Free Breakfast for Children: Difference between revisions

Free Breakfast for School Children Program
Free Breakfast for School Children Program
Products	Breakfast
Owner	Black Panther Party
Country	United States
Key people	Huey P. Newton, Fred Hampton
Established	1968

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The Free Breakfast for School Children Program was a community service program run by the Black Panther Party that focused on providing free breakfast for children before school. The program began in January 1969 at Father Earl A. Neil’s St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church, located in West Oakland, California^[1] and spread throughout the nation. This program was an early manifestation of the social mission envisioned by Black Panther Party founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale along with their founding of the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to 150 children from impoverished urban neighborhoods. The breakfasts formed the core of what became known as the party's Survival Programs.^[2] Inspired by contemporary research about the essential role of breakfast for optimal schooling and the belief that alleviating hunger and poverty was necessary for Black liberation, the Panthers cooked and served food to the poor inner city youth of the area. The service created community centers in various cities for children and parents to simultaneously learn more about black liberation and the Black Panther Party’s efforts.

History

Initiated in January 1969 at St. Augustine's Episcopal Church in West Oakland, California, the program became so popular that by the end of the year, the Panthers set up kitchens in cities across the US, feeding over 10,000 children every day before they went to school.^[3]

The Free Breakfast Program quickly became the central organizing activity of the group. The reach and success of the program in so many communities underscored the inadequacies of the federal government's then-flagging and under-resourced lunch programs in public schools across the country. The program allowed the children of West Oakland's poor neighborhoods to eat a healthy meal in a safe, supportive environment.^[4] The party used the program to educate children and their families about anti-capitalism, Black pride, and developing revolutionary consciousness.^[5] Many of these programs were held in predominantly Black neighborhoods but also served children of other ethnicities.

The program was mainly run by volunteers—both party members and non-affiliated community members, most of them women. Those working closely in the program made sure that the free breakfasts were a concrete assistance to the city's poor communities. They also shaped the program to be a powerful symbol of racial injustice and ghetto marginalization in America.^[6] Volunteers would start setting up and preparing food around 6 am, and served the meal from 7-8:30. Most programs took place in churches, schools, or community centers. A typical breakfast often included some combination of bacon, eggs, grits, hotcakes, toast, sausage, and a glass of juice or milk.^[7]

Oakland

The Black Panther Party initially announced their intentions to begin the Free Breakfast for Children Program in September 1968 and the first program was officially launched at St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church in Oakland in late January 1969. Parishioner Ruth Beckford-Smith was in charge of this first program^[1].

Parishioner Ruth Beckford-Smith, working with Father Earl A. Neil, constructed a healthy menu that would nourish children and properly created a kitchen and dining hall that passed health inspections. The program's launch day served 11 children and gained popularity, as by the end of the week 135 children were being served daily at St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church. The programs success influenced other chapters of the Black Panther Party, and soon the Free Breakfast Program was mandatory in all chapters nationwide^[8].

Survival Programs

The Free Breakfast for Children Program was one among more than 60 community social programs created by the Black Panther Party.^[8] They were renamed Survival Programs in 1971.^[9] These were operated by party members under the slogan "survival pending revolution." In addition to feeding school children, the party started People's Free Food Programs, delivering groceries, and encouraging community members to vote.^[7] Following the creation of the breakfast program came the founding of Liberation Schools.^[10] The installment of the Intercommunal Youth Institute and the People's Free Medical Research Health Institute followed in 1970.^[11] The Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation, which provided free sickle cell anemia testing, came in 1971.^[12] Another Survival Program started by the Black Panther Party was referred to as "medical self-defense" with the creation of healthcare clinics and their own ambulance services.^[13] Other survival programs included children development center, free clothing, free busing to prisons, free housing cooperative, free ambulance, etc.^[14]

These programs had multiple goals including drawing community members to political rallies, dramatizing social inequalities, providing needed community services, and educating people in the ideas and program of the party.^[15] The Survival Programs solidified the Panthers standing in the larger community. The party's daily presence in the neighborhoods with breakfast, child care, and other programs changed the impression of the Panthers.^[16] They were seen as community leaders that actively worked to help the people around them.

Chicago

Fred Hampton, leader of the Chicago local, helped organize a number of community programs. These included five different breakfast programs on the West Side, a free medical center, a door to door program of health services (which offered testing for sickle cell anemia), and blood drives for the Cook County Hospital.^[17] The Chicago party also reached out to local gangs to clean up their acts, get them away from crime and bring them into the class war. The Party's efforts met with wide success, and Hampton's audiences and organized contingent grew by the day.^[18]

Demise

Despite its successes, federal authorities attempted to discredit and derail the Free Breakfast Program. Among other actions, authorities targeted the party with rumors of poisoned food^[19] and raided breakfast program locations while children were eating.

The program gained FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover’s attention because of its success in gaining the support of many black children and liberal whites.^[20]

As depicted in the 2015 documentary The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution, it was Huey P. Newton, upon release from jail in 1970, who revitalized the breakfast program as a key social focus for the Panthers in Oakland; from exile in Algeria, Eldridge Cleaver protested that prioritizing the breakfast program diluted the true mission of the Black Panther Party, which Cleaver emphasized had to remain an "any means necessary" political opposition to U.S. government practices, thus concretizing a schism in the leadership of the Black Panther Party – into Cleaver vs. Newton factions – that led to its eventual demise.^{[citation needed]}

The US government would soon implement a national breakfast program of its own built on the framework of the Panthers' innovation.

Legacy

The success of the Black Panther Party's Free Breakfast for Children program pressured state and federal governments to expand their own services. It would be a decade or more before free breakfasts would become almost universally available to poor children.^[21] In California, the party pushed Ronald Reagan's administration to create a state-wide free breakfast program, and while the federally funded School Breakfast Program was first piloted in 1966, congress only permanently authorized it in 1975.^[22]

Notes

^ ^a ^b author., Bloom, Joshua,. Black against empire : the history and politics of the Black Panther Party. ISBN 978-0-520-29328-1. OCLC 966308767. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.
^ "Rise of the Black Panther Party". Black Panther Party.org. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.
^ Hassberg, Analena Hope (2020-10-27), "NURTURING THE REVOLUTION:", Black Food Matters, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 82–106, ISBN 978-1-4529-6193-4, retrieved 2021-04-06
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.
^ ^a ^b Potorti, Mary (March 2017). ""Feeding the Revolution": the Black Panther Party, Hunger, and Community Survival". Journal of African American Studies. 21 (1): 85–110. doi:10.1007/s12111-017-9345-9. ISSN 1559-1646.
^ ^a ^b "Black Panther Party Community Programs (1966-1982)". The Black Panther Party Research Project. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
^ Churchill, Ward (2014). "'To Disrupt, Discredit and Destroy' The FBI's Secret War against the Black Panther Party". In Cleaver, Kathleen; Katsiaficas, George (eds.). Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Black Panthers and Their Legacy. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-135-29832-6. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.
^ "The Black Panther Party Stands for Health | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health". www.mailman.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
^ The Black Panther party (reconsidered). Jones, Charles E. (Charles Earl), 1953-. Baltimore: Black Classic Press. 1998. pp. 30. ISBN 0-933121-96-2. OCLC 39228699.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 232.
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 232.
^ Spieler, Geri (2009). Taking Aim at the President: The Remarkable Story of the Woman Who Shot at Gerald Ford. New York: St. Martin's. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-230-61023-1. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^ Baggins, Brian. "History of the Black Panther Party". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2007-04-08. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ Hassberg, Analena Hope (2020-10-27), "NURTURING THE REVOLUTION:", Black Food Matters, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 82–106, ISBN 978-1-4529-6193-4, retrieved 2021-04-01
^ Pien, Diane (2010-02-11). "Black Panther Party's Free Breakfast Program (1969-1980) •". Retrieved 2021-09-07.
^ Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.
^ Heynen, Nik (2009-04-22). "Bending the Bars of Empire from Every Ghetto for Survival: The Black Panther Party's Radical Antihunger Politics of Social Reproduction and Scale". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 99 (2): 406–422. doi:10.1080/00045600802683767. ISSN 0004-5608.

References

Katsiaficas, George N.; Kathleen Cleaver (March 2001). Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at Their Legacy. Routledge. pp. 87–89. ISBN 0-415-92783-8.
Abu-Jamal, Mumia (May 2004). We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party. South End Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 0-89608-718-2.

[:1-1] uthor., Bloom, Joshua,. Black against empire : the history and politics of the Black Panther Party. ISBN 978-0-520-29328-1. OCLC 966308767. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.

[Rise-3] "Rise of the Black Panther Party". Black Panther Party.org. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.

[4] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.

[5] Hassberg, Analena Hope (2020-10-27), "NURTURING THE REVOLUTION:", Black Food Matters, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 82–106, ISBN 978-1-4529-6193-4, retrieved 2021-04-06

[6] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.

[:0-7] Potorti, Mary (March 2017). ""Feeding the Revolution": the Black Panther Party, Hunger, and Community Survival". Journal of African American Studies. 21 (1): 85–110. doi:10.1007/s12111-017-9345-9. ISSN 1559-1646.

[:2-8] "Black Panther Party Community Programs (1966-1982)". The Black Panther Party Research Project. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

[9] Churchill, Ward (2014). "'To Disrupt, Discredit and Destroy' The FBI's Secret War against the Black Panther Party". In Cleaver, Kathleen; Katsiaficas, George (eds.). Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Black Panthers and Their Legacy. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-135-29832-6. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-11-11.

[10] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.

[11] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.

[12] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.

[13] "The Black Panther Party Stands for Health | Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health". www.mailman.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2017-09-06.

[14] The Black Panther party (reconsidered). Jones, Charles E. (Charles Earl), 1953-. Baltimore: Black Classic Press. 1998. pp. 30. ISBN 0-933121-96-2. OCLC 39228699.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[15] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 232.

[16] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 232.

[17] Spieler, Geri (2009). Taking Aim at the President: The Remarkable Story of the Woman Who Shot at Gerald Ford. New York: St. Martin's. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-230-61023-1. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2017.

[18] Baggins, Brian. "History of the Black Panther Party". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2007-04-08. Retrieved 2007-10-16.

[19] Hassberg, Analena Hope (2020-10-27), "NURTURING THE REVOLUTION:", Black Food Matters, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 82–106, ISBN 978-1-4529-6193-4, retrieved 2021-04-01

[20] Pien, Diane (2010-02-11). "Black Panther Party's Free Breakfast Program (1969-1980) •". Retrieved 2021-09-07.

[21] Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton University Press, 2003. p. 231.

[22] Heynen, Nik (2009-04-22). "Bending the Bars of Empire from Every Ghetto for Survival: The Black Panther Party's Radical Antihunger Politics of Social Reproduction and Scale". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 99 (2): 406–422. doi:10.1080/00045600802683767. ISSN 0004-5608.

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-The '''Free Breakfast for School Children Program''' was a community service program run by the [[Black Panther Party]] that focused on providing free breakfast for children before school. The program began in January 1969 at Father Earl A. Neil’s St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church, located in West Oakland, California<ref>{{Cite book|last=author.|first=Bloom, Joshua,|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/966308767|title=Black against empire : the history and politics of the Black Panther Party|isbn=978-0-520-29328-1|oclc=966308767}}</ref> and spread throughout the nation. This program was an early manifestation of the social mission envisioned by Black Panther Party founders [[Huey P. Newton]] and [[Bobby Seale]] along with their founding of the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to 150 children from impoverished urban neighborhoods. The breakfasts formed the core of what became known as the party's Survival Programs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=231}}</ref> Inspired by contemporary research about the essential role of breakfast for optimal schooling and the belief that alleviating hunger and poverty was necessary for [[Black Power movement|Black liberation]], the Panthers cooked and served food to the poor inner city youth of the area. The service created community centers in various cities for children and parents to simultaneously learn more about black liberation and the Black Panther Party’s efforts.
+The '''Free Breakfast for School Children Program''' was a community service program run by the [[Black Panther Party]] that focused on providing free breakfast for children before school. The program began in January 1969 at Father Earl A. Neil’s St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church, located in West Oakland, California<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=author.|first=Bloom, Joshua,|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/966308767|title=Black against empire : the history and politics of the Black Panther Party|isbn=978-0-520-29328-1|oclc=966308767}}</ref> and spread throughout the nation. This program was an early manifestation of the social mission envisioned by Black Panther Party founders [[Huey P. Newton]] and [[Bobby Seale]] along with their founding of the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to 150 children from impoverished urban neighborhoods. The breakfasts formed the core of what became known as the party's Survival Programs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=231}}</ref> Inspired by contemporary research about the essential role of breakfast for optimal schooling and the belief that alleviating hunger and poverty was necessary for [[Black Power movement|Black liberation]], the Panthers cooked and served food to the poor inner city youth of the area. The service created community centers in various cities for children and parents to simultaneously learn more about black liberation and the Black Panther Party’s efforts.
 == History ==
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 The program was mainly run by volunteers—both party members and non-affiliated community members, most of them women. Those working closely in the program made sure that the free breakfasts were a concrete assistance to the city's poor communities. They also shaped the program to be a powerful symbol of racial injustice and ghetto marginalization in America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=231}}</ref> Volunteers would start setting up and preparing food around 6 am, and served the meal from 7-8:30. Most programs took place in churches, schools, or community centers. A typical breakfast often included some combination of bacon, eggs, grits, hotcakes, toast, sausage, and a glass of juice or milk.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Potorti|first=Mary|date=March 2017|title="Feeding the Revolution": the Black Panther Party, Hunger, and Community Survival|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-017-9345-9|journal=Journal of African American Studies|volume=21|issue=1|pages=85–110|doi=10.1007/s12111-017-9345-9|issn=1559-1646}}</ref>
+== Oakland ==
+The Black Panther Party initially announced their intentions to begin the Free Breakfast for Children Program in September 1968 and the first program was officially launched at St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church in Oakland in late January 1969. Parishioner Ruth Beckford-Smith was in charge of this first program<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=author.|first=Bloom, Joshua,|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/966308767|title=Black against empire : the history and politics of the Black Panther Party|isbn=978-0-520-29328-1|oclc=966308767}}</ref>.
+Parishioner Ruth Beckford-Smith, working with Father Earl A. Neil, constructed a healthy menu that would nourish children and properly created a kitchen and dining hall that passed health inspections. The program's launch day served 11 children and gained popularity, as by the end of the week 135 children were being served daily at St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church. The programs success influenced other chapters of the Black Panther Party, and soon the Free Breakfast Program was mandatory in all chapters nationwide<ref name=":2" />.
 ===Survival Programs===
-The Free Breakfast for Children Program was one among more than 60 community social programs created by the Black Panther Party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Panther Party Community Programs (1966-1982)|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/blackpanthers/programs.shtml|publisher=The Black Panther Party Research Project|access-date=April 29, 2015}}</ref> They were renamed Survival Programs in 1971.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Churchill|first1=Ward|author-link1=Ward Churchill|editor1-last=Cleaver|editor1-first=Kathleen|editor2-last=Katsiaficas|editor2-first=George|title=Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Black Panthers and Their Legacy|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-135-29832-6|page=87|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tNQAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Free%20Breakfast%20for%20Children%22%20black%20panther&pg=PA87|chapter='To Disrupt, Discredit and Destroy' The FBI's Secret War against the Black Panther Party|access-date=2020-11-11|archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215211429/https://books.google.com/books?id=_tNQAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Free+Breakfast+for+Children%22+black+panther&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> These were operated by party members under the slogan "survival pending revolution." In addition to feeding school children, the party started People's Free Food Programs, delivering groceries, and encouraging community members to vote.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Potorti|first=Mary|date=March 2017|title="Feeding the Revolution": the Black Panther Party, Hunger, and Community Survival|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-017-9345-9|journal=Journal of African American Studies|volume=21|issue=1|pages=85–110|doi=10.1007/s12111-017-9345-9|issn=1559-1646}}</ref> Following the creation of the breakfast program came the founding of Liberation Schools.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=231}}</ref> The installment of the Intercommunal Youth Institute and the People's Free Medical Research Health Institute followed in 1970.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003|pages=231}}</ref> The Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation, which provided free sickle cell anemia testing, came in 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=231}}</ref> Another Survival Program started by the Black Panther Party was referred to as "medical self-defense" with the creation of healthcare clinics and their own ambulance services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/black-panther-party-stands-health|title=The Black Panther Party Stands for Health {{!}} Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health|website=www.mailman.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-09-06|archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215211416/https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/black-panther-party-stands-health|url-status=live}}</ref> Other survival programs included children development center, free clothing, free busing to prisons, free housing cooperative, free ambulance, etc.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780933121966/page/30|title=The Black Panther party (reconsidered)|date=1998|publisher=Black Classic Press|others=Jones, Charles E. (Charles Earl), 1953-|isbn=0-933121-96-2|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780933121966/page/30 30]|oclc=39228699}}</ref>
+The Free Breakfast for Children Program was one among more than 60 community social programs created by the Black Panther Party.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Black Panther Party Community Programs (1966-1982)|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/blackpanthers/programs.shtml|publisher=The Black Panther Party Research Project|access-date=April 29, 2015}}</ref> They were renamed Survival Programs in 1971.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Churchill|first1=Ward|author-link1=Ward Churchill|editor1-last=Cleaver|editor1-first=Kathleen|editor2-last=Katsiaficas|editor2-first=George|title=Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Black Panthers and Their Legacy|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-135-29832-6|page=87|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tNQAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Free%20Breakfast%20for%20Children%22%20black%20panther&pg=PA87|chapter='To Disrupt, Discredit and Destroy' The FBI's Secret War against the Black Panther Party|access-date=2020-11-11|archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215211429/https://books.google.com/books?id=_tNQAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Free+Breakfast+for+Children%22+black+panther&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> These were operated by party members under the slogan "survival pending revolution." In addition to feeding school children, the party started People's Free Food Programs, delivering groceries, and encouraging community members to vote.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Potorti|first=Mary|date=March 2017|title="Feeding the Revolution": the Black Panther Party, Hunger, and Community Survival|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-017-9345-9|journal=Journal of African American Studies|volume=21|issue=1|pages=85–110|doi=10.1007/s12111-017-9345-9|issn=1559-1646}}</ref> Following the creation of the breakfast program came the founding of Liberation Schools.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=231}}</ref> The installment of the Intercommunal Youth Institute and the People's Free Medical Research Health Institute followed in 1970.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003|pages=231}}</ref> The Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation, which provided free sickle cell anemia testing, came in 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=231}}</ref> Another Survival Program started by the Black Panther Party was referred to as "medical self-defense" with the creation of healthcare clinics and their own ambulance services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/black-panther-party-stands-health|title=The Black Panther Party Stands for Health {{!}} Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health|website=www.mailman.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-09-06|archive-date=2021-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215211416/https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/black-panther-party-stands-health|url-status=live}}</ref> Other survival programs included children development center, free clothing, free busing to prisons, free housing cooperative, free ambulance, etc.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780933121966/page/30|title=The Black Panther party (reconsidered)|date=1998|publisher=Black Classic Press|others=Jones, Charles E. (Charles Earl), 1953-|isbn=0-933121-96-2|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780933121966/page/30 30]|oclc=39228699}}</ref>
 These programs had multiple goals including drawing community members to political rallies, dramatizing social inequalities, providing needed community services, and educating people in the ideas and program of the party.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=232}}</ref> The Survival Programs solidified the Panthers standing in the larger community. The party's daily presence in the neighborhoods with breakfast, child care, and other programs changed the impression of the Panthers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Self |first1=Robert |title=American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2003 |pages=232}}</ref> They were seen as community leaders that actively worked to help the people around them.