth
LocationCliff and foreshore exposures between Seven Rock Point and Golden Cap, Dorset

The Charmouth Mudstone Formation is a geological formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the early part of the Jurassic period (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian).[1] It forms part of the lower Lias Group. It is most prominently exposed at its type locality in cliff section between Lyme Regis and Charmouth (alongside the underlying Blue Lias) but onshore it extends northwards to Market Weighton, Yorkshire, and in the subsurface of the East Midlands Shelf and Wessex Basin. The formation is notable for its fossils, including those of ammonites and marine reptiles and rare dinosaur remains. The formation played a prominent role in the history of early paleontology, with its Lyme Regis-Charmouth exposure being frequented by fossil collectors including Mary Anning.

Stratigraphy

Shales With Beef Member

The Shales With Beef Member is around 28–30 metres thick in the Lyme Regis-Charmouth region and predominantly consists of thinly bedded medium to dark grey mudstone, blocky calcareous pale-weathering mudstone and brown-grey organic-rich mudstones with frequent bedding parallel veins of fibrous calcite ("beef"), that are usually less than 10 centimetres thick. Several beds of nodular and tabular limestone are also present. It is the lowest unit of the formation and directly overlies the Blue Lias Formation, with the boundary being marked by a prominent bioturbated horizon. Notable persistent marker beds within the member include the laminated calcareous siltstone "Fish Bed", "Table Ledge", which consists of lens beds of limestones with mud content with nests of rhynchonellid brachiopods, the Devonshire Head and the Spittles limestones and the Birchi Nodules (which are septarian concretions) The upper boundary with the Black Ven Marl Member is marked by the prominent laterally persistent limestone Birchi Tabular Bed.[2]

Black Ven Marl Member

The Black Ven Marl Member is around 43 metres thick consists of thinly bedded dark mudstones,[3] with several laterally persistent cementstone horizons, notable horizons include the Lower and Upper Cement beds and the Stellare nodules.

Belemnite Marl Member

The Belemnite Marl Member is around 20 to 27 metres thick, and consists of interbedded pale and dark grey calcareous mudstone, with numerous belemnites, hence the name. The top of the member is marked by the Belemnite Stone Bed[4]

Green Ammonite Member

The Green Ammonite Member is up to 31 metres thick predominantly consists of medium grey mudstones, with 3 limestone horizons, Lower Limestone; Red Band, and Upper Limestone, it is conformably overlain by the Dyrham Formation in some areas,[5] but in the Charmouth area there is an erosive unconformable boundary with the much younger Early Cretaceous (Albian) aged Gault clays.

Paleobiota

Vertebrate fauna of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation, by Nobu Tamura, 2020. Click through for original file.

Ammonites

Ammonites of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Apoderoceras A. cf. dunrobinense, A. subtriangulare
Arnioceras A. semicostatum Semicostatum Zone
Asteroceras A. obtusum Obtusum zone
Caenisites
Cymbites
Echioceras E. raricostatum Raricostatum Zone
Eoderoceras E. bispinigerum
Gemmellaroceras G. cf. peregrinum Belemnite Marls
Oxynoticeras O. williamsi
Phricodoceras P. taylori, P. lamellosum Belemnite Marls
Promicroceras P. planicosta Obtusum Zone
Radstockiceras R. complicatum
Tragophylloceras T. ibex, T. loscombi Green Ammonite Member
Xipheroceras

Sauropterygia

Sauropterygia of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Archaeonectrus[6]

Archaeonectrus rostratus

Charmouth

Arnioceras semicostatum-Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zone

BMNH 38525 (holotype skeleton)

A marine sauropterygian, member of the family Rhomaleosauridae

Attenborosaurus[7]

Attenborosaurus conybeari

  • Black Ven Water, Charmouth
  • Northwest corner of Black Ven Water

Asteroceras obtusum, Arnioceras semicostatum-Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zones

  • Holotype skeleton (now destroyed)
  • BMNH 40140, partial skeleton and skull

A marine sauropterygian, early member of the family Pliosauridae. It was identified as Plesiosaurus conybeari.

Cast of the holotype

?Plesiosaurus[8]

? Plesiosaurus sp.

  • Eastern point of Wear Cliffs, below Golden Cap

Prodactylioceras davoei ammonoid zone

  • BRSMG Ce17972a-o, articulated juvenile partial postcranial skeleton

A marine sauropterygian, type member of the family Plesiosauroidea inside Plesiosauria. A Juvenile specimen that resembles those assigned to the genus Plesiosaurus. Its assignation is dubious.

Plesiosaurus[9]

Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus

  • Lyme Regis

Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zone

  • Holotype (BMNH 22656)
  • Numerous specimens referred

A marine sauropterygian, type member of the family Plesiosauroidea inside Plesiosauria. The typical plesiosaur, and one of the most common found on the formation.

Thaumatodracon[10] T. wiedenrothi Between Lyme Regis and Charmouth Black Ven NLMH 106.058, "a partial skeleton comprising a complete cranium, mandible, articulated cervical series, and indeterminate fragmentary remains" A rhomaleosaurid

Ichthyosauria

Ichthyosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Ichthyosaurus

Ichthyosaurus anningae[11]

Charmouth

Stonebarrow Marls Member

DONMG:1983.98 Subadult specimen

An Ichthyosaurid Ichthyosaur

Ichthyosaurus sp.

West of Westhay Water, Stonebarrow

Stonebarrow Marls Member

NHMUK R15907, partial skeleton[12]

Considered to belong to I. communis by Bennett et al. 2012, considered indeterminate within Ichthyosaurus by Lomax and Massare 2015

Leptonectes

Leptonectes moorei[13]

Seatown

Belemnite Marls Member

BMNH R14370 partial anterior skeleton with most complete skull

Leptonectid Ichthyosaur

Leptonectes solei[14]

Seatown

Acanthopleuroceras valdani Subzone, Tragophylloceras ibex Zone, lower Pliensbachian

NMW 91.296.2.2 "a large, isolated and incomplete forefin"

Pterosauria

Pterosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Dimorphodon[15][16][17]

Dimorphodon macronyx

  • Charmouth
  • Lyme Regis

Black Ven Marl Member

  • Tail Fragments
  • Tibia
  • Femur
  • Humerus
  • Phalanax
  • Metacarps
  • Semi-Complete Skeletons

A basal pterosaur, type member of the family Dimorphodontidae.

Dimorphodontidae[17][18]

Indeterminate

  • Charmouth, Black Ven
  • Lyme Regis

Black Ven Marl Member

  • OUM J.53070
  • NHMUK PV R1595, wing phalanges

A basal pterosaur, member of the family Dimorphodontidae. Known as "Charmouth dimorphodontid" it shares resemblance with the genus Dimorphodon.

Dimorphodontidae[19]

Indeterminate

  • Near Seatown

Lower Pliensbachian member

Associated remains of the rostrum and mandibles

A basal Pterosaur, member of the family Dimorphodontidae. The relatively deep rostrum and extreme size dimorphism in the dentition show clear similarities to Dimorphodon, also from the Lias of Dorset. The distinctive dentition, in which the first four pairs of rostral teeth and two pairs of mandibular teeth are relatively large and fang-like, while the remaining teeth are remarkably small and short.[19]

Dinosauria

Dinosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Scelidosaurus[20][21][22]

Scelidosaurus harrisonii

  • Charmouth, Black Ven
  • Black Ven landslip

Black Ven Marl Member

  • NHMUK OR42068. Six osteoderms
  • NHMUK OR42070. Phalanx.
  • NHMUK OR42072. Large bone fragment – indet.
  • NHMUK OR42074. Ulna (paired with NHMOR41323).
  • NHMUK OR43062. Shaft of a large humerus, crushed proximal femur, fibula, fragmentary radius?, other large bone fragments
  • NHMUK OR46011. Probable rib fragment – indet.
  • BRSMG Ce12785. Partial skull and some disarticulated postcranial elements
  • BRSMG Ce12787. Partly eroded femur and vertebra
  • BRSMG Ce12788. cervical osteoderms.
  • BRSMG Ce12789. Vertebra and bone fragments
  • BRSMG Cf2781. nine middle-distal caudal vertebrae and some haemal arches with some organic (kerogenized) remains of the skin preserved.
  • BRSMG LEGL 0004. Articulated skeleton
  • BRSMG LEGL 0005. Articulated partial skeleton
  • DORCM G.7542. Osteoderms
  • DORCM G.10817. Osteoderms
  • CAMSM X39256. Cranial: disarticulated skull and jaw elements

A basal Thyreophoran, type member of the family Scelidosauridae. One of the best known armored dinosaurs of the lower Jurassic, also the most complete found to date, with specimens preserving even the skin and dermal armour.[23]

Scelidosaurus sp. A[24]

Belemnite Marls at Seatown

DORCM G.7842. Three dorsal vertebrae in articulation

Cf. Scelidosaurus sp.[25][26][27]

Foot of Black Ven, Charmouth

Asteroceras obtusum ammonoid zone, Black Ven Marl Member

  • NHMUK R6704, juvenile specimen
  • NHMUK R12019. A posterior fragment of the occiput and an articulated series of six cervical vertebrae
  • NHMUK R10103. Indeterminate bone fragments
  • NHMUK OR28333. Two scapulae
  • NHMUK OR32396. Radius
  • NHMUK OR39516. Osteoderms.
  • NHMUK OR39517. Caudal or?sacral vertebra, small distal caudal vertebra, small distal caudal
  • NHMUK OR39518. Haemal arch (chevron).
  • NHMUK OR39519. Two phalanges.

NHMUK OR39520. Ungual phalanx of ?pes.

  • NHMUK OR39521. Several bone fragments.
  • NHMUK OR40503. Tibia (proximal end).
  • NHMUK OR41322. Femur
  • NHMUK OR41323. Radius
  • NHMUK OR41324. Scapular blade
  • NHMUK OR41325. Humerus
  • NHMUK OR41326. Fibula
  • NHMUK OR41327. Two caudal vertebrae
  • NHMUK OR41328. Three metatarsals
  • NHMUK OR41329. Osteoderm
  • NHMUK OR41330. Ischium

"Merosaurus"[20][28][29]

"Merosaurus" newmani

lower cliff face, Charmouth

Black Ven Marl Member

  • GSM 109560, Left femur
  • NHMUK OR 39496, Partial hind limb

A Theropod, possible basal member of Tetanurae. Initially considered part of Scelidosaurus holotype, considered Tetanurae indet by Carrano 2012. It was named "Merosaurus" by Welles, Powell and Pickering in 1995.[30] But due to lack description was considered invalid.[31]

Coelophysidae[32][33]

"Megalosaurus" lydekkeri

Lyme Regis

Black Ven Marl Member

  • NHMUK OR 41352, isolated tooth

A Theropod, possible member of Coelophysidae inside Neotheropoda. Invalid and non diagnostic. It was identified as Zanclodon(?) sp. b., Megalosaurus lydekkeri and reassigned as Magnosaurus(?) lydekkeri.[34] Mortimer found that was changed to "Megalosaurus" woodwardi later.[34] It was found on mostly of recent works to be non diagnostic, probably a Coelophysoid.[33]

Neotheropoda[35]

Indeterminate

Near Lyme Regis

obtusum Zone, obtusum subzone

  • NHMUK PV R36855, Left fibula, ~ 17 cm long

A theropod, possible basal member of Neotheropoda. Previously misidentified as a referred specimen of the pterosaur Dimorphodon macronyx.[16] NHMUK PV R36855 differs from those of all other Early Jurassic-Late Triassic, theropods in its combination of features, but bears no discernible autapomorphies.[35] It is similar to Tawa, Dracoraptor and Liliensternus, being considered an early branching neotheropod, with a size range similar to Coelophysis bauri, representing an individual of approximately 10 kg, approximately the same size as Coelophysis bauri.[35]

Massopoda[36]

Indeterminate

lower cliff face, Charmouth

obtusum Zone, obtusum subzone

  • GSM 109561 pedal ungual

A Sauropodomorph, possible member of Massopoda. While it was not associated with BMNH 39496 or GSM 109560 and was not assigned to "Merosaurus" it was classified as coming from an indeterminate theropod. Mortimer found closer resemblance with pedal unguals of basal massopods like Blikanasaurus and Jingshanosaurus.[31]

Insects

Numerous species of insect are known from concretions, predominately in the Black Ven Marl Member.[37][38][39][40]

Insects of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Anglophlebia A. gigantea NHMUK In.51030, part and counterpart of partial forewing Damsel-dragonfly
Archaeolepis A. mane Birchi Nodules, Black Ven Shales with Beef Isolated wing Among the oldest known lepidopterans
Archelcana A. durnovaria Woodstones Black Ven Marl Member Elcanid orthopteran
Austaulius A. haustrum Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis NHMUK II 3103 Necrotauliid caddisfly
Brevicula B. gradus, B. maculata Flatstones, Woodstones B. gradus: Holotype: NHMUK In.53993, female with ovipositor, B. maculata: Holotype: NHMUK II.3086, isolated Tegmina Dermapterid earwig
Brochocoleus B. maculatus Ommatid beetle
Chrismooreia C. michaelbehei Charmouth Obtusum Zone Part and counterpart of a mostly complete specimen Asiopterid damsel-dragonfly
Dacryoderma B. teres Charmouth-by-pass construction site Obtusum Zone Isolated tegmen Dermapterid earwig
Dorsettia D. laeta Flatstones BMNH In 59375, a male hindwing fragment Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly, genus also known from China
Durnovaria D. parallela Flatstones Aerophasmatid, Stem group of Phasmatodea
Elaterina E. liassica Lyme Regis Click beetle
Elaterophanes E. regius Flatstones Click beetle
Eoptychoptera E. spectra Flatstones Ptychopterid fly, formerly referred to the genus Prodocidia
Holcoptera H. giebeli, H. alisonae Flatstones Bed 83 of the Obtusum Subchronozone, Black Ven Marl Member Complete specimen, isolated wings Coptoclavid beetle
Hypsothemis H. fraseri Flatstones BMNH In 59109, a hindwing Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly, genus also known from China and Kazakhstan
Jurachorista J. bashkuevi Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed Shales with Beef Member Eomeropid scorpionfly
Lateophlebia L. anglicanopsis Flatstones Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly
Liassocorixa L. dorsetica Flatstones Corixid bug
Liassocupes L. parvus Flatstones Ommatid beetle
Liassophlebia L. pseudomagnifica Stonebarrow NHMUK In.64000, partial hindwing Liassophlebiid damsel-dragonfly
Locustopsis L. spectabilis Flatstones Locustopsid grasshopper
"Mesocixiella" "M." fennahi Flatstones Fulgoridiid planthopper, does not belong to the genus Mesocixiella
Metaraphidia M. confusa Black Ven Marl Member Snakefly
Micromacula M. gracilis Flatstones, Birchi Nodules Regiatid orthopteran
Mimemala M. giganteum Flatstones Schizocoleid beetle
Nannoblattina N. petulantia Flatstones Mesoblattinid cockroach
Nannotanyderus N. oliviae Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed Shales with Beef Member Tanyderid fly
Neomeridium N. trifurcum Woodstones Pachymeridiid Lygaeoid bug
Omma O. liassicum Flatstones BMNH 59132 Ommatid beetle, genus extant
Orthophlebia O. capillata Flatstones BMNH In 53924, an exoskeleton (wings & thorax) Orthophlebiid scorpionfly
Paraprosbole P. rotruda Flatstones Tettigarctid cicada
Propreocoris P. maculatus Woodstones Stem-group to Ochteridae and Gelastocoridae
Protohagla P. langi Flatstones Haglid cricket
Protorthophlebia P. latipennis Flatstones Protorthophlebiid scorpionfly
Priscaenigma P. obtusa Flatstones Snakefly
Pseudopolycentropus P. triangularis Woodstones Black Ven Marl Member Pseudopolycentropodid scorpionfly
Pterocimex P. jacksoni Woodstones Black Ven Marl Member Nepomorphan
Regiata R. scutra Flatstones Regiatid orthopteran
Rossiphlebia R. jacksoni Flatstones NHMUK In.53999, part and counterpart of a partial hindwing Liassophlebiid damsel-dragonfly
Tersus T. crowsoni Flatstones NHM, In. 53949 Schizophorid beetle

See also

References

  1. ^ British Geological Survey. "Charmouth Mudstone Formation". BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  2. ^ Gallois, R.W. (2008). The lithostratigraphy of the Shales-with-Beef Member of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Lower Jurassic (PDF). Ussher Society. OCLC 703253954.
  3. ^ "Black Ven Marl Member". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
  4. ^ "Belemnite Marl Member". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
  5. ^ "Green Ammonite Member". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
  6. ^ R. Owen. 1865. Part I. Sauropterygia. Monographs on the fossil Reptilia of the Liassic formations 17(75):1-40
  7. ^ W. J. Sollas. 1881. On a new species of Plesiosaurus (P. Conybeari) from the Lower Lias of Charmouth; with observations on P megacephalus, Stutchbury, and P. brachycephalus, Owen. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 37:440-480
  8. ^ G. W. Storrs. 1995. A juvenile specimen of ? Plesiosaurus sp. from the Lias (Lower Jurassic, Pliensbachian) near Charmouth, Dorset, England. Proceedings of the Dorsal Archaeological and Natural History Society 116:71-76
  9. ^ W. D. Conybeare. 1824. On the discovery of an almost perfect skeleton of the Plesiosaurus. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, series 2 1:381-389
  10. ^ Smith, Adam S.; Araújo, Ricardo (2017-07-21). "Thaumatodracon wiedenrothi, a morphometrically and stratigraphically intermediate new rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurian from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Lyme Regis". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 308 (4–6): 89–125. doi:10.1127/pala/308/2017/89. ISSN 0375-0442.
  11. ^ Lomax, Dean R.; Massare, Judy A. (2015-03-04). "A new species of Ichthyosaurus from the Lower Jurassic of West Dorset, England, U.K." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (2): e903260. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.903260. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85745787.
  12. ^ Bennett, S.P.; Barrett, P.M.; Collinson, M.E.; Moore-Fay, S.; Davis, P.G.; Palmer, C.P. (January 2012). "A new specimen of Ichthyosaurus communis from Dorset, UK, and its bearing on the stratigraphical range of the species". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 123 (1): 146–154. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.07.001.
  13. ^ McGowan, Christopher; Milner, Angela C. (October 1999). "A new Pliensbachian ichthyosaur from Dorset, England". Palaeontology. 42 (5): 761–768. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00096. ISSN 0031-0239.
  14. ^ Lomax, Dean R.; Massare, Judy A. (December 2018). "A forefin of Leptonectes solei from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, UK". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 129 (6): 770–773. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.07.005.
  15. ^ Martill, D. M. (2014). Dimorphodon and the Reverend George Howman's noctivagous flying dragon: the earliest restoration of a pterosaur in its natural habitat. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 125(1), 120-130.
  16. ^ a b Steel, L. (2012). The pterosaur collection at the Natural History Museum, London, UK: an overview and list of specimens, with description of recent curatorial developments. Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition, 86(6), 1340-1355.
  17. ^ a b Unwin, D. M. (2003). On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 217(1), 139-190.
  18. ^ Barrett, P. M., Butler, R. J., Edwards, N. P., & Milner, A. R. (2008). Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas. Zitteliana, 61-107.
  19. ^ a b Unwin, D. M. (2011): A new dimorphodontid pterosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Dorset, southern England. 59th Annual Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative AnatomyLyme Regis, Dorset, UK
  20. ^ a b B.H. Newman The Jurassic dinosaur Scelidosaurus harrisoni, Owen Palaeontology, 11 (1968), pp. 40-43
  21. ^ Charig AJ, Newman BH. 1992. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 (Reptilia, Ornithischia): proposed replacement of inappropriate lectotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 49: 280–283
  22. ^ David B Norman, FLS, Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: cranial anatomy, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 188, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 1–81, [1]
  23. ^ David B Norman, FLS, Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: the dermal skeleton, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 190, Issue 1, September 2020, Pages 1–53, [2]
  24. ^ P. C. Ensom. 1989. New scelidosaur remains from the Lower Lias of Dorset. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 110:166-167
  25. ^ Anonymous. 1955. British Museum (Natural History). Nature 176(4487):815-816
  26. ^ Maidment, S.C.R., Porro, L.B., 2010, "Homology of the palpebral and origin of the supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs", Lethaia, 43: 95-111
  27. ^ Rixon AE. 1968. The development of the remains of a small Scelidosaurus from a Lias nodule. Museums Journal 67: 315–321
  28. ^ R.B.J. Benson, P.M. Barrett Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part 1, the carnivorous dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 130 (2009), pp. 133-147
  29. ^ M.T. Carrano, R.B.J. Benson, S.D. Sampson The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10 (2012), pp. 211-300
  30. ^ Pickering, 1995. Jurassic Park: Unauthorized Jewish Fractals in Philopatry. A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project, 2nd revised printing. Capitola, California. 478 pp.
  31. ^ a b Mortimer, M.(2010): Pickering's taxa 4: Merosaurus newmani. The Theropod Database Blog
  32. ^ R. Lydekker Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. British Museum (Natural History), London 309 pp (1888)
  33. ^ a b M.T. Carrano, S.D. Sampson A review of coelophysoids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Europe, with comments on the late history of the Coelophysoidea Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 2004 (2004), pp. 537-558
  34. ^ a b Mortimer, M.(2012):"New" name for Megalosaurus? lydekkeri. The Theropod Database Blog
  35. ^ a b c Choinierea J. N., Wills, S., Bennett, S.C., Barrett P.M.(2020):A small theropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Lias Group of Charmouth, Dorset. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 14 September 2020
  36. ^ Benson, 2010. The osteology of Magnosaurus nethercombensis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of the United Kingdom and a re-examination of the oldest records of tetanurans. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8(1), 131-146.
  37. ^ "Flatstones, Charmouth (Jackson collection) (Jurassic of the United Kingdom)". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
  38. ^ "Flatstones, Stonebarrow, Charmouth (Jackson collection) (Jurassic of the United Kingdom)". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
  39. ^ "Flatstones, Black Ven, Charmouth (Jackson collection)". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
  40. ^ "Woodstones, Black Ven, Charmouth (Jackson collection)". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
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