Pama–Nyungan languages: Difference between revisions
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*'''[[Wagaya-Warluwaric languages|Wagaya-Warluwaric]]''': [[Wagaya language|Wagaya]], [[Yindjilandji language|Yindjilandji]], [[Warluwara language|Warluwara]] |
*'''[[Wagaya-Warluwaric languages|Wagaya-Warluwaric]]''': [[Wagaya language|Wagaya]], [[Yindjilandji language|Yindjilandji]], [[Warluwara language|Warluwara]] |
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*'''[[Kalkatungic languages|Kalkatungic]]''': [[Kalkatungu language|Kalkatungu]], [[Yalarnnga language|Yalarnnga]] |
*'''[[Kalkatungic languages|Kalkatungic]]''': [[Kalkatungu language|Kalkatungu]], [[Yalarnnga language|Yalarnnga]] |
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*'''[[Arandic languages|Arandic]]''': [[Kaytetye language|Kaytetye]], [[Alyawarre language|Alyawarre]], [[Arrernte]], [[Lower Arrernte language|Lower Arrernte]], [[Andegerebinha language|Andegerebinha]], [[Anmatyerre language|Anmatyerre]] |
*'''[[Arandic languages|Arandic]]''': [[Kaytetye language|Kaytetye]], [[Alyawarre language|Alyawarre]], [[Arrernte language|Arrernte]], [[Lower Arrernte language|Lower Arrernte]], [[Andegerebinha language|Andegerebinha]], [[Anmatyerre language|Anmatyerre]] |
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*'''[[Southwest Pama-Nyungan languages|Southwest]]''': [[Walmajarri language|Walmajarri]], [[Djaru language|Djaru]], [[Gurindji language|Gurindji]], [[Mudburra language|Mudburra]], [[Ngarinman language|Ngarinman]], [[Garadyari language|Garadyari]], [[Mangarla language|Mangarla]], [[Nyangumarta language|Nyangumarta]], [[Ngarla language|Ngarla]], [[Nyamal language|Nyamal]], [[Nyiyabali language|Nyiyabali]], [[Tjurruru language|Tjurruru]], [[Kariyarra language|Kariyarra]], [[Martuthunira language|Martuthunira]], [[Nhuwala language|Nhuwala]], [[Yindjibarndi language|Yindjibarndi]], [[Binigura language|Binigura]], [[Warriyangga language|Warriyangga]], [[Jiwarli language|Jiwarli]], [[Tharrgari language|Tharrgari]], [[Thalanyji language|Thalanyji]], [[Bayungu language|Bayungu]], [[Yinggarda language|Yinggarda]], [[Maya Australian language|Maya]], [[Malgana language|Malgana]], [[Nhanda language|Nhanda]], [[Wajarri language|Wajarri]], [[Badimaya language|Badimaya]], [[Wirdimay language|Wirdimay]], [[Wirangu language|Wirangu]], [[Warnman language|Warnman]], [[Western Desert Language]], [[Warlmanpa language|Warlmanpa]], [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]], [[Ngardi language|Ngardi]], [[Nyungar language|Nyungar]], [[Ngadjunmaya language|Ngadjunmaya]], [[Adnyamathanha language|Adnyamathanha]], [[Banggarla language|Banggarla]], [[Kaurna language|Kaurna]] |
*'''[[Southwest Pama-Nyungan languages|Southwest]]''': [[Walmajarri language|Walmajarri]], [[Djaru language|Djaru]], [[Gurindji language|Gurindji]], [[Mudburra language|Mudburra]], [[Ngarinman language|Ngarinman]], [[Garadyari language|Garadyari]], [[Mangarla language|Mangarla]], [[Nyangumarta language|Nyangumarta]], [[Ngarla language|Ngarla]], [[Nyamal language|Nyamal]], [[Nyiyabali language|Nyiyabali]], [[Tjurruru language|Tjurruru]], [[Kariyarra language|Kariyarra]], [[Martuthunira language|Martuthunira]], [[Nhuwala language|Nhuwala]], [[Yindjibarndi language|Yindjibarndi]], [[Binigura language|Binigura]], [[Warriyangga language|Warriyangga]], [[Jiwarli language|Jiwarli]], [[Tharrgari language|Tharrgari]], [[Thalanyji language|Thalanyji]], [[Bayungu language|Bayungu]], [[Yinggarda language|Yinggarda]], [[Maya Australian language|Maya]], [[Malgana language|Malgana]], [[Nhanda language|Nhanda]], [[Wajarri language|Wajarri]], [[Badimaya language|Badimaya]], [[Wirdimay language|Wirdimay]], [[Wirangu language|Wirangu]], [[Warnman language|Warnman]], [[Western Desert Language]], [[Warlmanpa language|Warlmanpa]], [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]], [[Ngardi language|Ngardi]], [[Nyungar language|Nyungar]], [[Ngadjunmaya language|Ngadjunmaya]], [[Adnyamathanha language|Adnyamathanha]], [[Banggarla language|Banggarla]], [[Kaurna language|Kaurna]] |
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*''[[Muk Thang language|Muk Thang]]'' |
*''[[Muk Thang language|Muk Thang]]'' |
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Revision as of 18:29, 6 February 2007
The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian languages.
The Pama-Nyungan family was identified and named by Kenneth Hale, in his work on the classification of Native Australian languages. Hale realised that of the Aboriginal Australian languages, one relatively closely-interrelated family had spread and proliferated over most of the continent, while approximately a dozen other families were concentrated along the North coast. The Pama-Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread, most of the Aboriginal population, and the greatest number of languages.
The name "Pama-Nyungan" was derived from the names of two widely-separated groups, the Pama languages from the Northeast, and the Nyungan languages from the Southwest. The terms pama and nyunga are expressions meaning "man" in the languages from their respective regions.
The other language families indigenous to the continent of Australia are occasionally referred to, by exclusion, as Non Pama-Nyungan languages, though this is not a proper taxonomic term.
Although counting languages is not, in general, a well-defined operation, there are on the order of hundreds of Pama-Nyungan languages. Most of the Pama-Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups, with thousands of speakers or fewer. Many are considered endangered languages, and many have recently become extinct.
Classification and Languages
According to Nicholas Evans at the University of Melbourne, the closest relative of Pama-Nyungan is the Garawa isolate, followed by the small Tankic family. He then proposes a more distant relationship with the Gunwinyguan languages in a macro-family he calls Macro-Pama-Nyungan.
Pama-Nyungan proper includes approximately 175 languages in 14 extant and numerous extinct branches.
- Yuulngu or Yolngu Matha: Djinang, Dhangu, Dhuwal, Djinba, Ritharngu, Dhay'yi, Yan-nhangu
- Paman
- Northern: Gudang, Atampaya, Uradhi, Wudhadhi, Tjungundji, Mpalityanh, Yupngayth, Linngithigh, Ngkoth, Yinwum, Aritinngithigh, Awngthim, Mbiywom, Wik-Me'anha, Wik-Ngathana, Wik-Ngatha, Wik-Mungkan, Wik-Iiyanh, Wik-Epa, Wik-Keyangan, Wik-Nantjara, Kugu-Muminh, Kugu-Ugbanh, Kugu-Uwanh, Kugu-Mangk
- Western: Thaayore, Yir Yoront
- North-Eastern: Kantyu, Umpila
- Lamalamic: Umbindhamu, Umbuygamu, Mbariman-Gudhinma, Lama-Lama, Gugu Warra)
- Coastal: Koko Pera, Gog Nar
- Central: Thaypan, Aghu-Tharnggala, Gogo Mini, Dagalag, Kawarrangg, Oykangand
- Norman: Kurtjar, Kuthant, Walangama, Areba, Gunggara
- Flinders: Gugadj
- Southern: Agwamin, Mbabaram, Mbara
- Mayabic: Mayi-Kutuna, Mayi-Kulan, Ngawun
- Yalanjic: Guugu Yimidhirr, Gugu Yalandyi
- Yidinyic: Djabugay, Yidiny
- Dyirbalic: Dyirbal, Warrgamay
- Nyawaygic: Nyawaygi, Wulguru
- Maric: Guwa, Yanda, Yirandhali, Gunggari, Birria, Gugu Badhun, Gudjala, Yilba, Biri, Giya, Yiningay, Wadjalang, Gayiri, Gangulu, Bidyara, Yiman, Margany, Guwamu
- Waka-Kabic: Darambal, Bayali, Gureng Gureng, Gabi, Wuliwuli, Waga, Barunggam, Muringam
- Durubalic: Turrubal, Gowar
- Gumbaynggiric: Gumbaynggir, Yaygir
- Yuin-Kuric: Yugambeh, Nganyaywana, Dyangadi, Worimi, Awabakal, Gudungura, Ngarigu, Thawa, Dyirringany, Dhurga, Dharawal, Darkinyung, Dharuk
- Wiradhuric: Gamilaraay, Ngiyambaa, Wiradhuri
- Baagandji: Bandjigali, Baagdandji
- Yotayotic: Yotayota, Yabula-Yabula
- Kulinic: Wemba Wemba, Nari Nari, Wathawurung, Kolakngat, Wuywurrung, Bungandidj, Kuurn Kopan Noot, Chaap Wuurong
- Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic: Ngarinyeri, Ngayawung, Yuyu, Keramin, Yitha-Yitha
- Karnic: Lhanima, Pitta-Pitta, Arabana, Midhaga, Garuwali, Yarluyandi, Ngamini, Yandruwandha, Diyari, Pirlatapa, Wangkumara, Badjiri, Bidjara (Note: Badjiri and Bidjara are probably not Karnic; there is not enough data to classify them with any confidence but they do not appear to share the innovations which characterise the other Karnic languages. They may be better classified as Maric.
- Yardli: Malyangaba, Yardliwarra
- Wagaya-Warluwaric: Wagaya, Yindjilandji, Warluwara
- Kalkatungic: Kalkatungu, Yalarnnga
- Arandic: Kaytetye, Alyawarre, Arrernte, Lower Arrernte, Andegerebinha, Anmatyerre
- Southwest: Walmajarri, Djaru, Gurindji, Mudburra, Ngarinman, Garadyari, Mangarla, Nyangumarta, Ngarla, Nyamal, Nyiyabali, Tjurruru, Kariyarra, Martuthunira, Nhuwala, Yindjibarndi, Binigura, Warriyangga, Jiwarli, Tharrgari, Thalanyji, Bayungu, Yinggarda, Maya, Malgana, Nhanda, Wajarri, Badimaya, Wirdimay, Wirangu, Warnman, Western Desert Language, Warlmanpa, Warlpiri, Ngardi, Nyungar, Ngadjunmaya, Adnyamathanha, Banggarla, Kaurna
- Muk Thang
- Dhuduroa
- Kala Lagaw Ya (Mabuiag)
- Muruwari
- Warumungu
- Flinders Island
- Barrow Point
- Bandjalang
- Pallangahmiddang
See also
References
- McConvell, Patrick and Nicholas Evans. (eds.) 1997. Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press
- Evans, Nicholas. (eds.) 2003. The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia. Comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics