Mizoch Ghetto: Difference between revisions
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== Uprising and mass killings == |
== Uprising and mass killings == |
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On 12 October 1942 the closed-off ghetto of about 1,700 Jews was surrounded by [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] and German policemen in preparation for the ghetto liquidation action. The Jews fought back in an uprising which may have lasted as long as two days. |
On 12 October 1942 the closed-off ghetto of about 1,700 Jews was surrounded by [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] and German policemen in preparation for the ghetto liquidation action. The Jews fought back in an uprising which may have lasted as long as two days. About half the residents were able to flee or hide during the confusion before the uprising was put down. On 14 October the captured survivors were transported in lorries to a secluded ravine and shot.<ref name="Spector">Shmuel Spector, quoting the memoirs of Peretz Goldstein, ''The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination''.</ref> |
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=== Photographs === |
=== Photographs === |
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===Aftermath=== |
===Aftermath=== |
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Mizocz would later become the site of [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|the OUN-UPA massacre]] of about 100 Poles by Ukrainian nationalists in late August 1943. Some 60 percent of the homes were set on fire and burned.<ref name="szolc">{{cite web | url=http://www.rodzina_szolc.republika.pl/Files/000057.htm | title=Mizocz | publisher=Republika.pl | work=Gmina Mizocz, powiat Zdołbunów, województwo wołyńskie | date=2015 | access-date=19 April 2015 | author=Szolc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235423/http://www.rodzina_szolc.republika.pl/Files/000057.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Among the victims was Ukrainian carpenter Mr Zachmacz and his entire family, murdered along with the Poles because he refused to enter the fray. His eight-year-old son survived hiding with the Poles.<ref name="wolyn"/> |
Mizocz would later become the site of [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|the OUN-UPA massacre]] of about 100 Poles by [[Ukrainian nationalism|Ukrainian nationalists]] in late August 1943. Some 60 percent of the homes were set on fire and burned.<ref name="szolc">{{cite web | url=http://www.rodzina_szolc.republika.pl/Files/000057.htm | title=Mizocz | publisher=Republika.pl | work=Gmina Mizocz, powiat Zdołbunów, województwo wołyńskie | date=2015 | access-date=19 April 2015 | author=Szolc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235423/http://www.rodzina_szolc.republika.pl/Files/000057.htm | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Among the victims was Ukrainian carpenter Mr Zachmacz and his entire family, murdered along with the Poles because he refused to enter the fray. His eight-year-old son survived hiding with the Poles.<ref name="wolyn"/> |
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Following World War II, [[Territorial changes of Poland after World War II|Poland's borders were redrawn]] and Mizoch was incorporated into the [[Ukrainian SSR]].<ref name="wolyn"/> The Jewish community was never restored. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the town became part of independent Ukraine.<ref name="Fertacz">Sylwester Fertacz (2005), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133017/http://www.alfa.com.pl/slask/200506/s19.html "Krojenie mapy Polski: Bolesna granica" (Carving of Poland's map).] Magazyn Społeczno-Kulturalny ''Śląsk.'' Retrieved from the [[Internet Archive]] on 5 June 2016.</ref><ref name="BP285">{{cite book |title=Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-Creation of World War II |authors=Simon Berthon, Joanna Potts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q45EBArmpRYC&q=Livadia+Palace%2C+Poland&pg=PA285 |page=285 |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0306816505}}</ref> |
Following World War II, [[Territorial changes of Poland after World War II|Poland's borders were redrawn]] and Mizoch was incorporated into the [[Ukrainian SSR]].<ref name="wolyn"/> The Jewish community was never restored. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the town became part of independent Ukraine.<ref name="Fertacz">Sylwester Fertacz (2005), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133017/http://www.alfa.com.pl/slask/200506/s19.html "Krojenie mapy Polski: Bolesna granica" (Carving of Poland's map).] Magazyn Społeczno-Kulturalny ''Śląsk.'' Retrieved from the [[Internet Archive]] on 5 June 2016.</ref><ref name="BP285">{{cite book |title=Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-Creation of World War II |authors=Simon Berthon, Joanna Potts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q45EBArmpRYC&q=Livadia+Palace%2C+Poland&pg=PA285 |page=285 |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0306816505}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 15:10, 27 November 2021
| Mizoch ghetto | |
|---|---|
  Mizocz
Mizoch ghetto location during the Holocaust, with the Nazi administrative districts | |
  Mizocz Ghetto Mizoch in modern-day Ukraine | |
| Location | Near Rivne in western Ukraine 50°24′N 26°09′E / 50.400°N 26.150°E |
| Date | 14 October 1942 |
| Incident type | Forced labor, mass shootings |
| Perpetrators | Einsatzgruppen, Order Police battalions, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police |
| Ghetto | 1,700 population |
| Victims | about 800-1,200 Jews |
The Mizoch (Mizocz) Ghetto (Template:Lang-de; Cyrillic: Мизоч; Yiddish: מיזאָטש) was a World War II ghetto set up in the town of Mizoch, Western Ukraine by Nazi Germany for the forcible segregation and mistreatment of Jews.
Background
Jews settled in Mizoch in the 18th century. In 1897, the total population of the town was 2,662 with 1,175 Jews owning factories for felt, oil and sugar production, as well as the flour mill and sawmills.[1] Some Jews emigrated during World War I. According to the national census of 1921 in the Second Polish Republic there were 845 Jews in Mizocz, most of them identifying with the Turzysk Hasidism. Their numbers grew as the Polish economy improved.[1] It was an urban community between world wars like many others in Kresy (eastern Poland), inhabited by Jews and Poles along with members of other minorities including Ukrainians. There was a military school in Mizocz for the officer cadets of the Battalion 11 of the Polish Army's First Brigade;[2] the Karwicki Palace (built in 1790, partly destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1917), Hotel Barmocha Fuksa,[3] a Catholic and an Orthodox church, and a Synagogue. The nearest major city was Równo.[2]
Mizoch is situated some 18 miles (29 km) east of Dubno.[4] Before the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, the town, Mizocz, was located in the Wołyń Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic.[2] Annexed by the USSR following the 1939 Soviet invasion of eastern Poland, Mizocz was occupied by the Wehrmacht in Operation Barbarossa, the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Some 300 Jews escaped with the retreating Soviets.[1]
Uprising and mass killings
On 12 October 1942 the closed-off ghetto of about 1,700 Jews was surrounded by Ukrainian Auxiliary Police and German policemen in preparation for the ghetto liquidation action. The Jews fought back in an uprising which may have lasted as long as two days. About half the residents were able to flee or hide during the confusion before the uprising was put down. On 14 October the captured survivors were transported in lorries to a secluded ravine and shot.[5]
Photographs
The shootings were photographed.[6] The images owned by SS-Unterscharführer Schäfer until 1945 became part of the Ludwigsburg investigation (ZSt. II 204 AR 1218/70). They were published, and have become well known. Frequently the photographs are erroneously said to depict other Holocaust shootings.[7]
Two of the photographs show the "Aktion" in progress. The photographs give clear evidence of the execution practice common during the Holocaust by bullet in Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The victims were led to the killing place in groups of around five or so individuals, and forced to lie down among the prior victims, to be shot in the back of the neck or head, with a single bullet.[6] Historians have commented upon the brutality shown in the Mizocz mass murder photographs:
In 1942 at Mizocz, in the region of Rovno in Ukraine, approximately 1,700 Jews were executed. The photographs show large numbers of people being herded into a ravine, women and children undressing, a line of naked women and children in a queue and finally their executed bodies. Two particular harrowing photographs show German police standing among heaps of naked corpses of women strewn on either side of the ravine.[7]
The archival description of the entire set of photographs by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) includes the following statements. Photograph #17876: "According to the Zentrale Stelle in Germany (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70), these Jews were collected by the German Gendarmerie and Ukrainian Schutzmannschaft during the liquidation of the Mizocz ghetto, which held roughly 1,700 Jews."[8] Photograph #17877: "Naked Jewish women, some of whom are holding infants, wait in a line before their execution by German Sipo and SD with the assistance of Ukrainian auxiliaries."[8] Photograph #17878: "German police officer shoots Jewish women still alive after a mass execution (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70)."[8][9] Photograph #17879: a "German policeman prepares to complete a mass execution by shooting two Jewish children."[8]
Aftermath
Mizocz would later become the site of the OUN-UPA massacre of about 100 Poles by Ukrainian nationalists in late August 1943. Some 60 percent of the homes were set on fire and burned.[10] Among the victims was Ukrainian carpenter Mr Zachmacz and his entire family, murdered along with the Poles because he refused to enter the fray. His eight-year-old son survived hiding with the Poles.[2]
Following World War II, Poland's borders were redrawn and Mizoch was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR.[2] The Jewish community was never restored. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the town became part of independent Ukraine.[11][12]
References
- ^ a b c Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust page 832.
- ^ a b c d e Mielcarek, Andrzej; Wołyń (May 2006). "The town of Mizocz" [Miasteczko Mizocz]. Instytut Kresowy. Strony o Wołyniu (The Volhynian Pages). Archived from the original on 2014-07-17 – via Internet Archive, 2014-07-17.
- ^ Wołyń (2015). "Miasteczko Mizocz". Roman Aftanazy, "Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolitej", Vol. 5, Województwo wołyńskie", 1994, pp. 247-253. Wołyń - przegląd. Also in: Ilustrowany przewodnik po Wołyniu by Dr Mieczysław Orłowicz, Łuck 1929. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ JewishGen, Jewish Communities in Volhynia Archived 2016-09-08 at the Wayback Machine JewishGen Database, New York.
- ^ Shmuel Spector, quoting the memoirs of Peretz Goldstein, The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination.
- ^ a b The USHMM collections (2012), Photographs of the Mizocz shootings. Zst. Photograph No.: #17878. #17877, #17876, #17879). Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ a b Struk, Janina (2004). Photographing the Holocaust. I.B.Tauris. pp. 72–73. ISBN 1860645461.
- ^ a b c d The USHMM collections: Zentrale Stelle. "4 photos found for the query "Mizocz" on database". Recognize Someone?. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Archived from the original on 2012-08-17 – via Internet Archive, 2012-08-17.
- ^ Morrison, Wayne (2013). Criminology, Civilisation and the New World Order. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-1135331122.
- ^ Szolc (2015). "Mizocz". Gmina Mizocz, powiat Zdołbunów, województwo wołyńskie. Republika.pl. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ Sylwester Fertacz (2005), "Krojenie mapy Polski: Bolesna granica" (Carving of Poland's map). Magazyn Społeczno-Kulturalny Śląsk. Retrieved from the Internet Archive on 5 June 2016.
- ^ Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-Creation of World War II. Da Capo Press. 2007. p. 285. ISBN 978-0306816505.
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Further reading
- Didi-Huberman, Georges, and Lillis, Shane B., Images in Spite of All: Four photographs from Auschwitz, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2008 ISBN 978-0-226-14816-8
- Struk, Janina, Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the evidence, London ; New York : I.B. Tauris, 2004 ISBN 1-86064-546-1
- Spector, Shmuel, The Jews of Volhynia and Their Reaction to Extermination, Published in Yad Vashem Studies 15 (1983)
- Desbois, Patrick, The Holocaust by Bullets, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 ISBN 0-230-60617-2