Jump to content

United States passport: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 26: Line 26:
==History==
==History==
[[File:Blank uspassprebio.jpg|thumb|left|Signature page and data page of a non-biometric United States passport (pre-2007).]]
[[File:Blank uspassprebio.jpg|thumb|left|Signature page and data page of a non-biometric United States passport (pre-2007).]]
[[File:Pasaporte-eua.jpg|thumb|right|Signature page and data page of a biometric passport (2007–2022)]]
[[File:Pasaporte-eua.jpg|thumb|right|Signature page and data page of a epassport (2007–2022)]]
[[File:United States Next Generation Passport signature and biodata page.jpg|thumb|right|Signature page and data page of a Next Generation Passport (2021–present)]]
[[File:United States Next Generation Passport signature and biodata page.jpg|thumb|right|Signature page and data page of a Next Generation Passport (2021–present)]]
American consular officials issued passports to some citizens of some of the thirteen states during the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783). Passports were sheets of paper printed on one side, included a description of the bearer, and were valid for three to six months. The minister to France, [[Benjamin Franklin]], based the design of passports issued by his mission on that of the French passport.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Martin |title=The Passport: The History of Man's Most Traveled Document |location=Stroud, UK |publisher=Sutton Publishing |date=1976 |isbn=0750929642 |pages=71–72}}</ref>
American consular officials issued passports to some citizens of some of the thirteen states during the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783). Passports were sheets of paper printed on one side, included a description of the bearer, and were valid for three to six months. The minister to France, [[Benjamin Franklin]], based the design of passports issued by his mission on that of the French passport.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Martin |title=The Passport: The History of Man's Most Traveled Document |location=Stroud, UK |publisher=Sutton Publishing |date=1976 |isbn=0750929642 |pages=71–72}}</ref>

Revision as of 14:02, 3 January 2022

For the United States Passport Card, see United States Passport Card.

United States passport
The front cover of a contemporary United States biometric passport (with chip )
Front of a United States Passport Card (2009)
TypePassport
Issued by Department of State
First issued1775 (first version)
1926 (booklet)
1981 (machine-readable passport)
December 30, 2005 (diplomatic biometric passport booklet)
2006 (regular biometric passport booklet)[1]
PurposeIdentification
Valid inAll countries except North Korea[2]
EligibilityUnited States nationality
ExpirationNormally 10 years after acquisition for people at least age 16; 5 years for minors under 16[3]
CostBooklet: $165 (first), $130 (renewal), $135 (minors)
Card: $65 (first), $30 (when applying for or holder of a valid passport booklet), $30 (renewal), $50 (minor), $15 (minor, when applying for passport booklet)[4]
United States citizenship and immigration
Immigration
Citizenship
Agencies
Legislation
History
Relevant legislation
flag United States portal

United States passports are passports issued to citizens and nationals of the United States of America.[5] They are issued exclusively by the United States Department of State.[6] Besides passports (in booklet form), limited use passport cards are issued by the same government agency subject to the same requirements.[7] It is unlawful for U.S. citizens and nationals to enter or exit the United States without a valid U.S. passport or Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative-compliant passport-replacement document,[8][9] though there are many exceptions,[10] waivers are generally granted for U.S. citizens returning without a passport, and the exit requirement is not enforced.

U.S. passport booklets conform with recommended standards (i.e., size, composition, layout, technology) of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).[11] There are five types of passport booklets; as well, the Department of State has issued only biometric passports as standard since August 2007.[12] United States passports are property of the United States and must be returned to the U.S. government upon demand.[13]

By law, a valid unexpired U.S. passport (or passport card) is conclusive (and not just prima facie) proof of U.S. citizenship, and has the same force and effect as proof of United States citizenship as certificates of naturalization or of citizenship, if issued to a U.S. citizen for the full period allowed by law.[14] U.S. law does not prohibit U.S. citizens from holding passports of other countries, though they are required to use their U.S. passport to enter and leave the United States.[15]

History

Signature page and data page of a non-biometric United States passport (pre-2007).
Signature page and data page of a epassport (2007–2022)
Signature page and data page of a Next Generation Passport (2021–present)

American consular officials issued passports to some citizens of some of the thirteen states during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Passports were sheets of paper printed on one side, included a description of the bearer, and were valid for three to six months. The minister to France, Benjamin Franklin, based the design of passports issued by his mission on that of the French passport.[16]

From 1776 to 1783, no state government had a passport requirement. The Articles of Confederation government (1783–1789) did not have a passport requirement.[17]

The Department of Foreign Affairs of the war period also issued passports, and the department, carried over by the Articles of Confederation government (1783–1789), continued to issue passports. In July 1789, the Department of Foreign Affairs was carried over by the government established under the Constitution. In September of that year, the name of the department was changed to Department of State. The department handled foreign relations and issued passports, and until the mid-19th century had various domestic duties.

For decades thereafter, passports were issued not only by the Department of State but also by states and cities, and by notaries public. For example, an internal passport dated 1815 was presented to Massachusetts citizen George Barker to allow him to travel as a free black man to visit relatives in Southern slave states.[18] Passports issued by American authorities other than the Department of State breached propriety and caused confusion abroad. Some European countries refused to recognize passports not issued by the Department of State, unless United States consular officials endorsed them. The problems led the Congress in 1856 to give the Department of State the sole authority to issue passports.[19][a]

From 1789 through late 1941, the constitutionally established government required passports of citizens only during two periods: during the American Civil War (1861–1865), as well as during and shortly after World War I (1914–1918). The passport requirement of the Civil War era lacked statutory authority.[21] During World War I (1914–1918), European countries instituted passport requirements. The Travel Control Act of May 22, 1918, permitted the president, when the United States was at war, to proclaim a passport requirement, and President Wilson issued such a proclamation on August 18, 1918. World War I ended on November 11, 1918, but the passport requirement lingered until March 3, 1921, the last day of the Wilson administration.[22]

In Europe, general peace between the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) and the beginning of World War I (1914), and the development of railroads, gave rise to international travel by large numbers of people. Countries such as Czarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire maintained passport requirements. After World War I, many European countries retained their passport requirements. Foreign passport requirements undercut the absence of a passport requirement for Americans exiting the country, under United States law, between 1921 and 1941.[23]

The contemporary period of required passports for Americans under United States law began on November 29, 1941.[24] A 1978 amendment to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 made it unlawful to enter or depart the United States without an issued passport even in peacetime.[25]

Even when passports were not usually required, Americans requested U.S. passports. Records of the Department of State show that 130,360 passports were issued between 1810 and 1873 and that 369,844 passports were issued between 1877 and 1909. Some of those passports were family passports or group passports. A passport application could cover, variously, a wife, a child, or children, one or more servants, or a woman traveling under the protection of a man. The passport would be issued to the man. Similarly, a passport application could cover a child traveling with his or her mother. The passport would be issued to the mother. The number of Americans who traveled without passports is unknown.[26]

The League of Nations held a conference in 1920 concerning passports and through-train travel, and conferences in 1926 and 1927 concerning passports. The 1920 conference put forward guidelines on the layout and features of passports, which the 1926 and 1927 conferences followed up. Those guidelines were steps in the shaping of contemporary passports. One of the guidelines was about 32-page passport booklets, such as the U.S. type III mentioned in this section, below. Another guideline was about languages in passports. A conference on travel and tourism held by the United Nations in 1963 did not result in standardized passports. Passport standardization was accomplished in 1980 under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization.

The design and contents of U.S. passports changed over the years.[27] Prior to World War I the passport was typically a large (11 in × 17 in / 28 cm × 43 cm) diploma, with a large engraved seal of the Department of State at the top, repeated in red wax at the bottom, the bearer's description and signature on the left, and his name on the right above space for data such as "accompanied by his wife," all in ornate script. In 1926, the Department of State introduced the type III passport. This had a stiff red cover, with a window cut-out through which the passport number was visible. That style of passport contained 32 pages.[28] American passports had green covers from 1941 until 1976, when the cover was changed to blue, as part of the U.S. bicentennial celebration of 1975–1977, and remained blue afterwards until 1993. Green covers were again issued from April 1993 until March 1994, and included a special tribute to Benjamin Franklin in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the United States Consular Service. After March 1994, blue passports, with pages showing U.S. state seals, were reissued. In 2007, images showcasing landscapes of the United States as well as places and objects of significance to U.S. history were introduced.

Initially, a U.S. passport was issued for two years, although by the 1950s on application by the holder a passport could be stamped so that this time was extended without reissue. Stamping for a further extension is not permitted at present. In the succeeding decades the periods of validity for adult applicants were gradually extended to three, five, and eventually ten years, the current standard.

In 1981, the United States became the first country to introduce machine-readable passports.[29] In 2000, the Department of State started to issue passports with digital photos, and as of 2010, all previous series have expired. In 2006, the Department of State began to issue biometric passports to diplomats and other officials.[30] Later in 2006, biometric passports were issued to the public.[1] Since August 2007, the department has issued only biometric passports, which include RFID chips.[31]

The United States participates in the Five Nations Passport Group, an international forum for cooperation between the passport issuing authorities in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia to "share best practices and discuss innovations related to the development of passport policies, products and practices".[32]

The United States Department of State has announced, and, in March 2021, started to issue, the next generation passport.[33] The passport will have an embedded data chip on the information page protected by a polycarbonate coating; this will help prevent the book from getting wet and bending, and—should a passport be stolen—the chip will keep thieves from stealing personal information and falsifying an identity. The passport number will also be laser cut as perforated holes that get progressively smaller through pages—just one of several components of the "Next Generation" passport, including artwork upgrade, new security features such as a watermark, "tactile features," and more "optically variable" inks.[34] Some designs on pages will be raised, and ink—depending on the viewing angle—will appear to be different colors.[35]

In June 2021 (Pride Month in the United States), Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced that an option for American passport holders to select a third gender category on their passports was planned but would take time to implement.[36] Additionally, applicants changing their gender would no longer be required to provide external documentation like a court order or medical certification.[37]

Administration

Authority for issuing passports is conferred on the Secretary of State by the Passport Act of 1926,[38] subject to such rules as the President of the United States may prescribe.[39] The Department of State has issued regulations governing such passports,[40] and its internal policy concerning issuance of passports, passport waivers, and travel letters is contained in the Foreign Affairs Manual.[41]

Passport Services, a unit of the Bureau of Consular Affairs within the Department of State, is responsible for passport issuance. It operates 26 regional passport agencies that are open to the general public. They are located in Arkansas; Atlanta; Boston; Buffalo; Chicago; Colorado; Connecticut; Dallas; Detroit; El Paso; Honolulu; Houston; Los Angeles; Miami; Minneapolis; New Hampshire; New Orleans; New York City; Philadelphia; San Diego; San Francisco; San Juan; Seattle; Tucson; Vermont; and Washington, D.C. Two additional passport agencies are not open to the general public: one in Charleston, and the Special Issuance Agency in Washington, D.C., which issues official, diplomatic, and no-fee U.S. Passports for U.S. government employees, high-ranking officials, and Peace Corps volunteers.[42]

There are about 9,000 passport acceptance facilities in the United States, designated by Passport Services, at which routine passport applications may be filed. These facilities include United States courts, state courts, post offices, public libraries, county offices, and city offices.[43] In fiscal year 2020, the Department of State issued 11,711,945 passports (including 1,741,527 passport cards) and there were 143,116,633 valid U.S. passports in circulation.[44] The passport possession rate of the U.S. was approximately 43% of the population.

Restrictions

It is unlawful to enter or exit the United States without a valid passport or Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative-compliant passport-replacement document, or without an exception or waiver.[8][9][10]

The use of passports may be restricted for foreign policy reasons. In September 1939, in order to preserve the United States' neutrality in relation to the breakout of World War II, then Secretary of State Cordell Hull issued regulations declaring that outstanding passports, together with passports issued thereafter, could not be used for travel to Europe without specific validation by the Department of State, and such validation could not last more than six months.[45] Similar restrictions can still be invoked upon notice given in the Federal Register,[46] and such notice was issued in 2017, so that passports were "declared invalid for travel to, in, or through the DPRK unless specially validated for such travel."[47]

As confirmed in Haig v. Agee (1981), the administration may deny or revoke passports for foreign policy or national security reasons at any time,[8] and for other reasons as prescribed by regulations.[48] A notable example of enforcement of this was the 1948 denial of a passport to U.S. Representative Leo Isacson, who sought to go to Paris to attend a conference as an observer for the American Council for a Democratic Greece, a Communist front organization, because of the group's role in opposing the Greek government in the Greek Civil War.[49][50] Denial or revocation of a passport does not prevent the use of outstanding valid passports.[51] The physical revocation of a passport is often difficult, and an apparently valid passport can be used for travel until officially taken by an arresting officer or by a court.[51]

The lack of a valid passport (for whatever reason, including revocation) does not render the U.S. citizen either unable to leave the United States, or inadmissible into the United States. The United States is a signatory of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantees residents of its signatories wide-ranging rights to enter or depart their own countries. In Nguyen v. INS, the Supreme Court stated that U.S. citizens are entitled "...to the absolute right to enter its borders."[52] Lower federal courts went as far as to declare that "...the Government cannot say to its citizen, standing beyond its border, that his reentry into the land of his allegiance is a criminal offense; and this we conclude is a sound principle whether or not the citizen has a passport, and however wrongful may have been his conduct in effecting his departure."[53] Therefore, even in the absence of a valid passport, U.S. citizens are not denied entry into the United States, though these travelers may be delayed while the CBP attempts to verify their identity and citizenship status.[54] The U.S. does not exercise passport control on exit from the country,[55] so the individual attempting to depart from the U.S. only needs to have valid documents granting the right to entry into the country of destination.

Travel of U.S. citizens and nationals around the United States and across its international borders is generally controlled by means other than passports, such as the No Fly List.

Passport requirements

Citizens

United States passports are issuable only to persons who owe permanent allegiance to the United States – i.e., citizens and non-citizen nationals of the United States.[56]

Under the 14th amendment to the US Constitution, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States ..."[57] Under this provision, "United States" means the 50 states and the District of Columbia only,[58] but also technically includes the uninhabited Palmyra Atoll, an incorporated territory due to the Insular Cases.

By acts of Congress, every person born in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands is a United States citizen by birth.[59] Also, every person born in the former Panama Canal Zone whose father or mother (or both) was a citizen is a United States citizen by birth.[60] Other acts of Congress provide for acquisition of citizenship by persons born abroad.[61]

Non-citizen nationals

Message in the passport of an American Samoan stating that the passport holder is in fact a national, not citizen, of the United States.

Every citizen is a national of the United States, but not every national is a citizen. The only current example of non-citizen US nationals are those born in American Samoa (including Swains Island).[62] Unlike the other current US territories, people born in American Samoa are not automatically granted US citizenship by birth as the territory is not incorporated and an act of Congress granting it, similar to other US territories, has not yet been passed for American Samoa.[63] The other historical groups of non-citizen US nationals include those of former US territories and during periods of time before the acts of Congress granting citizenship to those born in current territories.

See also: Afghan refugees

Passport in lieu of certificate of non-citizenship nationality

Few requests for certificates of non-citizenship nationality are made to the Department of State, which are issuable by the department. Production of a limited number of certificates would be costly, which if produced certificates would have to meet stringent security standards. Due to this, the Department of State chooses not to issue certificates of non-citizen nationality; instead, passports are issued to non-citizen nationals. The issued passport certifies the status of a non-citizen national.[64] The certification is in the form of "U.S. National" instead of "USA" on the front of the passport card, or an endorsement in the passport book: "The bearer is a United States national and not a United States citizen."[65]

Dual citizenship

United States law permits dual nationality.[66] Consequently, it is permissible to have and use a foreign passport. However, U.S. citizens are required to use a U.S. passport when leaving or entering the United States.[67] This requirement extends to a U.S. citizen who is a dual national.[68]

Application

An application is required for the issuance of a passport.[69] If a fugitive being extradited to the United States refuses to sign a passport application, the consular officer can sign it "without recourse."[70]

An application for a United States passport made abroad is forwarded by a U.S. embassy or consulate to Passport Services for processing in the United States. The resulting passport is sent to the embassy or consulate for issuance to the applicant. An emergency passport is issuable by the embassy or consulate. Regular issuance takes approximately 6 to 8 weeks.[71] As per Haig v. Agee, the Presidential administration may deny or revoke passports for foreign policy or national security reasons at any time.

Places where a U.S. passport may be applied for include post offices and libraries.[72]

Forms

DS11 Standard[73]

  • The applicant has never been issued a U.S. passport
  • The applicant is over age 16
  • The applicant was under age 16 when upon the issuance of the applicant's previous passport
  • The applicant's recent U.S. passport was issued more than 15 years ago
  • The applicant's most recent U.S. passport was lost or stolen
  • The applicant's name has changed since the applicant's U.S. passport was issued and the applicant is unable to legally document the change of name

All applicants using a form DS-11 must appear in person, and pay an additional $35 execution fee, in addition to the cost of their passport book and/or card. In addition, the first time an applicant applies for a passport following or during gender reassignment must also use a Form DS-11.[74]

DS82 Renewal[75]

The applicant's most recent U.S. passport:

  • Is undamaged and can be submitted with the application
  • Was issued when the applicant was age 16 or older
  • Was issued within the last 15 years
  • Was issued in the applicant's current name or the applicant can legally document a change of name

The advantage of the DS-82 passport renewal form is a traveller can mail in the form on their own, and they also do not have to pay the $35 processing fee associated with a DS-11 passport application.

DS64 Lost[76]

Lost or stolen passport requires DS64 in addition to DS11 only if the lost passport is valid due to the second passport rule:

Second passport

More than one valid United States passport of the same type may not be held, except if authorized by the Department of State.[77]

It is routine for the Department of State to authorize a holder of a regular passport to hold, in addition, a diplomatic passport or an official passport or a no-fee passport.

One circumstance which may call for issuance of a second passport of a particular type is a prolonged visa-processing delay. Another is safety or security, such as travel between Israel and a country which refuses to grant entry to a person with a passport which indicates travel to Israel. The period of validity of a second passport issued under either circumstance is generally four years from the date of issue.[78]

Document requirements

  • valid state photo ID
  • birth certificate or naturalization certificate
  • 2x2 photo

Passport photograph

Passport photo requirements are very specific.[79][80][81] Official State Department photographic guidelines are available online.[82]

  • 2 in × 2 in (5.1 cm × 5.1 cm)
  • The height of the head (top of hair to bottom of chin) should measure 1 to 1+3⁄8 inches (25 to 35 mm)
  • Eye height is between 1+1⁄8 to 1+3⁄8 inches (29 to 35 mm) from the bottom of the photo
  • Front view, full face, open eyes, closed mouth, and neutral expression
  • Full head from the top of the hair to the shoulders
  • Plain white or off-white background
  • No shadows on the face or in the background
  • No sunglasses (unless medically necessary). As of November 1, 2016, the wearing of eyeglasses in U.S. passport photos is not allowed.[83]
  • No hat or head covering (unless for religious purposes; religious head covering must not obscure hairline)
  • Normal contrast and lighting

Fees

Fees for applying vary based on whether or not an applicant is applying for a new passport or they are renewing an expiring passport. Fees also vary depending on whether an applicant is under the age of 16.

Price history

In 1983, the State Department declared that the existing passport fee of $10 was insufficient to cover costs, so the fee was raised from $10 to $35, and new passports were changed to be valid for a decade instead of for five years.[84] The fee for individuals under 18 years of age was also raised from $10 to $20 for a five-year passport. Until that year, passport fees had only been raised by one dollar since 1932.[84]

Prices were again increased in 2010. Fees for a brand-new passport went from $100 to $135 (from $85 to $105 for those under 16), and renewal fees climbed from $75 to $110.[85] Passport cards also saw new and increased fees: $55 for adults and $40 for children.[85] The State Department raised these and other fees after conducting "an exhaustive study of the true cost of providing consular services."[85]

First-time applications

As of 2018, first-time adult applicants are charged $110 per passport book and $30 per passport card. Additionally, a $35 execution fee is charged per transaction, but only for first applications and not for renewals. This means that if a person were to apply for the passport book and card simultaneously on the same application, he or she would pay only one execution fee.[86]

All minor applicants are considered first-time applicants until they reach age 16. Minor applicants pay an $80 application fee for the passport book and a $15 application fee for the passport card. The same $35 execution fee is charged per application.[86]

Renewal applications

Adults wishing to renew their passports may do so up to five years after expiration at a cost of $110 for the passport book and $30 for the passport card. Passports for minors under age 16 cannot be renewed.[86]

Special renewal rules

If a person is already in possession of a passport book and would like a passport card additionally (or vice versa), they may submit their currently valid passport book or card as evidence of citizenship and apply for a renewal to avoid paying a $35 execution fee. However, if the passport book or card holder is unable or unwilling to relinquish their currently valid passport for the duration of the processing, they may submit other primary evidence of citizenship, such as a U.S. birth certificate or naturalization certificate, and apply as a first time applicant, paying the execution fee and submitting a written explanation as to why they are applying in this manner.[87]

Additional fees

Extra pages added to a U.S. passport, along with immigration stamps from Swaziland, Zambia, and South Africa.
  • An expedite fee of $60 is charged when applicants request faster processing, regardless of age. This processing is currently 2–3 weeks when applying at an acceptance facility. The same fee is charged for expedited service when applying at a Passport Agency within 14 days of travel.[88]
  • In addition to the expedite fee, applicants may pay an additional $17.56 to receive overnight mail return when their application has finished processing.[89] This can be paid in combination with the application fee when applying, or added later by calling the National Passport Information Center. However, overnight mail return is only available for the U.S. Passport Book. Passport cards may not be overnight mailed.[89]
  • As of January 1, 2016, passports may no longer have pages added to them. When applying for a new passport, applicants may apply for a 28-page or 52-page passport, with no additional cost for obtaining the 52-page passport.[90]

Types of passports

Cover of a biometric regular passport.
Regular Passport (dark blue cover)
Issuable to all citizens and non-citizen nationals. Periods of validity: for those age 16 or over, generally ten years from the date of issue; for those 15 and younger, generally five years from the date of issue.[91][92] A sub-type of regular passports is no-fee passports, issuable to citizens in specified categories for specified purposes, such as an American sailor for travel connected with his duties aboard a U.S.-flag vessel. Period of validity: generally 5 years from the date of issue.[93] A no-fee passport has an endorsement which prohibits its use for a purpose other than a specified purpose.
Service (gray cover)
Issuable to "certain non-personal services contractors who travel abroad in support of and pursuant to a contract with the U.S. government", to demonstrate the passport holder is travelling "to conduct work in support of the U.S. government while simultaneously indicating that the traveler has a more attenuated relationship with the U.S. government that does not justify a diplomatic or official passport."[94][95][96] Period of validity: generally five years from the date of issue.[97]
Cover of a biometric official passport.
Official (maroon cover)
Issuable to citizen-employees of the United States assigned overseas, either permanently or temporarily, and their eligible dependents, and to some members of Congress who travel abroad on official business. Also issued to U.S. military personnel when deployed overseas. Period of validity: generally five years from the date of issue.[97]
Cover of a diplomatic passport.
Diplomatic (black cover)
Issuable to American diplomats accredited overseas and their eligible dependents, to citizens who reside in the United States and travel abroad for diplomatic work, to the President of the United States, the President-elect, the Vice President, and Vice President-elect, as well as former presidents and vice presidents. The Chief Justice, Supreme Court Justices, current cabinet members, former secretaries and deputy secretaries of state, the Attorney General and Deputy Attorney General, some members of Congress, and retired career ambassadors are also eligible for a diplomatic passport.[98] Period of validity: generally five years from the date of issue.[99]
Refugee Travel Document (also known as "Refugee Passport") (blue-green cover)
Not a full passport, but issued to aliens who have been classified as refugees or asylees.[100]
Re-entry Permit (blue-green cover), cover titled "Travel Document"
Not a full passport, but issued to a permanent resident alien in lieu of a passport. The re-entry permit guarantees them permission to re-enter the U.S. and is usually valid for a period of two years.[101][102] A re-entry permit can also be used by permanent residents who are stateless or cannot get a passport for international travel, or who wish to visit a country they cannot on their passport.[103]
Emergency
Issuable to citizens overseas, in urgent circumstances, e.g. imminent death and funeral of a family member, lost or stolen passport while abroad, or similar situation. Period of validity: generally one year from the date of issue.[104] An emergency passport may be exchanged for a full-term passport.[105]
U.S. passport card
Not a full passport, but a small ID card issued by the U.S. government for crossing land and sea borders with Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda. The ID card is valid for 10 years for people 16 or older and 5 years for minors under 16. The passport card is not valid for international air travel.[7] It is possible to hold the U.S. passport card in addition to a regular passport.[106] These ID cards are WHTI and Real ID compliant, and have digitally-signed biometrics within an internal RFID chip, readable at a land or sea port of entry into or out of the United States.

Passport layout

Format

Security stickers on the back cover of a U.S. passport.

On the front cover, a representation of the Great Seal of the United States is at the center. "PASSPORT" (in all capital letters) appears above the representation of the Great Seal, and "United States of America" appears below (in Garamond italic on non-biometric passports, and Minion italic on post-biometric passports).

An official passport has "OFFICIAL" (in all capital letters) above "PASSPORT". The capital letters of "OFFICIAL" are somewhat smaller than the capital letters of "PASSPORT".

A diplomatic passport has "DIPLOMATIC" (in all capital letters) above "PASSPORT". The capital letters of "DIPLOMATIC" are somewhat smaller than the capital letters of "PASSPORT".

A Travel Document, in both forms (Refugee Travel Document and Permit to Re-Enter), features the seal of the Department of Homeland Security instead of the Great Seal of the United States. Above the seal the words "TRAVEL DOCUMENT" appears in all capital letters. Below the seal is the legend "Issued by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services" in upper and lower case.

In 2007, the passport was redesigned after a previous redesign in 1993. There are 13 quotes in the 28-page version of the passport and patriotic-themed images on the background of the pages.[107]

A biometric passport has the e-passport symbol at the bottom. There are 32 pages in a biometric passport. Frequent travelers may request 52-page passports for no additional cost. Extra visa pages could previously be added to a passport,[108] but, as of January 1, 2016, the service was discontinued entirely for security reasons.[90]

Data page and signature page

Signature page and data page of a biometric passport (2007-present)

Each passport has a data page and a signature page.

A data page is a page containing information about the passport holder. It is the only page in a U.S. passport laminated in plastic to prevent tampering. A data page has a visual zone and a machine-readable zone. The visual zone has a digitized photograph of the passport holder, data about the passport, and data about the passport holder:

  • Photograph
  • Type [of document, which is "P" for "personal", "D" for "diplomatic", "S" for "service"]
  • Code [of the issuing country, which is "USA" for "United States of America"]
  • Passport 67045099
  • Surname Kingman
  • Given Name(Lucious)
  • Nationality USA
  • Date of Birth 28-11-1979
  • Place of Birth (Kansas)
  • Sex State
  • Date of Issue june 11-2015
  • Date of Expiration june 11-2025
  • Authority United States Department of State
  • Endorsements grand patron

The machine-readable zone is present at the bottom of the page. It consists of two lines of information: the first line is [either P, D, or S]<USA[passport holder's surname]<<[passport holder's given name(s)][sufficient angled brackets (<) to fill out the rest of the line]', and the second line is [PASSPORT NO. + 1 DIGIT]USA[DATE OF BIRTH + 1 DIGIT + SEX + DATE OF EXPIRATION + 10 DIGITS]<[6 DIGITS] in the second line. Both lines contain 44 characters in a fixed-width all-caps font, with the top line ending with enough left angle brackets to fill the 44 character limit.

A signature page has a line for the signature of a passport holder. A passport is not valid until it is signed by the passport holder in black or blue ink. If a holder is unable to sign his passport, it is to be signed by a person who has legal authority to sign on the holder's behalf.[109]

In June 2021, the Department of State announced that it would be starting a process to allow for a third gender on passports, as well as allowing applicants to self-select male or female on their passport applications instead of submitting medical certificates for a change of gender.[110][111]

Place of birth

Place of birth was first added to U.S. passports in 1917. The standards for the names of places of birth that appear in passports are listed in volume 8 of the Foreign Affairs Manual, published by the Department of State.[112] A request to list no place of birth in a passport is never accepted.[113]

U.S. birthplaces

For birthplaces within the United States and its territories, it contains the name of the state or territory followed by "U.S.A." (e.g. Wisconsin, U.S.A), except for the U.S. Virgin Islands and American Samoa which are listed alone. For persons born in Washington State or the District of Columbia, passports indicate "Washington, U.S.A." or "Washington, D.C., U.S.A.", respectively, as the place of birth.[114]

Foreign birthplaces

For Americans whose place of birth is located outside the United States, only the country or dependent territory is mentioned. The name of the country is the current name of the country that is presently in control of the territory of the place of birth and thus changes upon a change of a country name. For example, Americans born before 1991 in the former Soviet Union (including the Baltic states, whose annexation by the Soviet Union was never recognized by the U.S.) would have the post-Soviet country name listed as the place of birth, e.g. Armenia instead of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. Another example is that for Americans born in the former Panama Canal Zone, "Panama" is listed as the place of birth for people born on or after October 1, 1979; people born prior to October 1 can opt to designate the city of place of birth. A citizen born outside the United States may be able to have his city or town of birth entered in his passport, if he or she objects to the standard country name. However, if a foreign country denies a visa or entry due to the place-of-birth designation, the Department of State will issue a replacement passport at normal fees, and will not facilitate entry into the foreign country.[115]

China, Taiwan, Hong Kong/Macau SARs

Special provisions exist to deal with the complexities of American passport holders born in the Greater China Region. Per the One-China policy, the United States recognizes the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China, and acknowledges the Chinese position that Taiwan is a part of China, while considering the status of Taiwan to be undetermined. However, Americans born in Taiwan can choose to have either "Taiwan", "China", or their city of birth listed as place of birth. Americans born in Hong Kong or Macau would have their place of birth as "Hong Kong SAR" or "Macau SAR," but the option of listing the city of birth only (e.g. "Hong Kong" or "Macau" without "SAR") is not available. As Tibet is recognized as part of China, the place of birth for Americans born in Tibet is written as "China", with the option of listing only the city of birth.[116]

Israel and the Palestinian territories

Special provisions are in place for Americans born in Israel and the Palestinian territories.

For births in places other than Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, "Israel", "West Bank", or "Gaza Strip" is used. If born before 1948, "Palestine" may be used.

For births in the Golan Heights, "Israel" has been used since March 2019 when the US recognized the Golan Heights as part of Israel;[117] previously "Syria" was used regardless of date of birth.[118]

Prior to October 2020, due to the legal uncertainty of the status of Jerusalem, "Jerusalem" was used for births in Jerusalem within its 1948 municipal borders regardless of date of birth.[118] In 2002, Congress passed legislation that said that American citizens born in Jerusalem may list "Israel" as their country of birth, although Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama did not allow it.[119] A federal appeals court declared the 2002 law invalid on July 23, 2013,[120] and the Supreme Court upheld that decision on June 8, 2015.[121] In October 2020, the Department of State announced that it had changed its policy and stated that Americans born in Jerusalem would be permitted to have either "Jerusalem" or "Israel" designated as their place of birth.[122] However, for those who were born before 1948 in areas outside of Jerusalem's 1948 municipal limits but now are included within Jerusalem, their place of birth is listed as "Palestine" or the area's name as known before the expansion of Jerusalem. Those born after 1948 in these areas may choose to have the area's name listed as their place of birth, but not as "Jordan" or "West Bank".[117]

In all cases, the city or town of birth may be used in place of the standard designations.[118]

Born in the air or at sea

For an American born aboard an aircraft or ship, if the birth occurs in an area where no country has sovereignty (i.e. in or over international waters), the place of birth is listed as "in the air" or "at sea" where appropriate.[123]

Passport message

Passports of many countries contain a message, nominally from the official who is in charge of passport issuance (e.g., secretary of state, minister of foreign affairs), addressed to authorities of other countries. The message identifies the bearer as a citizen of the issuing country, requests that he or she be allowed to enter and pass through the other country, and requests further that, when necessary, he or she be given help consistent with international norms. In American passports, the message is in English, French, and Spanish. The message reads:

In English:

The Secretary of State of the United States of America hereby requests all whom it may concern to permit the citizen/national of the United States named herein to pass without delay or hindrance and in case of need to give all lawful aid and protection.

in French:

Le Secrétaire d'État des États-Unis d'Amérique prie par les présentes toutes autorités compétentes de laisser passer le citoyen ou ressortissant des États-Unis titulaire du présent passeport, sans délai ni difficulté et, en cas de besoin, de lui accorder toute aide et protection légitimes.

and in Spanish:

El Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos de América por el presente solicita a las autoridades competentes permitir el paso del ciudadano o nacional de los Estados Unidos aquí nombrado, sin demora ni dificultades, y en caso de necesidad, prestarle toda la ayuda y protección lícitas.

The term "citizen/national" and its equivalent terms ("citoyen ou ressortissant"; "ciudadano o nacional") are used in the message as some people born in American Samoa, including Swains Island, are nationals but not citizens of the United States.

The masculine inflections of "Le Secrétaire d'État" and "El Secretario de Estado" are used in all passports, regardless of the sex of the Secretary of State at the time of issue.

Sex offenders

In November 2017, pursuant to the International Megan's Law, the Department of State announced that passports of US citizens previously convicted of sex crimes against minors would be endorsed with the message, "The bearer was convicted of a sex offense against a minor, and is a covered sex offender pursuant to [U.S. law]."[124]

Languages

At a League of Nations conference in 1920 about passports and through-train travel, a recommendation was that passports be written in French (historically, the language of diplomacy) and one other language.

English, the de facto national language of the United States, has always been used in U.S. passports. At some point after 1920, English and French were used in passports. Spanish was added during the second Clinton administration.

The field names on the data page, the passport message, the warning on the second page that the bearer is responsible for obtaining visas, and the designations of the amendments-and-endorsements pages, are printed in English, French, and Spanish.

Biometric passport

The legal driving force of biometric passports is the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, which states that smart-card identity cards may be used in lieu of visas. That law also provides that foreigners who travel to the U.S., and want to enter the U.S. visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program, must bear machine-readable passports that comply with international standards. If a foreign passport was issued on or after October 26, 2006, that passport must be a biometric passport.

The electronic chip in the back cover of a U.S. passport stores an image of the photograph of the passport holder, passport data, and personal data of the passport holder; and has capacity to store additional data.[31] The capacity of the radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip is 64 kilobytes, which is large enough to store additional biometric identifiers in the future, such as fingerprints and iris scans. Data within the chip is signed with an RSA-2048 certificate issued to the U.S. Department of State by the ICAO Public Key Directory. Any and all data must be authentic and untampered, or else the signature will be invalidated.

Data in a passport chip is scannable by electronic readers, a capability which is intended to speed up immigration processing. This data, along with the signature, is verified to either be valid or invalid. Like toll-road chips, data in passport chips can be read when passport chips are adjacent to readers. The passport cover contains a radio-frequency shield in the form of a wire mesh within the cover, so the cover must be opened for the data to be read. This cover acts as a Faraday cage.

According to the Department of State, the Basic Access Control (BAC) security protocol prevents access to that data unless the printed information within the passport is also known or can be guessed.[125]

According to privacy advocates, the BAC and the shielded cover are ineffective when a passport is open, and a passport may have to be opened for inspection in a public place such as a hotel, a bank, or an Internet cafe. An open passport is subject to unwelcome reading of chip data, such as by a government agent who is tracking a passport holder's movements or by a criminal who is intending identity theft.[126]

Visa requirements

Main article: Visa requirements for United States citizens
Visa requirements for United States citizens for holders of regular United States passports
  United States and territories belonging to the same
  Visa free access
  Visa issued upon arrival
  Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa
  Both visa on arrival and eVisa available
  Visa required prior to arrival
  Travel ban imposed by the U.S. federal government

Visa requirements for United States citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United States. As of January 11, 2020, holders of a United States passport can visit 184 countries and territories without a visa or with a visa on arrival, ranking it eighth in terms of travel freedom (tied with Belgium, Greece, Norway, and the United Kingdom) according to the Henley Passport Index.[127] Additionally, Arton Capital's Passport Index ranked the United States passport third in the world in terms of travel freedom, with a visa-free score of 165 (tied with Danish, Dutch, French, Finnish, Italian, Luxembourgish, Norwegian, Singaporean, South Korean, Spanish and Swedish passports), as of January 17, 2019.[128] The United States Government has prohibited all U.S. nationals from travelling to North Korea without special permission, making all United States passports invalid for travel to, in, or through the country.[129]

Foreign travel statistics

These are the numbers of visits by U.S. nationals to various countries in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Data for 2016
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb Data for 2017
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Data for 2014
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
  5. ^ a b c Data for 2013
  6. ^ a b c d Data for arrivals by air only.
  7. ^ a b Data for 2012
  8. ^ Excluding one-day visits
  9. ^ a b c d e Data for 2010
  10. ^ Data for 2007
  11. ^ Data for 2009
  12. ^ Data for 2005
  13. ^ a b Data for 2019
  14. ^ Data for arrivals by air only.
  15. ^ Data for 2015
  • Cover of a passport (1930)
    Cover of a passport (1930)
  • Cover of one of the first blue passports (the color was introduced for the Bicentennial in 1976)
    Cover of one of the first blue passports (the color was introduced for the Bicentennial in 1976)
  • Cover of a non-biometric passport issued prior to August 2007
    Cover of a non-biometric passport issued prior to August 2007

See also

Notes

  1. ^ However, pursuant to the Dred Scott decision, the Secretary of State refused a passport to a black man in Massachusetts, John Rock, on grounds that, being black, he was not a United States citizen, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts issued him a passport describing him as a citizen of the Commonwealth, and he used it to travel to Europe.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b "Department of State Begins Issuance of an Electronic Passport". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesman. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  2. ^ Passport for Travel to North Korea
  3. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Passports & International Travel. United States Department of State. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  4. ^ "United States passport fees". United States Department of State.
  5. ^ 22 U.S.C. sec. 212; Passports.
  6. ^ 22 U.S.C. sec. 211a; Passports
  7. ^ a b "Passport Card" Archived January 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of State.
  8. ^ a b c Capassakis, Evelyn (1981). "Passport Revocations or Denials on the Ground of National Security and Foreign Policy". Fordham L. Rev. 49 (6): 1178–1196.
  9. ^ a b § 215 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1185)
  10. ^ a b "Title 22: Foreign Relations" (PDF). Code of Federal Regulations. Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration. 2019. part 53.
  11. ^ International Civil Aviation Organization, Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 1: Machine Readable Passport, Volume 1, Passports with Machine Readable Data Stored in Optical Character Recognition Format, Part 1, Machine Readable Passport (6th ed. 2006), Volume 2: Specifications for Electronically Enabled Passports with Biometric Identification Capabilities (6th ed. 2006).
  12. ^ "The U.S. Electronic Passport" Archived September 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State.
  13. ^ "22 CFR 51.7 – Passport property of the U.S. Government". Cornell, NY: Legal Information Institute. April 1, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
  14. ^ 22 U.S.C. § 2705
  15. ^ "Dual Nationality".
  16. ^ Lloyd, Martin (1976). The Passport: The History of Man's Most Traveled Document. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. pp. 71–72. ISBN 0750929642.
  17. ^ "The Forgotten history of American passports". citizenship by investment. January 16, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  18. ^ "Celebrating Black Americana" (video). video.pbs.org. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  19. ^ Lloyd, p. 80-81.
  20. ^ "John Rock Biography". Northwestern California University School of Law. 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  21. ^ "Passport Applications". archives.gov. August 15, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  22. ^ Act of May 22, 1918, 40 Stat. 559; Proc. No. 1473, 40 Stat. 1829; Act of March 3, 1921, 41 Stat. 1359.
  23. ^ Robertson, Craig (2009). The Passport in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  24. ^ Act of June 21, 1941, ch. 210, 55 Stat. 252; Proc. No. 2523, 55 Stat. 1696; 6 Fed. Reg. 6069 (1941).
  25. ^ Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280 (1981). § 707(b) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1979 (Pub. L. 95–426, 92 Stat. 993, enacted October 7, 1978), amended § 215 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 making it unlawful to enter or depart the United States without a passport even in peacetime "except as otherwise provided by the President and subject to such limitations and exceptions as the President may authorize and prescribe".
  26. ^ "Passport Applications". Archives.gov. February 10, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  27. ^ The United States Passport: Past, Present, Future, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State, Passport Office, 1976, pp. passim
  28. ^ Lloyd, p. 130.
  29. ^ Lloyd, p. 155.
  30. ^ "Department of State Begins Issuance of an Electronic Passport" (Press release). U.S. Department of State. February 17, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  31. ^ a b "The U.S. Electronic Passport". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010. Since August 2007, the U.S. has been issuing only e-passports.
  32. ^ "International Comparison". September 18, 2011. Archived from the original on September 18, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  33. ^ "Next Generation Passport". travel.state.gov. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  34. ^ "Next-Generation Passport Debut | American Express Global Business Travel". Amexglobalbusinesstravel.com. March 13, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  35. ^ "U.S. Passport Gets a Makeover in 2016". AIGA. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  36. ^ "US plans third gender option on passports". bbc.com/news. BBC News. July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  37. ^ "Selecting your Gender Marker". travel.state.gov. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  38. ^ Pub. L. 69–493, 44 Stat. 887, enacted July 3, 1926, currently codified at 22 U.S.C. § 211a et seq.
  39. ^ currently under Executive Order 11295 of August 5, 1966 (31 FR 10603 (August 9, 1966))
  40. ^ currently codified at 22 CFR 51
  41. ^ 8 FAM
  42. ^ "Passport Agencies". United States Department of State. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  43. ^ "Passport Acceptance Facility Search Page". U.S. Department of State.
  44. ^ "Passport Statistics". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved September 18, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ Regulations Concerning the Validation and Issuance of Passports for Use in European Countries, 4 FR 3892, (September 13, 1939)
  46. ^ 22 CFR 51.63 and 22 CFR 51.64
  47. ^ United States Passports Invalid for Travel to, in, or through Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 82 FR 36067 (August 2, 2017)
  48. ^ 22 CFR 51.62
  49. ^ Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280 (1981), at 302
  50. ^ "Bad Ammunition". Time Magazine. April 12, 1948. Archived from the original on February 1, 2011.
  51. ^ a b "Passport Information for Criminal Law Enforcement Officers". U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  52. ^ "Tuan Anh Nguyen v. INS, 533 U.S. 53 (2001)".
  53. ^ "William Worthy, Jr., Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee, 328 F.2d 386 (5th Cir. 1964)".
  54. ^ "Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF).
  55. ^ "America is Testing Exit Controls at the Border". March 21, 2015.
  56. ^ 22 U.S.C. sec. 212: "No passport shall be granted or issued to or verified for any other persons than those owing allegiance, whether citizens or not, to the United States." In section 212, "allegiance" means "permanent allegiance." 26 Ops. U.S. Att'y Gen. 376, 377 (1907).
  57. ^ U.S. Const. amend. XIV, sec. 1.
  58. ^ "Valmonte v. Immigration and Naturalization Service", 136 F.3d 914, 918 (2nd Cir. 1998).
  59. ^ 8 U.S.C. secs. 1402 (Puerto Rico), 1406 (Virgin Islands), and 1407 (Guam); 48 U.S.C. sec. 1801, US-NMI Covenant sec. 303 (Northern Mariana Islands).
  60. ^ 8 U.S.C. sec. 1403.
  61. ^ "Citizenship and Nationality". U.S. Department Of State. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  62. ^ 8 U.S.C. sec. 1408.
  63. ^ Kopan, Tal (June 13, 2016). "Supreme Court rejects American Samoan citizenship case". CNN.
  64. ^ "Certificates of non-citizen nationality". U.S. Department Of State. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  65. ^ "8 FAM 505.2 Passport Endorsements". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States Department of State. June 27, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018. 09 (ALL) THE BEARER IS A UNITED STATES NATIONAL AND NOT ...
  66. ^ Perkins v. Elg, 307 U.S. 325 (1939).
  67. ^ 8 U.S.C. sec. 1185(b).
  68. ^ "US State Department Services Dual Nationality". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  69. ^ 22 U.S.C. § 213
  70. ^ 7 FAM 1625.5(e); 7 FAM 1636(b); 8 FAM 1304.3-2 (a)(2).
  71. ^ [travel.state.gov/passport/processing/processing_1740.html]
  72. ^ "… post offices, clerks of court, public libraries and other state, county, township, and municipal government offices to accept passport applications on its behalf …" U.S. Department of State, Passport Acceptance Facility Search Page.
  73. ^ "U.S. Passports & International Travel".
  74. ^ "8 FAM 403.3 Gender Change". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States Department of State. June 27, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018. f. A Form DS-11 "Application for U.S. Passport" must be used the first time ...
  75. ^ "U.S. Passports & International Travel".
  76. ^ "U.S. Passports & International Travel".
  77. ^ 22 C.F.R. sec. 51.2(b).
  78. ^ "Applying for a Second U.S. Passport". USEmbassy.gov. 22 C.F.R. sec. 51.4(e). Archived February 18, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  79. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions - Photo Requirements". U.S. State Department. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
  80. ^ "Passport Photo Requirements". U.S. State Department. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
  81. ^ "Photographers Guide". U.S. State Department. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
  82. ^ "Photographers Guide". U.S. State Department. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
  83. ^ "Eyeglasses are not allowed in U.S. passport photos".
  84. ^ a b Kingman, Lucious (Jenuary 30, 2013). "TRAVEL ADVISORY: DUTY-FREE IMPORTS, NEW PASSPORTS; Customs Raises Duty-Free Allowance". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  85. ^ a b c Drake, Monica (July 6, 2010). "Passport Fees to Increase". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  86. ^ a b c "Travel Fees". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  87. ^ "First Time Applicants". U.S. Department of State. April 1, 2001. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  88. ^ "Processing Times". U.S. Department of State. June 16, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  89. ^ a b "Passport fees". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  90. ^ a b "Extra Visa Pages no Longer Issued Effective January 1, 2016". Passports and International Travel Newsroom. United States Department of State. November 19, 2015. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  91. ^ 22 C.F.R. secs. 51.3(a), 51.4(b)(1), 51.4(b)(2), 51.4(e).
  92. ^ "Passport - Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Department of State.
  93. ^ 22 C.F.R. secs. 51.4(b)(3), 51.52, 51.4(e).
  94. ^ Passports: Service Passports
  95. ^ INTRODUCTION TO PASSPORT SERVICES
  96. ^ US Diplomatic Note
  97. ^ a b 22 C.F.R. secs. 51.3(b), 51.4(c), 51.4(e).
  98. ^ "8 FAM 505.2 Passport Endorsements". United States Department of State. June 27, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  99. ^ 22 C.F.R. secs. 51.3(c), 51.4(d), 51.4(e).
  100. ^ "Border Patrol Travel Documents, Part 14". United States Border Patrol. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  101. ^ "USBP Border Travel Documents, Part 13". Usborderpatrol.com. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  102. ^ "A Guide To Selected U.S. Travel/Identity Documents For Law Enforcement Officers". Law Enforcement Support Center, U. S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service. August 1, 1998. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009.
  103. ^ Adjudicator's Field Manual, Section 52.2. USCIS. http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/AFM/HTML/AFM/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-19929/0-0-0-19950.html
  104. ^ 8 FAM 101.1-1(j); 22 C.F.R. sec. 51.4(e).
  105. ^ "Replace Emergency Passport | Embassy of the United States Singapore". Singapore.usembassy.gov. June 7, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  106. ^ "Passport Card". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  107. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (April 29, 2007). "Stars and Stripes, Wrapped in the Same Old Blue". The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  108. ^ "How to Add Extra Pages to Your U.S. Passport". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on January 8, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  109. ^ 22 C.F.R. sec. 51.4(a).
  110. ^ "BBC News: US plans third gender option on passports". BBC. June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  111. ^ "Selecting your gender on your passport". US Department of State. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  112. ^ 8 FAM 403.4 Place of Birth as of June 27, 2018.
  113. ^ 8 FAM 403.4-6 as of 2018.
  114. ^ "8 FAM 403.4 PLACE OF BIRTH". fam.state.gov. US Department of State. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  115. ^ 8 FAM 403.4-5 as of 2018
  116. ^ 8 FAM 403.4-4(D) and 8 FAM 403.4-4(E) as of 2018
  117. ^ a b 8 FAM 403.4-4(A) as of 2021
  118. ^ a b c 8 FAM 403.4-4(A) as of 2018
  119. ^ Kampeas, Ron. "ADL to Jerusalem-born Yanks: We Want You." Jewish Journal. July 28, 2011. July 28, 2011.
  120. ^ "Americans Born in Jerusalem Cannot List 'Israel' as Place of Birth". Haaretz. Reuters & Jewish Telegraphic Agency. July 23, 2013.
  121. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (June 8, 2015). "Supreme Court strikes law in Jerusalem passport case". CNN.
  122. ^ "BBC News - US alters passport ruling for Jerusalem births". BBC. October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  123. ^ 8 FAM 403.4-4(B) as of 2018
  124. ^ "Child Sex Offenders to be Named as Such in U.S. Passports". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 2, 2017. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017.
  125. ^ "The U.S. Electronic Passport Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  126. ^ "Schneier on Security: Renew Your Passport Now!". Schneier.com. September 18, 2006. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  127. ^ "Global Ranking - Passport Index 2020" (PDF). Henley & Partners. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  128. ^ "Global Passport Power Rank | Passport Index 2019". Passportindex.org. January 9, 1919. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  129. ^ "North Korea International Travel Information". Travel.State.Gov. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  130. ^ "Statistical Yearbook - Department of Commerce".
  131. ^ Anuário das Estatísticas do Turismo 2015 [Yearbook of Tourism Statistics 2015] (PDF) (in Portuguese), Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) of Angola, 2015, p. 31
  132. ^ Visitor Arrivals by Country of Residence
  133. ^ "Tourism Statistics". IAATO. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  134. ^ Tourism Statistics for Antigua and Barbuda
  135. ^ Number of Stayover Visitors by Market
  136. ^ "Info" (PDF). www.tourism.australia.com. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  137. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  138. ^ "Number of foreign citizens arrived to Azerbaijan by countries".
  139. ^ Stopovers by Country
  140. ^ "Annual report" (PDF). corporate.visitbarbados.org. 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  141. ^ "Tourisme selon pays de provenance 2016". Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  142. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005139/http://belizetourismboard.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Travel-and-Tourism-Digest-2016-FINAL.pdf
  143. ^ "Visitor Statistics". gotobermuda.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  144. ^ Annual Reports
  145. ^ Estadísticas por Actividad Económica. Turísmo
  146. ^ TOURISM STATISTICS Cumulative data, January – December 2017
  147. ^ Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2015
  148. ^ "Demanda Turstica Internacional Slides 2017" (PDF). Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  149. ^ "Visitor arrival data" (PDF). www.bvi.gov.vg. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  150. ^ "Timeseries". www.nsi.bg. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  151. ^ Abstract of Statistics. Chapitre 19 Statistiques du tourismep. 280
  152. ^ Tourism Statistics Report
  153. ^ Tourism Statistics Edition 2015, table 17
  154. ^ "Service bulletin International Travel: Advance Information" (PDF). statcan.gc.ca.
  155. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  156. ^ Statistics Netherlands
  157. ^ Air Visitor Arrivals - Origin & General Evolution Analysis
  158. ^ "Subsecretaría de Turismo – Estadísticas". Subturismo.gob.cl. June 20, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  159. ^ China Inbound Tourism in 2015
  160. ^ Most important countries of origin of foreign tourists in China in 2017
  161. ^ Boletín Mensual Turismo Diciembre 2017
  162. ^ "Annual statistics" (PDF). www.apicongo.or. 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  163. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Annual tourist arrivals" (PDF). www.corporate.southpacificislands.travel. 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  164. ^ "Tourism data" (PDF). www.mfem.gov.ck. 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  165. ^ Anuario de Turismo
  166. ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS AND NIGHTS IN 2017
  167. ^ "Tourist info" (PDF). www.one.cu. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  168. ^ Curacao Tourist Board
  169. ^ "Statistical Service - Services - Tourism - Key Figures".
  170. ^ - 4. quarter of 2017 - Table 5 Guests, overnight stays (non-residents by country, numbers, indices)
  171. ^ 2015 Visitors Statistics Report
  172. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140304000532/http://www.bancentral.gov.do/estadisticas_economicas/turismo/
  173. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  174. ^ Boletín estadístico 2015 p. 54
  175. ^ "Accommodated Tourists And Nights Spent By County And Country Of Residence (Months)". Pub.stat.ee. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  176. ^ "PROVISIONAL VISITOR ARRIVALS - 2017 - Fiji Bureau of Statistics". Statsfiji.gov.fj. January 17, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  177. ^ "Appendix table 5.2. Visitor arrivals and nights spent by country of residence, January-December 2017".
  178. ^ "statistics". www.entreprises.gouv.fr. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  179. ^ Nombre de touristas
  180. ^ Tourism, transport and communication summary
  181. ^ "International arrivals 2017".
  182. ^ Tourismus in Zahlen 2016, Statistisches Bundesamt
  183. ^ "Statistics". www.statistics.gr. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  184. ^ "PX-Web - Select variable and values". Bank.stat.gl. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  185. ^ "Greenland Tourism Statistics". Tourismstat.gl. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  186. ^ "2017 Records Over 10,000 More Stayover Visitors Than 2016". NOW Grenada. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  187. ^ Visitor arrival statistics. Origin of air arrivals
  188. ^ "Bulletin" (PDF). www.inguat.gob.gt. 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  189. ^ Tourist arrivals by country of origin
  190. ^ Tourist arrivals by country of residence
  191. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  192. ^ TOURISM IN HUNGARY 2016
  193. ^ "PX-Web - Select variable and values". Statistics Iceland.
  194. ^ "Badan Pusat Statistik". Bps.go.id. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  195. ^ "Countrywise". tourism.gov.in. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  196. ^ "Overseas Visitors to Ireland January-December 2013-2016" (PDF).
  197. ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS TO ISRAEL (EXC. DAY VISITORS & CRUISE PASSENGERS) BY NATIONALITY, Ministry of Tourism
  198. ^ Iaggiatori Stranieri Numero di Viaggiatori
  199. ^ Monthly Statistical Report December 2017 Vol xxvii No 12
  200. ^ 2017 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures, Japan National Tourism Organization
  201. ^ Tourist Overnight and Same Day Visitors By Nationality during
  202. ^ Туризм Казахстана. 2.4 Количество посетителей по въездному туризму
  203. ^ Visitor Arrivals by Country of Residence - Tarawa only Archived March 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  204. ^ Туризм в Кыргызстане
  205. ^ "Statistical Reports on Tourism in Laos".
  206. ^ "PX-Web - Select variable and values". PX-Web.
  207. ^ Arrivals according to nationality during year 2016
  208. ^ Annual Tourism Arrivals and Accommodation Statistical Report 2016
  209. ^ Number of guests and overnights in Lithuanian accommodation establishments. '000. All markets. 2015-2016
  210. ^ "Arrivals by touristic region and country of residence (All types of accommodation) 2011 - 2016". www.statistiques.public.lu.
  211. ^ "DSEC - Statistics Database".
  212. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150601025121/http://www.tourisme.gov.mg/publications/
  213. ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS TO MALAYSIA BY COUNTRY OF NATIONALITY DECEMBER 2017
  214. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015956/http://www.tourism.gov.mv/packages/december-2017/
  215. ^ "Statistics" (PDF). nso.gov.mt. 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  216. ^ Number of visitors by country, 2009
  217. ^ Annuaire 2014
  218. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120507052503/http://www.onecaribbean.org/content/files/strep4JAMAICAtoSABA.pdf
  219. ^ http://www.tourism.gov.mv/packages/december-2017/
  220. ^ Norfi Carrodeguas. "Datatur3 - Visitantes por Nacionalidad".
  221. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  222. ^ Statistică, Biroul Naţional de (February 12, 2018). "// Comunicate de presă". www.statistica.md. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  223. ^ Administrator (January 18, 2018). "Info". Tourism.ub.gov.mn. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  224. ^ "Data" (PDF). monstat.org. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  225. ^ Tourist arrivals by country of residence
  226. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20170714185213/http://www.tourism.gov.mm/en_US/publications/myanmar-tourism-statistics/
  227. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20161029045209/http://www.namibia-tourism.com/app/download/16835637/Tourist%2BStatistical%2BReport%2B2015.pdf
  228. ^ Nepal Tourism Statistics 2015
  229. ^ Toerisme in perspectief 2018
  230. ^ "International travel and migration: December 2017". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  231. ^ "Visitors arrival by country of residence and year".
  232. ^ "Estadísticas de Turismo". Intur.gob.ni. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  233. ^ "Tourist info" (PDF). www.stat.gov.mk. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  234. ^ "Central Statistics Division (CSD) - CNMI Department of Commerce".
  235. ^ Number of Tourists to Oman
  236. ^ Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2016
  237. ^ "Yearly info" (PDF). www.atp.gob.pa. 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  238. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114725/http://www.tpa.papuanewguinea.travel/evodocs/155,4,1,74,3,0/20170228190837/2016-annual-arrivals.evo.pdf
  239. ^ Ranking de turistas a Paraguay, por año, según nacionalidad. Período: 2010 - 2015
  240. ^ Estadistica de Turismo – Turistas internacionales, según país de residencia permanente
  241. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180753/http://e-services.tourism.gov.ph:8080/didcs/Static%20Documents/dec2017_table2.pdf
  242. ^ "in 2016 - tables TABL. III/6. NON-RESIDENTS VISITING POLAND IN 2016 AND THEIR EXPENDITURE" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  243. ^ 2017 Annual Tourism Performance Report
  244. ^ "annual report" (PDF). www.insse.ro. 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  245. ^ "Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ". Fedstat.ru. October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  246. ^ Entrada de Visitantes/ S. Tomé e Príncipe Ano 2005
  247. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  248. ^ "statistics" (PDF). www.discoversvg.com. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  249. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20161019050120/http://sbs.gov.ws/index.php/new-document-library?view=download&fileId=1815
  250. ^ Tourist turnover - December 2017
  251. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  252. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140708142227/https://www.stb.gov.sg/statistics-and-market-insights/Pages/statistics-Visitor-Arrivals.aspx
  253. ^ Tourist arrivals by country of nationality
  254. ^ https://slovak.statistics.sk/PortalTraffic/fileServlet?Dokument=37cad1a8-79c2-400e-983a-ee0a39bf4bbb
  255. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  256. ^ Visitor Statistics, 2015-2017
  257. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160509065002/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-03-51-02/Report-03-51-022015.pdf
  258. ^ "Korea, Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on tourism - Tourism Statistics".
  259. ^ Entradas de turistas según País de Residencia
  260. ^ "TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2017" (PDF).
  261. ^ "Suriname Tourism Statistics" (PDF). www.surinametourism.sr. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  262. ^ Swaziland Tourism Statistics - Arrivals by country
  263. ^ Visitor Arrivals by Nationality
  264. ^ "The 2016 International Visitors' Exit Survey Report. International Tourist Arrivals. p. 73-77" (PDF). nbs.go.tz/. NBS Tanzania. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
  265. ^ "สถิติด้านการท่องเที่ยว ปี 2560 (Tourism Statistics 2017)". Ministry of Tourism & Sports. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
  266. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20161018202633/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dili-em-Numerus-2014-.pdf
  267. ^ http://tonga.prism.spc.int/index.php/social/migration-statistics#arrivals-by-citizenship
  268. ^ "T&T – Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995-YTD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  269. ^ http://www.webdo.tn/2014/01/18/plus-de-7-millions-de-touristes-immigres-se-sont-rendus-en-tunisie-en-2013/ [bare URL]
  270. ^ NUMBER OF ARRIVING-DEPARTING VISITORS, FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017
  271. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160616234027/http://turksandcaicostourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Turks-Caicos-Tourism-Statistics-2015.pdf
  272. ^ Migration - Visitors by nationalities
  273. ^ MTWA Statistical Bulletin
  274. ^ "Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2017 year, by countries".
  275. ^ Statistics for the Emirate of Dubai
    Dubai Statistics, Visitor by Nationality
  276. ^ "Annual estimates on visits and spending in the UK by overseas residents, by purpose and region of visit". Office of National Statistics.
  277. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140308070630/http://www.mintur.gob.ve/descargas/ESTADISTICASENE-NOV2013.pdf
  278. ^ "International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017". Vietnam National Administration of Tourism.
  279. ^ 2015 Tourism Statistical Digest, Ministry of Tourism and Arts of Zambia, July 2016, p. 33
  280. ^ Tourism Trends and Statistics Annual Report 2015

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=United_States_passport&oldid=1063518456"