Chipilo Venetian dialect

Chipilo Venetian
Chipileño
Native to	Mexico
Native speakers	2,500 (2011)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Western Gallo-Romance Gallo-Italic Venetian Chipilo Venetian
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Areas where Chipilo Venetian is spoken in Puebla state.

A Chipileño speaker, recorded in the United States.

Chipilo Venetian, or Chipileño, is a diaspora language and linguistic variant of Veneto, a romance language belonging to the Gallo-Italian group and native to the Veneto region of Northern Italy, spoken in Chipilo, a town in the Mexican state of Puebla.

History

Immigrants mainly from the comune of Segusino, some 60 km northwest of Venice, arrived in the region in 1868 during the Porfiriato. At that time, limited schooling and widespread illiteracy among poorer Italians made the use of the regional Italian languages predominant in both formal and informal contexts in Italy. Italians migrating to Mexico were primarily from northeastern Italy, and a large majority spoke variants of the Venetian language. Although Chipileño is very close to other Venetian dialects, it is the only Venetian dialect spoken in Mexico and can be compared to the Venetian Talian of southern Brazil, another Venetian dialect spoken by non-Italians.

More than 100 years after the arrival of the settlers, the Venetian dialect is widespread throughout its main city and nationwide. This dialect joins other Mexican languages ​​that lack official status, such as Euskera, Galician, Catalan, Plautdietsch, and Romani, among other unrecognized ones, which are spoken by some 6.7 million members of the Mexican population.

The community has maintained its unique culture and language as a linguistic enclave in contact with Spanish. Although the city of Puebla has grown to include the dialect and its speakers, the city of Chipilo remained isolated for much of the 20th century. Because of this, the Chipileños, unlike other European immigrants who arrived in Mexico, did not absorb as much Mexican culture, preserving many of their traditions and their language while mixing with the culture of Mexico as well.

The language and culture were rooted in Mexican soil due to the isolation they had from the local inhabitants, many of whom spoke the indigenous language of Nahuatl and Spanish. Over time, the language was influenced by Mexican Spanish and Nahuatl, due to its contact with other communities near the south of the City of Puebla.

The American linguist Carolyn MacKay wrote Cipilo and Cipilegno when proposing a script for the Venetian dialect that is spoken in this locality. The writer Eduardo Montagner, who was the first to publish a novel in Chipilo Venetian, proposed that the Mexican government include this language in the catalog of minority languages, but has not yet succeeded.

Chipileño Veneto orthography

As with all languages that do not have a current written tradition, Chipileño Veneto has various issues. One of those is the problem of finding a comprehensive orthography. There have been several attempts to establish a writing system for the language spoken in Chipilo. One such system was created by Carolyn McKay, an American linguist who conducted postgraduate research at the Universidad de las Américas. Her proposed system, based entirely on the Italian alphabet, was published in a book entitled Il dialetto veneto di Segusino e Chipilo. This system has been used in some publications made by Cipiłàn/chipileños, but it has not received wide acceptance because of the striking differences between Venetian and Italian orthographic representation of phonemes. Most of the speakers use the Spanish system they learn at school, even though it does not have letters for specific sounds such as the voiced-S (written ⟨x⟩ in modern Venetan), or the [θ] (written ⟨th⟩ in modern Venetan), and [ð] (written ⟨dh⟩ in modern Venetan). Nevertheless, Eduardo Montagner, an Italo-Mexican from Chipilo, has suggested the standardization of a writing system based on the Spanish alphabet. In response to this, MacKay developed a system based on the Spanish orthography, which she presents in her Spanish book "El Véneto de Segusino y Chipilo" (2017), in which she states that one of the issues of orthography development is the problem of finding one that is comprehensive.

For linguists it is important that each sound is represented by a symbol (or letter) that distinguishes from others; nevertheless, a phonetic transcription would have to use symbols that are alien to those who are not linguists. Mackay's transcription adopts a simple to use orthography which also maintains necessary distinctions. In Chipilo an Italian-based orthography is not used, instead one based principally on Spanish is preferred. This is easier to use on a keyboard, and the familiarity of graphemes used for Spanish reduces the possibility of confusion. For example, to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/ in the word meaning 'nothing', Italian norms require a digraph, thus gnent, whereas the Spanish system provides a uniquely interpretable single grapheme familiar to Chipileños schooled in Mexico: ñent.

Some considerations:

a) the grave accent is used with è and ò to indicate that the pronunciation of the vowel is open, e.g. [ɛ] spècho (mirror) and [ɔ] stòrder (twist);

b) the acute accent is used to indicate an undetermined tonic accent

c) ‘zh’ is used to indicate the voiceless dental fricative (θ) e.g. giazh (ice)

d) ‘ch’ is used to represent the voiceless postalveolar affricate (t͡ʃ) e.g., chacholar (converse), ranch (spider) or schec (cheese)

e) ‘ge’ or ‘gi’ is used for the voiced postalveolar affricate (ʤ) which does not exist in Spanish orthography. Thus, Chipileño Veneto orthography follows the Italian model in this respect e.g. génderna (nit), giazh (ice), giozh (drop) or giust (right)

f) ‘que’ or ‘qui’ represent the voiceless velar stop (k) when followed by ‘e’ or ‘i’ and with ‘c’ when followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, and ‘u’. This follows the Spanish model e.g. quizha (glandular inflammation), cavar su (tear), bianc (white)

g) ‘gue’ and ‘gui’ represent the voiced velar stop (ɡ) when followed by ‘e’ and ‘i’ and ‘g’ when followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, and ‘u’ e.g. guirla (swirl), galozhada (kick), góder (enjoy), guzá (sharp)

h) represents the semiconsonant (j/y) when it is in a clear consonantal position e.g. yozha (drop), it does not form part of a diphthong.

Vowels

ORTHOGRAPHY	PRONUNCIATION (IPA)	CHIPILO VÉNETO	SPANISH	ITALIAN	ENGLISH
a	[a]	adès	ahora	adesso	now
e	[e]	vert	verde	verde	green
è	[ɛ]	vèrt	abierto	aperto	open
i	[i]	instès	lo mismo	lo stesso	the same
o	[o]	vodo	vacio	vuoto	empty
ò	[ɔ]	còt	cocido	cotto	cooked
u	[u]	uvi	huevos	uova	eggs

Consonants

ORTHOGRAPHY	PRONUNCIATION (IPA)	CHIPILO VÉNETO	SPANISH	ITALIAN	ENGLISH
b	[b]	baset	bajito	basso (diminutive)	shortish
c	[k]	calt	caliente	caldo	hot
c	[k]	zhonc	hongo	fungo	mushroom
c	[k]	cuant	cuanto	quanto	how much
qui/que	[ki, ke]	qui	quien	chi	who
che/chi	[t͡ʃ]	cheza	iglesia	chiesa	church
cha/cho/chu	[t͡ʃ]	pedòcho	piojo	pidocchio	louse
d	[ð]	mèdo	medio	mezzo	medium
f	[f]	fogo	fuego	fuoco	fire
g	[g]	gucha	suéter	maglione	sweater
gui/gue	[gi, ge]	brague	pantalones	pantaloni	trousers
gi/ge	[ʤ]	gelos	celoso	geloso	jealous
gia/gio/giu	[ʤ]	giazh	hielo	ghiaccio	ice
l	[l]	laorar	trabajar	lavorare	to work
m	[m]	mare	madre	madre	mother
n	[n]	naranzha	naranja	arancia	orange
ñ	[ɲ]	ñir	venir	venire	come
p	[p]	poaret	pobrecito	poverino	poor
r	[r]	reoltar	revolver	mescolare	mix
s-	[s]	sántola	madrina	madrina	godmother
-s	[s]	filos	afilado	affilato	sharp
-s-	[s]	cusí	así	così	thus
s	[s]	mascho	macho	maschio	male
s	[z]	sbayar	ladrar	abbaiare	to bark
t	[t]	techa	cacerola	padella	pan
v	[v, b]	volp	zorra	cagna	vixen
y	[j, y]	yeya	tia	zia	aunt
z-, -z-, -z	[z]	paeze	pueblo	paese	village
zh	[θ]	zhúquero	azúcar	zucchero	sugar

Phonology

In Chipileño there are 21 consonants, one more consonant (/x/) than in Segusino Venetian. The consonants in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) are the following:

CONSONANTS	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Alveopalatal	Palatal	Velar
plosives	p  b			t  d			k  g
fricatives		f  v	θ	s  z			(x)
affricates					ʧ  ʤ
lateral				l
rotic				ɾ
nasal	m			n		ɲ
semivowels	w					j

Furthermore, there is no longer the opposition between /b/ and /v/ between the younger generations of speakers due to the influence of Spanish.

Grammar

The Chipilo Venetian follows the common word order of Romance languages, subject-verb-object. This is used in common declarative clauses, although the subject after the verb is common as well. Nonetheless, the language presents SVO order as the least marked and most common.

Articles are divided into definite and indefinite. The definite articles of this variant are:

• al 'the' (masculine singular)
• i 'the' (masculine plural)
• la 'the' (feminine singular)
• le 'the' (feminine plural).

Indefinite articles are:

• an 'a', (masculine singular)
• ni 'some' (masculine plural)
• na 'a', or 'some' (feminine singular and plural).

The independent personal pronouns in Chipileño have their own accent. These are:

• me 'I'
• tí 'you' (informal)
• vú 'you' (formal)
• lú 'he' (informal)
• éla 'her' (formal)
• nuatri 'we' (formal)
• nuatre 'us' (formal)
• vuatri 'you (masculine)
• vuatre 'you (feminine)
• luri 'they' (plural)
• ele 'them' (plural).

Literature

The novel Al prim (The first), written by Eduardo Montagner Anguiano, is the first prose book written in Veneto Chipileño. With this work, great steps have been taken in the graphization of a minority language that was in the process of disappearing. Montagner also writes poetry in Chipileño. In 2010, he published Ancora fon ora, a compilation of his stories and poems in chipileño.

See also

• Italian Mexican
• Talian dialect (Brazilian Venetian)
• Venetian language
• Italian Immigration to Mexico

External links

• (in Spanish) Chipilo Venetian dialect by Eduardo Montagner