Raffaele Guariglia: Difference between revisions
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===Ambassador=== |
===Ambassador=== |
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| ⚫ | Born in 1889 as heir to the noble Neapolitan family of di Vituso, Guariglia had the connections necessary to make a career in the Italian Foreign Service, which he joined in 1909. During his first 23 years in the service, he occupied a series of diplomatic posts of sub-ambassadorial rank, serving in Paris, London, St. Petersburg, Brussels, and other capitals. <ref name="diplomacy">[[Stefano Baldi]] (16 June 2011). [http://baldi.diplomacy.edu/diplo/biogra/guariglia.htm Scheda biografica Raffaele Guariglia] {{in lang|it}}. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</ref> Meanwhile the Italian government fell under the domination of [[Benito Mussolini]]. |
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| ⚫ | Born in 1889 as heir to the noble Neapolitan family of di Vituso, Guariglia had the connections necessary to make a career in the Italian Foreign Service, which he joined in 1909. During his first 23 years in the service, he occupied a series of diplomatic posts of sub-ambassadorial rank, serving in Paris, London, St. Petersburg, Brussels, and other capitals. Meanwhile the Italian government fell under the domination of [[Benito Mussolini]]. |
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Guariglia attained ambassadorial rank in 1932 when he was named Italy's ambassador to Spain. In 1935 he was translated to Buenos Aires and in 1937 to France. In Paris, he achieved close friendship with a person with insider status in the French government, the Countess [[Hélène de Portes]]. De Portes had separated from her noble husband and developed a tie as the long-term romantic partner of a rising French politician, [[Paul Reynaud]]. In 1938 Reynaud became [[Minister of Finance (France)|Minister of Finance]]. Although Reynaud's own position was that of staunch opposition to [[Nazi Germany]], his partner's growing liaison with [[Italian Fascism|Italy]], together with Italy's [[Pact of Steel|deepening ties to Germany]], compromised this opposition. Guariglia's work was complicit in this power shift.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barber | first=Noel | title= The Week France Fell | page=45| year= 1976 }}</ref> |
Guariglia attained ambassadorial rank in 1932 when he was named Italy's ambassador to Spain. In 1935 he was translated to Buenos Aires and in 1937 to France. In Paris, he achieved close friendship with a person with insider status in the French government, the Countess [[Hélène de Portes]]. De Portes had separated from her noble husband and developed a tie as the long-term romantic partner of a rising French politician, [[Paul Reynaud]]. In 1938 Reynaud became [[Minister of Finance (France)|Minister of Finance]]. Although Reynaud's own position was that of staunch opposition to [[Nazi Germany]], his partner's growing liaison with [[Italian Fascism|Italy]], together with Italy's [[Pact of Steel|deepening ties to Germany]], compromised this opposition. Guariglia's work was complicit in this power shift.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barber | first=Noel | title= The Week France Fell | page=45| year= 1976 }}</ref> |
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===Foreign Minister=== |
===Foreign Minister=== |
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Guariglia was serving as Italy's ambassador to neutral [[Turkey]] in 1943 when Mussolini's government fell. As an Italian patriot who had loyally served the Fascist regime without developing close personal ties to Mussolini, the career diplomat was Badoglio's choice to be the Foreign Minister of what Rome hoped would be a successful neutralist government. Guariglia returned to the Ministry, took on his new responsibilities on 30 July 1943, and almost at once opened indirect negotiations with the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]]. |
Guariglia was serving as Italy's ambassador to neutral [[Turkey]] in 1943 when Mussolini's government fell. As an Italian patriot who had loyally served the Fascist regime without developing close personal ties to Mussolini, the career diplomat was Badoglio's choice to be the Foreign Minister of what Rome hoped would be a successful neutralist government. Guariglia returned to the Ministry, took on his new responsibilities on 30 July 1943, and almost at once opened indirect negotiations with the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]]. |
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===Later life=== |
===Later life=== |
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| ⚫ | Guariglia, an Italian baron and supporter of the [[House of Savoy]], was not eligible to serve in cabinet after the abdication of [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]] in 1946. He did not lose hope for the restoration of the monarchy, and served as national president of the Italian Monarchist Union and as a monarchist member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Italian Senate]].<ref name="diplomacy" /> |
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Age 81, he died in Rome in 1970. |
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| ⚫ | Guariglia, an Italian baron and supporter of the [[House of Savoy]], was not eligible to serve in cabinet after the abdication of [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]] in 1946. He did not lose hope for the restoration of the monarchy, and served as national president of the Italian Monarchist Union and as a monarchist member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Italian Senate]]. |
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==Honors== |
==Honors== |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{Cite book|last=Barber|first=Noel|title=The Week France Fell|publisher=[[Stein and Day]]|location=[[New York City]]|year=1976|isbn=0-8128-1921-7|postscript=<!--None-->|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/weekfrancefell00barb}} |
* {{Cite book|last=Barber|first=Noel|title=The Week France Fell|publisher=[[Stein and Day]]|location=[[New York City]]|year=1976|isbn=0-8128-1921-7|postscript=<!--None-->|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/weekfrancefell00barb}} |
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Revision as of 10:40, 9 December 2021
Raffaele Guariglia | |
|---|---|
 Raffaele Guariglia | |
| Italian Ambassador to Spain | |
| In office 1932–1935 | |
| Prime Minister | Benito Mussolini |
| Preceded by | Ercole Durini di Monza |
| Succeeded by | Orazio Pedrazzi |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 19, 1889 Naples, Italy |
| Died | April 25, 1970 Roma |
Raffaele Guariglia, Barone di Vituso (Naples, 19 February 1889 – Rome, 25 April 1970) was an Italian diplomat. He is best known for his brief service as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the short-lived 1943 World War II-era Italian government headed by Pietro Badoglio.
Life
Ambassador
Born in 1889 as heir to the noble Neapolitan family of di Vituso, Guariglia had the connections necessary to make a career in the Italian Foreign Service, which he joined in 1909. During his first 23 years in the service, he occupied a series of diplomatic posts of sub-ambassadorial rank, serving in Paris, London, St. Petersburg, Brussels, and other capitals. [1] Meanwhile the Italian government fell under the domination of Benito Mussolini.
Guariglia attained ambassadorial rank in 1932 when he was named Italy's ambassador to Spain. In 1935 he was translated to Buenos Aires and in 1937 to France. In Paris, he achieved close friendship with a person with insider status in the French government, the Countess Hélène de Portes. De Portes had separated from her noble husband and developed a tie as the long-term romantic partner of a rising French politician, Paul Reynaud. In 1938 Reynaud became Minister of Finance. Although Reynaud's own position was that of staunch opposition to Nazi Germany, his partner's growing liaison with Italy, together with Italy's deepening ties to Germany, compromised this opposition. Guariglia's work was complicit in this power shift.[2]
In May–June 1940 Reynaud, who had become Prime Minister of France, was leading his country as it fell under blitzkrieg attack. When Italy declared war on a defeated France on 10 June 1940, Guariglia's services as ambassador were no longer appropriate.
Foreign Minister
Guariglia was serving as Italy's ambassador to neutral Turkey in 1943 when Mussolini's government fell. As an Italian patriot who had loyally served the Fascist regime without developing close personal ties to Mussolini, the career diplomat was Badoglio's choice to be the Foreign Minister of what Rome hoped would be a successful neutralist government. Guariglia returned to the Ministry, took on his new responsibilities on 30 July 1943, and almost at once opened indirect negotiations with the Western Allies.
Nazi Germany was not interested in a neutral Italy, and its army actually possessed physical control over most of the peninsula. Furthermore, Guariglia soon found that the Allies were demanding the unconditional surrender of Italy. The result of these counter-pressures was such that six days after the hapless foreign minister and his Cabinet colleagues oversaw the signing of an armistice with the Allies on 3 September, the German army physically occupied the peninsula and carried on the war. On 9 September, the Badoglio government disintegrated. The prime minister and many of the members of his government fled to Allied-occupied Brindisi; Guariglia and other members of the government attempted to remain in Rome, but soon found they were not safe and had no power in a capital city under German occupation. The foreign minister, who had earlier served as ambassador to Spain, found himself taking refuge in the Spanish Embassy in Rome, under the protection of the Francisco Franco government. Guariglia had by now ceased to serve as Foreign Minister de facto, but remained in this post de jure until dismissed on a long-distance basis by the fugitive Badoglio on 11 February 1944.
Later life
Guariglia, an Italian baron and supporter of the House of Savoy, was not eligible to serve in cabinet after the abdication of Umberto II in 1946. He did not lose hope for the restoration of the monarchy, and served as national president of the Italian Monarchist Union and as a monarchist member of the Italian Senate.[1]
Age 81, he died in Rome in 1970.
Honors
Grand officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus – January 19, 1935
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Stefano Baldi (16 June 2011). Scheda biografica Raffaele Guariglia (in Italian). Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ Barber, Noel (1976). The Week France Fell. p. 45.
References
- Barber, Noel (1976). The Week France Fell. New York City: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-1921-7.
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