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'''Frood Fouladvand''' ({{lang-fa|فرود فولادوند}}; born 26 November, 1941) was an [[Iranian people|Iranian]] [[Actor|actor]], [[Film director|film director]], [[Playwright|playwright]], [[Screenwriter|screenwriter]], [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|voice dubber]], [[monarchist]], and founder of the group [[Kingdom Assembly of Iran|Kingdom Assembly of Iran (API)]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=With history of killings, abductions Turkey is no safe haven for Iranian dissidents|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2020/06/26/With-history-of-killings-abductions-Turkey-is-no-safe-haven-for-Iranian-dissidents|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref>. He was known for his political activism and opposition to the Iranian government<ref>{{Cite news|last=Audi|first=Tamara|date=2010-05-10|title=U.S.-Iran Feud Hits L.A.|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704866204575224170226999284|access-date=2021-12-29|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>, as well as his prolific film career in Iran and Egypt<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Fathollah Manoochehri|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2159178/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=IMDb}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2021}}. He and two other API members disappeared in January 2007 near Yüksekova in Turkey near the [[Iran-Turkey border]] whilst on what was described by his supporters as a mission to "liberate" Iran.<ref name=":3" /> It is presumed that he was aubducted by Iranian security forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three who went missing in Turkey believed detained in Tehran|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/08/jun/1134.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.payvand.com}}</ref>
'''Frood Fouladvand''' ({{lang-fa|فرود فولادوند}}; born 26 November, 1941) was an [[Iranian people|Iranian]] [[Actor|actor]], [[Film director|film director]], [[Playwright|playwright]], [[Screenwriter|screenwriter]], [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|voice dubber]], [[monarchist]], and founder of the group [[Kingdom Assembly of Iran|Kingdom Assembly of Iran (API)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=With history of killings, abductions Turkey is no safe haven for Iranian dissidents|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2020/06/26/With-history-of-killings-abductions-Turkey-is-no-safe-haven-for-Iranian-dissidents|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref> He was known for his political activism and opposition to the Iranian government,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Audi|first=Tamara|date=2010-05-10|title=U.S.-Iran Feud Hits L.A.|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704866204575224170226999284|access-date=2021-12-29|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> as well as his prolific film career in Iran and Egypt.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Fathollah Manoochehri|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2159178/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=IMDb}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2021}} He and two other API members disappeared in January 2007 near Yüksekova in Turkey near the [[Iran-Turkey border]] whilst on what was described by his supporters as a mission to "liberate" Iran.<ref name=":3" /> It is presumed that he was aubducted by Iranian security forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three who went missing in Turkey believed detained in Tehran|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/08/jun/1134.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.payvand.com}}</ref>


{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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==Political activities==
==Political activities==
Fouladvand was an advocate for the overthrow of the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian Government]] and a restoration of [[Monarchism in Iran|Monarchy in Iran]]. Ideologically, he was a proponent of secularism and was known for being a very harsh [[Criticism of Islam|critic of Islam]], viewing it as an anti-Iranian religion<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=July 2015|title=Iran: Political Opposition Groups, Security Forces, Selected Human Rights Issues, Rule of Law : COI Compilation|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/559baae44.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=29 Dec 2021|website=Austrian Red Cross - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD)}}</ref>. He resided in the United Kingdom whilst he was politically active.<ref name=":4" /> On 17 June 2005 he and three other API members were arrested in several raids by armed police, and involving [[MI5]], on suspicion of terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-06-17|title=Four arrests in anti-terror raids|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4102400.stm|access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref> According to a [[Proceeds of Crime Act 2002|Section 298 (2)]] "Application for Forfeiture of Detained Cash" document, it was suspected that they were intending to illegally overthrow the Iranian government. His supporters condemned the arrests and associated raid, claiming that police had "destroy[ed] everything in their path" as they tried to "silence" Fouladvand, and had "brutally assaulted" him and three of his supporters<ref>{{Cite web|title=IranSara|url=http://iransara.info/Tondar-MI5-Forces.htm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=iransara.info}}</ref>.
Fouladvand was an advocate for the overthrow of the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian Government]] and a restoration of [[Monarchism in Iran|Monarchy in Iran]]. Ideologically, he was a proponent of secularism and was known for being a very harsh [[Criticism of Islam|critic of Islam]], viewing it as an anti-Iranian religion.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=July 2015|title=Iran: Political Opposition Groups, Security Forces, Selected Human Rights Issues, Rule of Law : COI Compilation|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/559baae44.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=29 Dec 2021|website=Austrian Red Cross - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD)}}</ref> He resided in the United Kingdom whilst he was politically active.<ref name=":4" /> On 17 June 2005 he and three other API members were arrested in several raids by armed police, and involving [[MI5]], on suspicion of terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-06-17|title=Four arrests in anti-terror raids|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4102400.stm|access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref> According to a [[Proceeds of Crime Act 2002|Section 298 (2)]] "Application for Forfeiture of Detained Cash" document, it was suspected that they were intending to illegally overthrow the Iranian government. His supporters condemned the arrests and associated raid, claiming that police had "destroy[ed] everything in their path" as they tried to "silence" Fouladvand, and had "brutally assaulted" him and three of his supporters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IranSara|url=http://iransara.info/Tondar-MI5-Forces.htm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=iransara.info}}</ref>


==Tondar, Azarakhsh and the Kingdom Assembly of Iran==
==Tondar, Azarakhsh and the Kingdom Assembly of Iran==
Line 42: Line 42:
*: Staging a sit-in on a Lufthansa flight from Frankfurt to protest the Iranian regime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belgian plane sit-in ends|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/belgian-plane-sit-in-ends.96590|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Times of Malta|language=en-gb}}</ref>
*: Staging a sit-in on a Lufthansa flight from Frankfurt to protest the Iranian regime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belgian plane sit-in ends|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/belgian-plane-sit-in-ends.96590|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Times of Malta|language=en-gb}}</ref>


A pattern found in Fouladvand's acts of protests is that they were largely non-violent, in stark contrast to the more violent tendencies of the Anjoman after his capture. Tondar was a fundamentally peaceful set of public protests. This was to be followed by Operation Azarakhsh, which was the operation to overthrow the Iranian [[Theocracy]] and restore a monarchy under a new dynasty. Fouladvand had stated that he intended to serve as Regent until someone he deemed embodied the [[Khvarenah|Farr-e Kiani]] was found to sit on the throne. He had also prepared a constitution for a new Imperial Iran<ref>http://iransara.info/ar-1.pdf</ref><ref>http://iransara.info/ar-2.pdf</ref>.
A pattern found in Fouladvand's acts of protests is that they were largely non-violent, in stark contrast to the more violent tendencies of the Anjoman after his capture. Tondar was a fundamentally peaceful set of public protests. This was to be followed by Operation Azarakhsh, which was the operation to overthrow the Iranian [[Theocracy]] and restore a monarchy under a new dynasty. Fouladvand had stated that he intended to serve as Regent until someone he deemed embodied the [[Khvarenah|Farr-e Kiani]] was found to sit on the throne. He had also prepared a constitution for a new Imperial Iran.<ref>http://iransara.info/ar-1.pdf</ref><ref>http://iransara.info/ar-2.pdf</ref>


==Disappearance==
==Disappearance==
Frood Fouladvand disappeared on the 17th of January, 2007 along with his two companions, codenamed "Kourosh Lor" and "Simorgh". Kourosh Lor was named for [[Cyrus the Great]] and the [[Lurs|Luri]] People, while Simorgh was named for the mythical bird, [[Simurgh]]. Fouladvand and his companions were attempting to return to Iran in order to overthrow the Iranian Regime<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.iransara.info/API.htm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.iransara.info}}</ref>. Fears were expressed by [[Human rights|Human Rights]] organisations that Fouladvand and his companions were "at risk of torture or other ill-treatment, and may even be sentenced to death"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran: Fear of torture and ill-treatment/ Fear of death penalty|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/083/2008/en/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Amnesty International|language=en}}</ref>, however it seems that the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian government]] has remained deliberately vague, not saying much in public about Fouladvand's whereabouts or those of his companions<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 18 Jun 2008 (pt 0002)|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm080618/text/80618w0002.htm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref>. In 2007, a Kingdom Assembly of Iran spokesman stated that Fouladvand and two companions were "missing and believed [[murder]]ed by [[Iranian Intelligence Service|Iranian intelligence]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/tehran-condemns-persian-pride/50608/|title=Tehran Condemns Persian Pride - The New York Sun|website=www.nysun.com|access-date=2017-07-03}}</ref>. Fouladvand was captured, likely by agents of the [[Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)|Iranian Intelligence Services]] in Turkey<ref name=":0" />. Nothing has been heard of Fouladvand since his capture.
Frood Fouladvand disappeared on the 17th of January, 2007 along with his two companions, codenamed "Kourosh Lor" and "Simorgh". Kourosh Lor was named for [[Cyrus the Great]] and the [[Lurs|Luri]] People, while Simorgh was named for the mythical bird, [[Simurgh]]. Fouladvand and his companions were attempting to return to Iran in order to overthrow the Iranian Regime.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.iransara.info/API.htm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.iransara.info}}</ref> Fears were expressed by [[Human rights|Human Rights]] organisations that Fouladvand and his companions were "at risk of torture or other ill-treatment, and may even be sentenced to death",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran: Fear of torture and ill-treatment/ Fear of death penalty|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/083/2008/en/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Amnesty International|language=en}}</ref> however it seems that the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian government]] has remained deliberately vague, not saying much in public about Fouladvand's whereabouts or those of his companions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 18 Jun 2008 (pt 0002)|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm080618/text/80618w0002.htm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> In 2007, a Kingdom Assembly of Iran spokesman stated that Fouladvand and two companions were "missing and believed [[murder]]ed by [[Iranian Intelligence Service|Iranian intelligence]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/tehran-condemns-persian-pride/50608/|title=Tehran Condemns Persian Pride - The New York Sun|website=www.nysun.com|access-date=2017-07-03}}</ref> Fouladvand was captured, likely by agents of the [[Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)|Iranian Intelligence Services]] in Turkey.<ref name=":0" /> Nothing has been heard of Fouladvand since his capture.


After his disappearance, his organisation, the [[Kingdom Assembly of Iran|Anjoman]], began to weaken and resort to acts of terrorism. An example of this is the [[2008 Shiraz explosion|bombing of a Mosque in Shiraz in 2008]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iranian Monarchist Group Claims Responsibility for Shiraz Mosque Attack|url=https://jamestown.org/brief/iranian-monarchist-group-claims-responsibility-for-shiraz-mosque-attack/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Jamestown|language=en-US}}</ref>.
After his disappearance, his organisation, the [[Kingdom Assembly of Iran|Anjoman]], began to weaken and resort to acts of terrorism. An example of this is the [[2008 Shiraz explosion|bombing of a Mosque in Shiraz in 2008]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iranian Monarchist Group Claims Responsibility for Shiraz Mosque Attack|url=https://jamestown.org/brief/iranian-monarchist-group-claims-responsibility-for-shiraz-mosque-attack/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Jamestown|language=en-US}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 01:47, 30 December 2021

Frood Fouladvand (Template:Lang-fa; born 26 November, 1941) was an Iranian actor, film director, playwright, screenwriter, voice dubber, monarchist, and founder of the group Kingdom Assembly of Iran (API).[1] He was known for his political activism and opposition to the Iranian government,[2] as well as his prolific film career in Iran and Egypt.[3][better source needed] He and two other API members disappeared in January 2007 near Yüksekova in Turkey near the Iran-Turkey border whilst on what was described by his supporters as a mission to "liberate" Iran.[4] It is presumed that he was aubducted by Iranian security forces.[5]

Frood Fouladvand
File:Frood Fouladvand.jpg
Frood Fouladvand on his TV Programme
Born(1941-11-26)26 November 1941
Shah Valeh, Azna, Lorestan, Iran
Disappeared17 January 2007
Yüksekova, Hakkâri, Turkey
StatusPresumed to have been aubducted by Iranian security forces


Life before politics

Frood Fouladvand was born as Fathollah Manouchehri in the Lorestan Province of Iran. He belonged to the renowned Fouladvand tribe, who are Bakhtiari Lurs. During the Imperial Era, he was a prolific playwright, director, actor, screenwriter and voice dubber.[3][better source needed] Fouladvand enjoyed much domestic success in his roles, and was one of the important figures in the film dubbing industry. Fouladvand did all of his artistic work under his birth name, Fathollah Manouchehri.

On the advent of the Iranian Revolution, Fouladvand would leave Iran, going to Turkey, Egypt, Germany, and finally the United Kingdom. He would adopt the name Frood, as he felt it was more Iranian-sounding than Fathollah, which means "The Victory of Allah" in Arabic.

Political activities

Fouladvand was an advocate for the overthrow of the Iranian Government and a restoration of Monarchy in Iran. Ideologically, he was a proponent of secularism and was known for being a very harsh critic of Islam, viewing it as an anti-Iranian religion.[4] He resided in the United Kingdom whilst he was politically active.[6] On 17 June 2005 he and three other API members were arrested in several raids by armed police, and involving MI5, on suspicion of terrorism.[7] According to a Section 298 (2) "Application for Forfeiture of Detained Cash" document, it was suspected that they were intending to illegally overthrow the Iranian government. His supporters condemned the arrests and associated raid, claiming that police had "destroy[ed] everything in their path" as they tried to "silence" Fouladvand, and had "brutally assaulted" him and three of his supporters.[8]

Tondar, Azarakhsh and the Kingdom Assembly of Iran

Derafsh-e Kaviani. The Derafsh-e Kaviani was the official flag of the Aryan Empire, as well as Fouladvand's party, and he often featured it in his programmes.

Fouladvand was the founder of the Kingdom Assembly of Iran, known alternatively as the Anjoman. The mission of the Anjoman was to overthrow the Iranian government and restore a Monarchy in Iran.

Tondar was the name of a series of operations meant to garner attention and support for Fouladvand's attempt to overthrow the Iranian government and restore a Monarchist State in Iran. Some examples of the Tondar operations are:

  • Bombing the Sivand Dam in 2005, thereby forcing a redesign of the Sivand Dam project, saving the Tomb of Cyrus from being destroyed. No casualties were reported.[11]
  • Staging a sit-in on a Lufthansa flight from Frankfurt to protest the Iranian regime.[12]

A pattern found in Fouladvand's acts of protests is that they were largely non-violent, in stark contrast to the more violent tendencies of the Anjoman after his capture. Tondar was a fundamentally peaceful set of public protests. This was to be followed by Operation Azarakhsh, which was the operation to overthrow the Iranian Theocracy and restore a monarchy under a new dynasty. Fouladvand had stated that he intended to serve as Regent until someone he deemed embodied the Farr-e Kiani was found to sit on the throne. He had also prepared a constitution for a new Imperial Iran.[13][14]

Disappearance

Frood Fouladvand disappeared on the 17th of January, 2007 along with his two companions, codenamed "Kourosh Lor" and "Simorgh". Kourosh Lor was named for Cyrus the Great and the Luri People, while Simorgh was named for the mythical bird, Simurgh. Fouladvand and his companions were attempting to return to Iran in order to overthrow the Iranian Regime.[15] Fears were expressed by Human Rights organisations that Fouladvand and his companions were "at risk of torture or other ill-treatment, and may even be sentenced to death",[16] however it seems that the Iranian government has remained deliberately vague, not saying much in public about Fouladvand's whereabouts or those of his companions.[6] In 2007, a Kingdom Assembly of Iran spokesman stated that Fouladvand and two companions were "missing and believed murdered by Iranian intelligence".[17] Fouladvand was captured, likely by agents of the Iranian Intelligence Services in Turkey.[1] Nothing has been heard of Fouladvand since his capture.

After his disappearance, his organisation, the Anjoman, began to weaken and resort to acts of terrorism. An example of this is the bombing of a Mosque in Shiraz in 2008.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "With history of killings, abductions Turkey is no safe haven for Iranian dissidents". Al Arabiya English. 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  2. ^ Audi, Tamara (2010-05-10). "U.S.-Iran Feud Hits L.A." Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  3. ^ a b "Fathollah Manoochehri". IMDb. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  4. ^ a b "Iran: Political Opposition Groups, Security Forces, Selected Human Rights Issues, Rule of Law : COI Compilation" (PDF). Austrian Red Cross - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD). July 2015. Retrieved 29 Dec 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ "Three who went missing in Turkey believed detained in Tehran". www.payvand.com. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  6. ^ a b "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 18 Jun 2008 (pt 0002)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  7. ^ "Four arrests in anti-terror raids". 2005-06-17. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  8. ^ "IranSara". iransara.info. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  9. ^ "IranSara". iransara.info. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  10. ^ "IranSara". iransara.info. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  11. ^ "IranSara". iransara.info. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  12. ^ "Belgian plane sit-in ends". Times of Malta. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  13. ^ http://iransara.info/ar-1.pdf
  14. ^ http://iransara.info/ar-2.pdf
  15. ^ "Home". www.iransara.info. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  16. ^ "Iran: Fear of torture and ill-treatment/ Fear of death penalty". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  17. ^ "Tehran Condemns Persian Pride - The New York Sun". www.nysun.com. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
  18. ^ "Iranian Monarchist Group Claims Responsibility for Shiraz Mosque Attack". Jamestown. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
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