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In 1966, Hamilton acquired the Buren Watch Company of [[Büren an der Aare]], Switzerland, including all factories and technologies that had been developed by Buren up to that point. From 1966 to 1969, Hamilton Lancaster and Buren Switzerland were operated as a joint concern, with Hamilton using a number of Swiss [[watch movement|movements]] for their "American" watches and Buren utilizing a number of components manufactured by Hamilton Lancaster. It was during this time that Hamilton started to selectively incorporate the highly innovative Buren Micro-rotor (a.k.a. Micro Rotor/Micro-rotor) movement into small numbers of certain upper tier watches, in addition to their ordinary [[mechanical watch|hand-wound]] and traditional [[automatic watch]]es.
In 1966, Hamilton acquired the Buren Watch Company of [[Büren an der Aare]], Switzerland, including all factories and technologies that had been developed by Buren up to that point. From 1966 to 1969, Hamilton Lancaster and Buren Switzerland were operated as a joint concern, with Hamilton using a number of Swiss [[watch movement|movements]] for their "American" watches and Buren utilizing a number of components manufactured by Hamilton Lancaster. It was during this time that Hamilton started to selectively incorporate the highly innovative Buren Micro-rotor (a.k.a. Micro Rotor/Micro-rotor) movement into small numbers of certain upper tier watches, in addition to their ordinary [[mechanical watch|hand-wound]] and traditional [[automatic watch]]es.


The Buren (now Hamilton/Buren) Micro-rotor was the first patented automatic wristwatch movement to eliminate the sizable external oscillating weight inherent to most automatic winding watches. Instead, it utilized a much smaller weight that was entirely integrated into the chassis of the movement. This design allowed for a substantially slimmer automatic watch that still retained a center sweep second hand. The Micro-rotor concept was also conceived by [[Universal Genève]] for use in their Polerouter series of timepieces during this same time. The official title of "first Micro-rotor movement" is still in dispute among some horology aficionados, even though Buren patented their design in 1954,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finertimes.com/asp/watches/manufacturer.asp?code=19 |title=Buren Watch |publisher=Finertimes.com |year=2011 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> and Universal Geneve applied for their patent in May 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polerouter.de/frameset-movements.htm |title=Polerouter - movements |publisher=Polerouter.de |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref>
The Buren (now Hamilton/Buren) Micro-rotor was the first patented automatic wristwatch movement to eliminate the sizable external oscillating weight inherent to most automatic winding watches. Instead, it utilized a much smaller weight that was entirely integrated into the chassis of the movement. This design allowed for a substantially slimmer automatic watch that still retained a center sweep second hand. The Micro-rotor concept was also conceived by [[Universal Genève]] for use in their Polerouter series of timepieces during this same time. The official title of "first Micro-rotor movement" is still in dispute among some horology aficionados, even though Buren patented their design in 1954,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finertimes.com/asp/watches/manufacturer.asp?code=19 |title=Buren Watch |publisher=Finertimes.com |year=2011 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> and Universal Geneve applied for their patent in May 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polerouter.de/frameset-movements.htm |title=Polerouter – movements |publisher=Polerouter.de |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref>


In 1969, the Hamilton Watch Company completely ended American manufacturing operations with the closure of its factory in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[Pennsylvania]], shifting manufacturing operations to the Buren factory in Switzerland.
In 1969, the Hamilton Watch Company completely ended American manufacturing operations with the closure of its factory in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], [[Pennsylvania]], shifting manufacturing operations to the Buren factory in Switzerland.

Revision as of 23:53, 3 January 2022

Hamilton Watch Company
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryWatchmaking
Founded1892, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Headquarters
Bienne
,
Switzerland
Number of locations
~3000
Area served
Worldwide
ParentThe Swatch Group
Websitehamiltonwatch.com

The Hamilton Watch Company is a Swiss manufacturer of wristwatches based in Bienne, Switzerland. Founded in 1892 as an American firm, the Hamilton Watch Company ended American manufacture in 1969. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, the Hamilton Watch Company eventually became integrated into the Swatch Group, the world's largest watch manufacturing and marketing conglomerate.

Early history

Hamilton pocket watch, ca. 1904
Hamilton 990 movement, ca. 1910

Hamilton succeeded three watch firms manufacturing timepieces in the same facilities in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, US including the Lancaster Watch Company. The precursor to the Hamilton Watch Co., the Lancaster, Pennsylvania based Keystone Standard Watch Co., was started by Abram Bitner in 1886 with the purchase of Lancaster Watch Company's factory. Keystone manufactured watches featuring a patented "Dust Proof" design that used a small mica window to cover the only opening in the plate of the movement.[citation needed] Keystone existed until 1891 when the company was sold to Hamilton Watch Company.

The Hamilton Watch Company was established in 1892 after Keystone Standard Watch Company was purchased from bankruptcy. During the same year, Aurora Watch Company of Illinois also merged into Keystone. The name of the new company was originally to be "Columbian," but when it was discovered the Waterbury Watch Company had trademarked that name, a meeting of stock holders was called in November 1892 and a new name selected.[1] The company was named after James Hamilton, son of Andrew Hamilton, a Scottish born attorney who laid out and founded Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and was the original owner of the Lancaster site on which the factory was situated.[2]

During the expansion of the railroads in the U.S., Hamilton maintained over 56% of the market. Railroads purchased all of Hamilton's production. As the market switched from pocket watches to wrist watches after World War I, the company manufactured wrist watches. During World War II, Hamilton retooled its business model to serve the military, dropping its consumer products.

The Hamilton Watch Company was housed on a 13-acre (53,000 m2) complex in Lancaster. Hamilton took possession of Aurora Watch Company's machinery shortly after incorporation.

The first watch made under the Hamilton name was an 18-size 17-jewel pocket watch in 1893. During Hamilton's first fifteen years, only two size movements were produced – the 18-size and the smaller 16-size.[3]

The company's first series of pocket watches, the Broadway Limited, was marketed as the "Watch of Railroad Accuracy," and Hamilton became popular by making accurate railroad watches. Hamilton introduced its first wristwatch in 1917, designed to appeal to men entering World War I and containing the 0-sized 17-jewel 983 movement originally designed for women's pendent watches. In 1928 Hamilton purchased the Illinois Watch Company for in excess of $5 million from the heirs of John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn. Some of the most collectible early Hamilton wristwatches include The Oval, The Tonneau, The Rectangular, The Square Enamel, The Coronado, The Piping Rock, The Spur, The Glendale, The Pinehurst, The Langley, The Byrd, The Cambridge, the Barrel "B", and The Flintridge. Many models came in both solid gold and gold-filled cases and, though rare, some wristwatches such as the Grant were made of silver.

Marine chronometers

Hamilton Model 22 Chronometer, mass-produced during World War II

During World War II, production of consumer watches was stopped, with all watches manufactured being shipped to troops. More than one million watches were sent overseas.

Up to then, the production of marine chronometer time pieces used by mariners for determining longitude and fix their position by celestial navigation at sea, was a highly skilled mainly craft-based and hence expensive horology niche and marine chronometers used by United States ships were imported or used foreign key components. The U.S. Naval Observatory had asked American watch manufacturers in 1939 for their participation in domestically mass-producing chronometers. Hamilton was provided with two Swiss Ulysse Nardin marine chronometers to examine. Hamilton was successful in perfecting the mass production process and parts interchangeability maintenance method for these specialized timekeepers and its product was accepted in 1942. The industrial production methods enabled the company to produce marine chronometers and deck watches in large numbers to fill the navigational needs of the United States Navy, Merchant Marine, and other Allied navies as well. The Model 21 Hamilton Marine Chronometer for large vessels was built first and had a chain drive fusee, the second hand advanced in ½ second increments over a 60 seconds marked sub dail, and was kept in a traditional gimbaled double box for the express purpose of keeping the clock in a "dial up" position to minimize ship movements induced timing errors. In most respects, the Model 21 marine chronometer technically resembled the Ulysse Nardin design, except for a new balance design and the use of a pre-formed Elinvar alloy balance spring, to obviate the cumbersome spring adjustments previously necessary. During the war 8,900 Model 21 marine chronometers were produced for the Navy, 1,500 for merchant shipping and 500 for the Army.[4] It was followed by the Model 22 Chronometer Watch for smaller vessels. The Model 22 looked like a large pocket watch and had a traditional mainspring, available in a traditional gimbaled double box and also in a deck watch for larger ships for transferring time from the box marine chronometer(s) for position fixes.[5] The Models 21 and 22 had a two-day power reserve and the movements of both were marked U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships. The Model 22 was also used by the U.S. Army and on the back of some it is marked U.S. Army, but all the model 22 movements are marked U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships. The Model 23 was a 16 size chronograph pocket watch. The Model 4992b was in a 16 size case, with a black dial. It was used as the pocket watch for U.S. military, featuring a less accurate 21 jewel railroad grade movement.

By 1970, 13,086 Hamilton Model 21 Marine Chronometers had been produced. In 1985 the British Ministry of Defence invited bids by tender for the disposal of their mechanical Hamilton Model 21 Marine Chronometers. The U.S. Navy kept their Hamilton Model 21 Marine Chronometers in service as backups to the Loran-C hyperbolic radio navigation system until 1988, when the GPS global navigation satellite system was approved as reliable.[6]

1950s: last decade as a watch manufacturing powerhouse in America

Hamilton Ventura, 1957

In 1951, Hamilton rebuffed a hostile takeover bid by the Benrus watch company. The fallout from the failed takeover action culminated in Hamilton Watch Co. vs Benrus Watch Co. (206 F.2d 738, 740 (2d Cir. 1953)), a Federal proceeding that is considered to be landmark case in the realm of Federal anti-trust case law.[7]

In 1955, Hamilton provided a "celestial time zone clock, permitting flight-type navigation" for the Astra-Gnome concept of what an automobile would look like in the year 2000.[8][9]

The Hamilton Electric 500

In 1957, Hamilton introduced the world's first electric watch, the Hamilton Electric 500.[10] It was available in a variety of non-traditional asymmetrical case styles[11] including the Ventura that was designed by Richard Arbib.[12] The watch was worn by Elvis Presley, who also featured it in the movie Blue Hawaii.[13]

In 1962, Hamilton entered into a joint venture (60% owned by Hamilton) with the Japanese watchmaking firm Ricoh to produce electric watches meant primarily for the Japanese market. The electronic components were produced at Hamilton's Lancaster factory while production of the mechanical works and final assembly were undertaken in Japan. Although production levels of Hamilton-Ricoh watches were high (over 1000 per month), demand was low and consequently, the Hamilton-Ricoh partnership was unable to compete with the substantial market presence of Seiko. The partnership was dissolved in 1965, with the remaining Hamilton-Ricoh electronic movements (marked "Ricoh 555E") re-cased as "Vantage" and sold in the U.S.[14]

Swiss/U.S. operations: 1969–1974

Swiss Hamilton/Buren Micro-rotor movement

In 1966, Hamilton acquired the Buren Watch Company of Büren an der Aare, Switzerland, including all factories and technologies that had been developed by Buren up to that point. From 1966 to 1969, Hamilton Lancaster and Buren Switzerland were operated as a joint concern, with Hamilton using a number of Swiss movements for their "American" watches and Buren utilizing a number of components manufactured by Hamilton Lancaster. It was during this time that Hamilton started to selectively incorporate the highly innovative Buren Micro-rotor (a.k.a. Micro Rotor/Micro-rotor) movement into small numbers of certain upper tier watches, in addition to their ordinary hand-wound and traditional automatic watches.

The Buren (now Hamilton/Buren) Micro-rotor was the first patented automatic wristwatch movement to eliminate the sizable external oscillating weight inherent to most automatic winding watches. Instead, it utilized a much smaller weight that was entirely integrated into the chassis of the movement. This design allowed for a substantially slimmer automatic watch that still retained a center sweep second hand. The Micro-rotor concept was also conceived by Universal Genève for use in their Polerouter series of timepieces during this same time. The official title of "first Micro-rotor movement" is still in dispute among some horology aficionados, even though Buren patented their design in 1954,[15] and Universal Geneve applied for their patent in May 1955.[16]

In 1969, the Hamilton Watch Company completely ended American manufacturing operations with the closure of its factory in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, shifting manufacturing operations to the Buren factory in Switzerland.

From 1969 to 1972, all new Hamilton watches were produced in Switzerland by Hamilton's Buren subsidiary. In 1971, the Buren brand was returned to Swiss ownership and by 1972, the Buren-Hamilton partnership was dissolved and the factory liquidated, due to decreased interest and sales of the Hamilton-Buren product.[17]

On May 16, 1974, the Hamilton brand was sold to SSIH (subsequently The Swatch Group).[18]

Transitional watches: 1970s–present

Hamilton Khaki Field Officer H70615133

In 1971, the Omega & Tissot Holding Company SSIH purchased the Hamilton brand and utilized the Hamilton name for a number of branding efforts, including numerous quartz watches in the 1980s.

The Hamilton Watch Division became a subsidiary of HMW. The Hamilton Watch Company changed their name to HMW at the time they sold their Watch division to SSIH.

A team led by John Bergey of Hamilton Watch developed the Pulsar, the world's first digital watch.[19][20]

Through the merger of SSIH and ASUAG Groups in 1984, Hamilton became a subsidiary of The Swatch Group.

In 2020, Hamilton released a limited edition of 888 pieces of the Hamilton Khaki Navy BeLOWZERO inspired by the prop Hamilton watches made for Christopher Nolan's film TENET.[21][22] In the film, John David Washington also wears a steel Hamilton Jazzmaster Seaview Chronograph.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Time for America, Don Sauers
  2. ^ "Brief History: Hamilton Watch Company". Renaissance Watch Repair. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  3. ^ A Little Hamilton History
  4. ^ Hamilton No. 1 Box Chronometer (Model 21 chronometer)
  5. ^ 1941 Model 22 Marine Chronometer - Overhaul
  6. ^ The marine chronometer in the age of electricity by David Read, September 2015
  7. ^ Antitrust Division (April 2015). "Chapter IV – Litigation (Part B.2.a)". Division Manual (PDF). United States Department of Justice. p. IV-15. Retrieved 2016-12-24.
  8. ^ Sharf, Frederic A. (2006). Richard H. Arbib: 1917–1995 Visionary American Designer. Newburyport Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-882266-16-6. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  9. ^ "Astra-Gnome: $?". Popular Science. 169 (1): 112. July 1956. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  10. ^ Long, Tony (3 January 2008). "Jan. 3, 1957: Debut of the Electric Watch, a Space Age Marvel". Wired.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  11. ^ Rondeau, René. "History Of The Hamilton Electric". Hamiltonwristwatch.com. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  12. ^ Elliot, Michael (3 March 1995). "Richard H. Arbib, 77, Designer Of Array of Consumer Products". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  13. ^ Haines, Reyne (2010). Warman's watches field guide. Krause Publications. p. 156. ISBN 9781440218866. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  14. ^ "Hamilton Ricoh Watch Company". Electric-watches.co.uk. 6 February 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  15. ^ "Buren Watch". Finertimes.com. 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  16. ^ "Polerouter – movements". Polerouter.de. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  17. ^ An Artifact of Innovation: The Hamilton/Buren Intramatic
  18. ^ "Hamilton Company History". Hamilton International. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  19. ^ "Hamilton History Timeline".
  20. ^ "Smithsonian Inventors Bergey". Archived from the original on February 12, 2014.
  21. ^ Khaki Navy BeLOWZERO
  22. ^ GQ, How Tenet’s Special Watch Was Built In Total Secrecy CAM WOLF, September 3, 2020
  23. ^ Hamilton Khaki Navy BeLOWZERO - John David Washington and Robert Pattinson - Tenet watch-id.com
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