Tiger Bay: Difference between revisions
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In 1794, the [[Glamorganshire Canal]] was completed, linking Cardiff with [[Merthyr]], and in 1798 a basin was built, connecting the [[canal]] to the sea. Increasing agitation for proper dock facilities led Cardiff's foremost landowner, [[John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute|The 2nd Marquess of Bute]], to promote the construction of the [[Bute Docks|West Bute Dock]], opened in October 1839. Just two years later, the [[Taff Vale Railway]] was opened. From the 1850s [[coal]] supplanted [[iron]] as the industrial foundation of [[South Wales]], as the [[Cynon Valley]] and [[Rhondda]] Valley were [[Mining|mined]]. |
In 1794, the [[Glamorganshire Canal]] was completed, linking Cardiff with [[Merthyr]], and in 1798 a basin was built, connecting the [[canal]] to the sea. Increasing agitation for proper dock facilities led Cardiff's foremost landowner, [[John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute|The 2nd Marquess of Bute]], to promote the construction of the [[Bute Docks|West Bute Dock]], opened in October 1839. Just two years later, the [[Taff Vale Railway]] was opened. From the 1850s [[coal]] supplanted [[iron]] as the industrial foundation of [[South Wales]], as the [[Cynon Valley]] and [[Rhondda]] Valley were [[Mining|mined]]. |
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[[File:Immigrant Statues, Cardiff Bay - geograph.org.uk - 853491.jpg| thumb |
[[File:Immigrant Statues, Cardiff Bay - geograph.org.uk - 853491.jpg| thumb|Immigrant Statues, Cardiff Bay. A bronze of an immigrant couple symbolising the arrival of many to Tiger Bay seeking a better life in Britain.]] |
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As Cardiff's coal exports grew, so did its population. Well-appointed residential areas were created in the 1840s and early 1850s, centred around [[Mount Stuart Square]] and [[Loudoun Square]] (between [[Bute Street, Cardiff|West Bute Street]] and the [[Glamorganshire Canal]]) to house the growing numbers of merchants, brokers, builders, and seafarers from across the world settling close to the docks.<ref name=EvansDodsworthBarnett>{{Citation|last1=Evans |first1=Catherine |last2=Dodsworth |first2=Steve |last3=Barnett |first3=Julie |title=Below the Bridge: A photo-historical survey of Cardiff's docklands to 1983 |place=Cardiff |publisher=[[National Museum of Wales Cardiff]] |pages=23, 43–44 |year=1984 |isbn=0-7200-0288-5 }}</ref> The area, known as Tiger Bay from the fierce currents around the local tidal stretches of the [[River Severn]], became one of the |
As Cardiff's coal exports grew, so did its population. Well-appointed residential areas were created in the 1840s and early 1850s, centred around [[Mount Stuart Square]] and [[Loudoun Square]] (between [[Bute Street, Cardiff|West Bute Street]] and the [[Glamorganshire Canal]]) to house the growing numbers of merchants, brokers, builders, and seafarers from across the world settling close to the docks.<ref name=EvansDodsworthBarnett>{{Citation|last1=Evans |first1=Catherine |last2=Dodsworth |first2=Steve |last3=Barnett |first3=Julie |title=Below the Bridge: A photo-historical survey of Cardiff's docklands to 1983 |place=Cardiff |publisher=[[National Museum of Wales Cardiff]] |pages=23, 43–44 |year=1984 |isbn=0-7200-0288-5 }}</ref> The area, known as Tiger Bay from the fierce currents around the local tidal stretches of the [[River Severn]], became one of the UK's oldest multicultural communities, with migrant communities from over 50 nationalities, including [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]], [[Somali people|Somali]], [[Yemen]]i, [[Spanish people|Spanish]], [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Caribbean]], and [[Irish people|Irish]]. All the nationalities helped to create the unique [[multicultural]] character of the area, where people from different backgrounds socialised together and intermarried.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-13|title=New Tiger Bay material to showcase Cardiff docks' history|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-46541462|access-date=2021-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Wales - History - Themes - Tiger Bay|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/tiger_bay.shtml|access-date=2021-04-04|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> |
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Exports reached 2 million tons as early as 1862, with the [[Bute Docks|East Bute dock]] opening in 1859. In 1862, 2,000,000 tons of coal were exported from Cardiff Docks; by 1913, this had risen to 10,700,000 tons. Frustration at the lack of development at Cardiff led to rival docks' being opened at [[Penarth]] in 1865 and [[Barry, Vale of Glamorgan|Barry]] in 1889. These developments eventually spurred Cardiff into action, with the opening of the Roath Dock in 1887 and the [[Queen Alexandra Dock]] in 1907. Coal exports from the [[South Wales Coalfield]] via Cardiff totalled nearly 9 million tons per annum, much of it exported in the holds of locally owned [[tramp steamer]]s. The wealthier residents were able to move away to the new Cardiff suburbs. Butetown (particularly the area around Loudoun Square) became crowded, as families took in lodgers and split up the three-storey houses to help pay the rents.<ref name=EvansDodsworthBarnett /> |
Exports reached 2 million tons as early as 1862, with the [[Bute Docks|East Bute dock]] opening in 1859. In 1862, 2,000,000 tons of coal were exported from Cardiff Docks; by 1913, this had risen to 10,700,000 tons. Frustration at the lack of development at Cardiff led to rival docks' being opened at [[Penarth]] in 1865 and [[Barry, Vale of Glamorgan|Barry]] in 1889. These developments eventually spurred Cardiff into action, with the opening of the Roath Dock in 1887 and the [[Queen Alexandra Dock]] in 1907. Coal exports from the [[South Wales Coalfield]] via Cardiff totalled nearly 9 million tons per annum, much of it exported in the holds of locally owned [[tramp steamer]]s. The wealthier residents were able to move away to the new Cardiff suburbs. Butetown (particularly the area around Loudoun Square) became crowded, as families took in lodgers and split up the three-storey houses to help pay the rents.<ref name=EvansDodsworthBarnett /> |
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{{details|Cardiff Bay}} |
{{details|Cardiff Bay}} |
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The exports of coal were key to the docks economy, so it began to decline in the 1960s, when exports from the docks stopped. Housing clearances in the 1960s relocated many of the residents of Butetown, previously the residential core of the docklands, into unpopular tower blocks. |
The exports of coal were key to the docks economy, so it began to decline in the 1960s, when exports from the docks stopped. Housing clearances in the 1960s relocated many of the residents of Butetown, previously the residential core of the docklands, into unpopular tower blocks.<ref name="inconvenienttruth">{{cite web |last1=Deacon |first1=Thomas |title=The inconvenient truth about Cardiff Bay: The history of Cardiff's waterfront and how Wales' first BAME community was driven out to build it |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/inconvenient-truth-cardiff-bay-history-18402792 |website=Wales Online |date=19 July 2020 |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> |
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The economic decline in the 1960s and 70s lead to a 25% vacancy rate of buildings and 60% unemployment in Butetown. |
The economic decline in the 1960s and 70s lead to a 25% vacancy rate of buildings and 60% unemployment in Butetown. |
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The great depression led to a decline in the infrastructure and buildings of the area; by the 1970s and 1980s the area required development and investment. |
The great depression led to a decline in the infrastructure and buildings of the area; by the 1970s and 1980s the area required development and investment.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Adrian |title=Cardiff Bay Blues |journal=Jones the Planner |date=27 March 2011 |url=http://www.jonestheplanner.co.uk/2011/03/cardiff-bay-blues.html}}</ref> |
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The cost of land decreased in the area as there was a decline in traditional industry. This led to a rise in investments for developments, which were largely celebrated as a regeneration, but pushed aside the local multicultural community to make way for commercial developments. Residential homes were demolished, and the local multicultural communities were spread apart as they were displaced by the development. |
The cost of land decreased in the area as there was a decline in traditional industry. This led to a rise in investments for developments, which were largely celebrated as a regeneration, but pushed aside the local multicultural community to make way for commercial developments. Residential homes were demolished, and the local multicultural communities were spread apart as they were displaced by the development.<ref name="inconvenienttruth" /> |
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In 1999, the area was redeveloped by the [[Cardiff Bay Development Corporation]]. This redevelopment focused around the building of the [[Cardiff Bay Barrage]], one of the most controversial building projects of the day,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newswales.co.uk/index.php?section=Environment&F=1&id=1204 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904222152/http://www.newswales.co.uk/index.php?section=Environment&F=1&id=1204 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=Report on Cardiff Bay |publisher=Newswales.co.uk |access-date=25 January 2014 }}</ref> that impounds the Rivers Taff and the Ely to create a massive freshwater lake. This resulted in the equally controversial renaming of the area to "[[Cardiff Bay]]". |
In 1999, the area was redeveloped by the [[Cardiff Bay Development Corporation]]. This redevelopment focused around the building of the [[Cardiff Bay Barrage]], one of the most controversial building projects of the day,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newswales.co.uk/index.php?section=Environment&F=1&id=1204 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904222152/http://www.newswales.co.uk/index.php?section=Environment&F=1&id=1204 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=Report on Cardiff Bay |publisher=Newswales.co.uk |access-date=25 January 2014 }}</ref> that impounds the Rivers Taff and the Ely to create a massive freshwater lake. This resulted in the equally controversial renaming of the area to "[[Cardiff Bay]]". |
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The opposition to the development was led on the grounds of removal of communities, and ecological preservation of the mud-flats and salt marshes which were home to wintering birds. |
The opposition to the development was led on the grounds of removal of communities, and ecological preservation of the mud-flats and salt marshes which were home to wintering birds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Best |first1=Sian |title=Dam Nuisance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jan/05/environment.welshassembly |website=The Guardian|date=5 January 2005 }}</ref> |
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{{quotation | Butetown councillor Saeed Ebrahim has commented on the present day repercussions of these developments on the local community: |
{{quotation | Butetown councillor Saeed Ebrahim has commented on the present day repercussions of these developments on the local community: |
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{{main|Butetown History and Arts Centre}} |
{{main|Butetown History and Arts Centre}} |
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In 1988, co-inciding with the creation of the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation, the Butetown History and Arts Centre was created by the Butetown community to preserve the cultural-political heritage of the area. The centre was the site of historical oral recordings, educational events and activities for kids and adults and it also published books.<ref name="politics of heritage">{{Citation|last1=Littler |first1=Jo |last2=Naidoo |first2=Roshi |title=The Politics of Heritage: The Legacies of 'race' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6mAs-935AC&q=butetown+history+and+arts+centre&pg=PA258 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=146 |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-32210-3 }}</ref> The founder, an American historian named Glenn Jordan, was certain that the |
In 1988, co-inciding with the creation of the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation, the Butetown History and Arts Centre was created by the Butetown community to preserve the cultural-political heritage of the area. The centre was the site of historical oral recordings, educational events and activities for kids and adults and it also published books.<ref name="politics of heritage">{{Citation|last1=Littler |first1=Jo |last2=Naidoo |first2=Roshi |title=The Politics of Heritage: The Legacies of 'race' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6mAs-935AC&q=butetown+history+and+arts+centre&pg=PA258 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=146 |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-32210-3 }}</ref> The founder, an American historian named Glenn Jordan, was certain that the centre would remain an integral part of the regeneration project, since the area was deemed to be an example of a harmonious multi-racial community.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Benjamin |first1=Alison |title=Mixed Metaphor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/mar/14/guardiansocietysupplement5 |website=The Guardian|date=14 March 2001 }}</ref> However, the corporation provided no funding to the centre, and the space had to rely on external charitable funding to keep running.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last1=Mosalski |first1=Ruth |title=Butetown History and Arts Centre to close its doors - but needs help to keep archive |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/butetown-history-arts-centre-close-11365080 |agency=Wales Online}}</ref> In late 2016, the long-standing institution could not obtain funding and was shutdown. It's rich collection of the history of the Tiger Bay would need re-housing and the last important link for communities that had been cleared out from the area, to make space for the re-generation, was now closed.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/> |
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The BHAC collection has passed to The Heritage & Cultural Exchange <ref>www.https://tigerbay.org.uk</ref> |
The BHAC collection has passed to The Heritage & Cultural Exchange <ref>http://www.https://tigerbay.org.uk</ref> |
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==Popular culture== |
==Popular culture== |
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===Film=== |
===Film=== |
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* [[Tiger Bay (1934 film)|''Tiger Bay'']] (1934), is a British film starring Anna May Wong. |
* [[Tiger Bay (1934 film)|''Tiger Bay'']] (1934), is a British film starring Anna May Wong. |
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* [[Tiger Bay (1959 film)|''Tiger Bay'']] (1959), is a British film starring John and Hayley Mills, includes many scenes shot in the docks area and at [[Newport Transporter Bridge]] |
* [[Tiger Bay (1959 film)|''Tiger Bay'']] (1959), is a British film starring John and Hayley Mills, includes many scenes shot in the docks area and at [[Newport Transporter Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053361/ |title=Tiger Bay (1959) |date=27 June 1959 |publisher=www.imdb.com |access-date=26 December 2009 }}</ref> |
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===Music=== |
===Music=== |
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Revision as of 15:39, 3 January 2022
51°27′47″N 3°10′01″W / 51.463°N 3.167°W
Tiger Bay (Template:Lang-cy) was the local name for an area of Cardiff which covered Butetown and Cardiff Docks. Following the building of the Cardiff Barrage, which dams the tidal rivers, Ely and Taff, to create a body of water, it is referred to as Cardiff Bay. Tiger Bay is Wales’ oldest multi-ethnic community with sailors and workers from over 50 countries settling there from the mid-19th century onwards.[1]
History
The development of the Cardiff Docks played a major part in Cardiff's development by being the means of exporting coal from the South Wales Valleys to the rest of the world, helping to power the Industrial Age. The coal mining industry helped fund the growth of Cardiff to become the capital city of Wales and contributed towards making the docks owner, The 3rd Marquess of Bute, the richest man in the world at the time.
In 1794, the Glamorganshire Canal was completed, linking Cardiff with Merthyr, and in 1798 a basin was built, connecting the canal to the sea. Increasing agitation for proper dock facilities led Cardiff's foremost landowner, The 2nd Marquess of Bute, to promote the construction of the West Bute Dock, opened in October 1839. Just two years later, the Taff Vale Railway was opened. From the 1850s coal supplanted iron as the industrial foundation of South Wales, as the Cynon Valley and Rhondda Valley were mined.
As Cardiff's coal exports grew, so did its population. Well-appointed residential areas were created in the 1840s and early 1850s, centred around Mount Stuart Square and Loudoun Square (between West Bute Street and the Glamorganshire Canal) to house the growing numbers of merchants, brokers, builders, and seafarers from across the world settling close to the docks.[2] The area, known as Tiger Bay from the fierce currents around the local tidal stretches of the River Severn, became one of the UK's oldest multicultural communities, with migrant communities from over 50 nationalities, including Norwegian, Somali, Yemeni, Spanish, Italian, Caribbean, and Irish. All the nationalities helped to create the unique multicultural character of the area, where people from different backgrounds socialised together and intermarried.[3][4]
Exports reached 2 million tons as early as 1862, with the East Bute dock opening in 1859. In 1862, 2,000,000 tons of coal were exported from Cardiff Docks; by 1913, this had risen to 10,700,000 tons. Frustration at the lack of development at Cardiff led to rival docks' being opened at Penarth in 1865 and Barry in 1889. These developments eventually spurred Cardiff into action, with the opening of the Roath Dock in 1887 and the Queen Alexandra Dock in 1907. Coal exports from the South Wales Coalfield via Cardiff totalled nearly 9 million tons per annum, much of it exported in the holds of locally owned tramp steamers. The wealthier residents were able to move away to the new Cardiff suburbs. Butetown (particularly the area around Loudoun Square) became crowded, as families took in lodgers and split up the three-storey houses to help pay the rents.[2]
Tiger Bay had a reputation for being a tough and dangerous area, however, locals who lived and stayed in the area describe a far friendlier place.[5] Merchant seamen arrived in Cardiff from all over the world, only staying for as long as it took to discharge and reload their ships. Consequently, it has been said that the area became the red-light district of Cardiff, and many murders and lesser crimes went unsolved and unpunished, as the perpetrators had sailed away. In reality the primary brothels streets, and the primary red light area, were Charlotte Street and Whitmore Lane, both of which were outside Tiger Bay and having been demolished are now under the Marriott Hotel car park.
By 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression which followed the 1926 United Kingdom general strike, coal exports had fallen to below 5 million tons, and dozens of locally owned ships were laid-up. It was an era of depression from which Cardiff never really recovered, and despite intense activity at the port during the Second World War, coal exports continued to decline, finally ceasing in 1964.
Re-development
The exports of coal were key to the docks economy, so it began to decline in the 1960s, when exports from the docks stopped. Housing clearances in the 1960s relocated many of the residents of Butetown, previously the residential core of the docklands, into unpopular tower blocks.[6] The economic decline in the 1960s and 70s lead to a 25% vacancy rate of buildings and 60% unemployment in Butetown. The great depression led to a decline in the infrastructure and buildings of the area; by the 1970s and 1980s the area required development and investment.[7]
The cost of land decreased in the area as there was a decline in traditional industry. This led to a rise in investments for developments, which were largely celebrated as a regeneration, but pushed aside the local multicultural community to make way for commercial developments. Residential homes were demolished, and the local multicultural communities were spread apart as they were displaced by the development.[6]
In 1999, the area was redeveloped by the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation. This redevelopment focused around the building of the Cardiff Bay Barrage, one of the most controversial building projects of the day,[8] that impounds the Rivers Taff and the Ely to create a massive freshwater lake. This resulted in the equally controversial renaming of the area to "Cardiff Bay".
The opposition to the development was led on the grounds of removal of communities, and ecological preservation of the mud-flats and salt marshes which were home to wintering birds.[9]
Butetown councillor Saeed Ebrahim has commented on the present day repercussions of these developments on the local community:
“The way developments were created was not very healthy, put it that way. The developers created us and them. They never wanted to include their developments in the older people and the older Butetown communities.”
“The development of Cardiff Bay has never included the people of Butetown frankly, and still to this day they are not included into the agenda of businesses. And still, there's a huge divide in the Bay and Butetown.”
The funding available for the existing community was small and the Tiger bay name was pushed out in favour of Cardiff Bay.
Community and cultural spaces
Industrial and Maritime Museum
In the re-development of the area, some long-standing cultural institutions have been closed or demolished to make space for new buildings. In the 1970s, the Industrial and Maritime Museum was built on Bute Street to commemorate the heritage and history of the area. However, the museum along with other historical buildings on Bute street were demolished to make space for the Mermaid Quay Centre.[7]
Butetown History and Arts Centre
In 1988, co-inciding with the creation of the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation, the Butetown History and Arts Centre was created by the Butetown community to preserve the cultural-political heritage of the area. The centre was the site of historical oral recordings, educational events and activities for kids and adults and it also published books.[10] The founder, an American historian named Glenn Jordan, was certain that the centre would remain an integral part of the regeneration project, since the area was deemed to be an example of a harmonious multi-racial community.[11] However, the corporation provided no funding to the centre, and the space had to rely on external charitable funding to keep running.[12] In late 2016, the long-standing institution could not obtain funding and was shutdown. It's rich collection of the history of the Tiger Bay would need re-housing and the last important link for communities that had been cleared out from the area, to make space for the re-generation, was now closed.[12][11]
The BHAC collection has passed to The Heritage & Cultural Exchange [13]
Popular culture
The name "Tiger Bay" was applied in popular literature and slang (especially that of sailors) to any dock or seaside neighbourhood which shared a similar notoriety for danger.[14]
Film
- Tiger Bay (1934), is a British film starring Anna May Wong.
- Tiger Bay (1959), is a British film starring John and Hayley Mills, includes many scenes shot in the docks area and at Newport Transporter Bridge.[15]
Music
- On her album The Performance (2009), Shirley Bassey sings the semi-autobiographical "The Girl From Tiger Bay", written by the Manic Street Preachers and David Arnold.
- The album Tiger Bay (1994), by indie pop band Saint Etienne, is named after the 1959 film of the same name, which was filmed at the Cardiff docks.
- "Tiger Bay" is a song by The Hennessys.
- "Tyger Bay" is a song by NWOBHM band Tygers of Pan Tang.
- Tiger Bay is mentioned as one of the locations in Ian Dury & the Blockheads' song "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick".
Television
- The television drama Tiger Bay (1997) is based in the area.[16]
Theatre
- A musical about the history of Tiger Bay named Tiger Bay: The Musical premiered at the Wales Millennium Centre (in Cardiff Bay) from 13 to 25 November 2017.
Notable residents
- Singer and performer Dame Shirley Bassey
- Singer and performer Patti Flynn
- Light heavyweight boxer Redvers Sangoe
- Rugby league players Billy Boston, Colin Dixon and Roy Francis.
- First BME woman councillor in wales Gaynor Legall[17][18]
- Jazz Guitarist Vic Parker[19][20]
- Headteacher and community activist Betty Campbell
Sport
- The Tiger Bay Brawlers are a roller derby league founded in April 2010.
- Tiger Bay Youth run football teams for all age groups in the South of Cardiff.[21]
HMS Tiger Bay
During the Falklands War in 1982, the Argentine Z-28 patrol boat ARA Islas Malvinas GC82 was captured by the Type 42 destroyer HMS Cardiff. Brought into service with the Royal Navy, the crew subsequently renamed her HMS Tiger Bay. Stationed in Portsmouth Harbour for a period, she was sold for scrap in 1986.
See also
References
- ^ "Cardiff's Tiger Bay". BBC. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ a b Evans, Catherine; Dodsworth, Steve; Barnett, Julie (1984), Below the Bridge: A photo-historical survey of Cardiff's docklands to 1983, Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Cardiff, pp. 23, 43–44, ISBN 0-7200-0288-5
- ^ "New Tiger Bay material to showcase Cardiff docks' history". BBC News. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "BBC Wales - History - Themes - Tiger Bay". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "Wales - History - Themes - Family history". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ a b Deacon, Thomas (19 July 2020). "The inconvenient truth about Cardiff Bay: The history of Cardiff's waterfront and how Wales' first BAME community was driven out to build it". Wales Online. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ a b Jones, Adrian (27 March 2011). "Cardiff Bay Blues". Jones the Planner.
- ^ "Report on Cardiff Bay". Newswales.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ Best, Sian (5 January 2005). "Dam Nuisance". The Guardian.
- ^ Littler, Jo; Naidoo, Roshi (2005), The Politics of Heritage: The Legacies of 'race', Routledge, p. 146, ISBN 0-415-32210-3
- ^ a b Benjamin, Alison (14 March 2001). "Mixed Metaphor". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Mosalski, Ruth. "Butetown History and Arts Centre to close its doors - but needs help to keep archive". Wales Online.
- ^ http://www.https://tigerbay.org.uk
- ^ "Districts - Streets - Bluegate Fields [article by reader of www.victorianlondon.org]". Victorian London. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ "Tiger Bay (1959)". www.imdb.com. 27 June 1959. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
- ^ ""Tiger Bay" (1997)". www.imdb.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
- ^ Mohammed, Aamir (16 June 2019). "The notorious race riots in Cardiff that shamed Wales". WalesOnline. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "Gaynor Legall". www.100welshwomen.wales. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "The Legendary - Vic Parker". Preservation Jazz Society. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ Roberts, Andy (2 April 2009). "Butetown celebrates jazz heritage". BBC News.
- ^ "Tiger Bay Youth - Christmas Decorations & Ornaments".
Sources
- "Cardiff - Coal and Shipping Metropolis" By Dr David Jenkins, National Museums & Galleries of Wales. Published: 3 May 2005
- "The Tiger Bay Story" by Neil M.C.Sinclair, published by Dragon & Tiger Enterprises, ISBN 0-9530859-0-2
External links
- Tamed and Shabby Tiger BBC programme page with 1968 archive footage of Tiger Bay
- The Heritage & Cultural Exchange Archive - Tiger Bay and the World
